REVIEWER -3rd Quarter Science-SET A

Motion, Forces, and Energy

1: Describing and Measuring Motion

Describing Motion- an object is in MOTION if the distance between
the object and another object changing; the other object we use
to compare the motion is called a REFERENCE POINT.
Measuring Motion- scientist use the International System of Units
(SI) to measure using metrics a system based on the
number 10 (meters, cm, mm, km)
Speed- the distance an object travels in one unit of time

S = D/T (distance divided by time)

D = S x T (speed multiplied by time)

T = D/S (distance divided by speed)

Velocity speed (distance divided by time)

and direction an object travels

Average Speed = total distance / total time

(total distance divided by total time)

Acceleration rate of change in velocity; how has the objects
motion changed during a certain time frame?
1.

increased speed

2.

decreased speed
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REVIEWER -3rd Quarter Science-SET A

3.

change in direction

A = final velocity initial velocity

Time
2- The Nature of Force

Force is a push or pull; they have size and direction; measured in

newtons (n)
Net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object- if NF is 0 the
forces are balanced (no change in motion), if the NF is not = 0 the
objects motion will change (accelerate); the forces are
unbalanced

Newtons Laws of Motion

1-

inertia objects resist change in their motion;

mass is a factor in inertia

2-

force is the product the mass and acceleration of an object;

F= (M) (A)

3action/reaction- when one object exerts a force on another

the second object exerts a force on the first that is equal to and
opposite in direction

Additional laws to know:

REVIEWER -3rd Quarter Science-SET A

Law of Universal Gravitation

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Additional formulas to know

Force = mass x acceleration

1 newton = 1 kg (1m/s/s)

Momentum (p) = m(v)

Additional vocabulary to know:

Mass and weight

Gravity and friction

Momentum

Free fall and terminal velocity

Projectile motion and satellite

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3 Forces in Fluids

REVIEWER -3rd Quarter Science-SET A

Pressure = Force per unit Area; measure in Pascals (Pa); P=F/A

Fluids: substance that can easily flow; gasses and liquids

Pressure decreases with elevation and increases with depth

Pascals Principle: an increase in pressure in a confined fluid is

transmitted equally throughout the fluid; hydraulic systems are
examples of this

Archimedes Principle: the buoyant force on an object is equal to

the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Bernoullis Principle: the pressure in a fluid decreases as the

speed of the fluid increases

4 - Work and Machines

Work is measured in joules; it is calculated by the formula W=

F(D)

Machines make work easier by either changing the direction of

the force or increasing the distance over which the force is
applied

Simple Machines- inclined plane, screw, pulley, wheel and axle,

lever (fulcrum), wedge

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REVIEWER -3rd Quarter Science-SET A

5 Energy and Power

Energy is the ability to do work or cause change; measured in

joules

Kinetic energy is energy of motion

Potential energy is stored energy

Energy is transferred when work is done

Six forms of energy are: electrical, electromagnetic, thermal,

mechanical, nuclear, and chemical

Energy Conversion: energy changes from one form to another

Law of Conservation of Energy: when energy is transferred from

one object to another, no energy is created or destroyed

Power: the rate at which work is done ; Power = work/time