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FlowMeter

Viscosity

FluidFlowRate

FlowMeasurement

100 Instrumentation Basics

Q&A December26,2015

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1)DefineViscosity.
Itisameasureoffluidityofthesystem.Manyfluidsundergocontinuousdeformationwiththe
applicationofshearingstress.
2)DefineNewtonianfluids
IftheforceflowrelationislinearthenthefluidisNewtonian.
3)DefineNonNewtonianfluids
If the force flow relation is non
linearthenthefluidisNewtonian.
4)DefineKinematicViscosity.
Ratio of absolute viscosity to the
densityofthefluid.
5)DefineSpecificViscosity.
Ratioofabsoluteviscosityofthefluidtotheabsoluteviscosityofastandardfluidatthesame
temperature.
6)DefineRelativeViscosity.
Ratio of absolute viscosity of the fluid at a given temperature to the absolute viscosity of a
standardfluidat20c.
7)DefineViscosityindex
It is an empirical number that indicates the effect of change of temperature on viscosity if a
fluid.
8)Definefluidity.

Itisthereciprocalofviscosity.Itisunitis1/poise.
9)DefineHumidity.
Itisbasicallymoisturecontentinairoritisthequantityofwatervapourretainedbygas.
10)DefineAbsoluteHumidity.
Weightofwatervapourinunitwaitofgas.H=Wr/Wg
11)DefineSpecificHumidity.
Itisweightofvaporsinunitweightofmixture.
12)DefineRelativeHumidity.
This is the ratio of moisture content of gas to maximum moisture content of the gas at that
temperature.
13)Definedewpoint.
This is the saturation temperature of the mixture at the corresponding vapour pressure. 14)
DefinevariousunitsofHumidity.
Vppm=partspermillion/volume.G/kg=weightconcentrationRelativehumidity=in%Dew
pointinC.
15)DefineHygrometer.
Usedtomeasurethemoisturecontentinair.Italsousedtomeasurehumidity.
16)WhatisthebasicprincipleofHygrometer.
Itconsistofmechanicaldevicemeasuringthedimensionchangeofhumiditysensitivematerials
likeanimalhair,animalmembrane,paperetc.
17)DefineMoisture.
Definedastheamountofwaterabsorbedbysolidsorliquids.
18)Whatarethevariousmethodsofmeasurementofmoisture.
Basedontheweightoftheparticle
Basedontheresistance,capacitance,
19)Howwillyoufindthe%moisturepresentinthesubstances.
Mp=(WwetWdry)/Wwet*100
20)Whatarethedifferenttypesofviscometer?
SayboltviscometerRotametertypeConsistencymeters.
21)WhatisPsychrometer?

Psychrometerisadevicethatusesthebulbthermometerstomeasurehumidity.Itisalsoused
inairconditioningsystemsformaintaininghumidity.
22)Whatarethedifferenttypesofhygrometer?
Hair hygrometers, Wire electrode hygrometers, Electrolysis type hygrometers, Resistive
type,CapacitivetypeMicrowavereflector
23)Explaintheprincipleofsayboltviscometer.
Astheviscosityofthefluidvaries,theflowrateandhencetimetakentodrainthefluidthrough
thecapillarytubevaries.Thetimeindicatestheviscosityandisdenotedbysayboltnumber.
24)Whatismeantbyconsistency?
GeneraltermforviscosityandmoreoftenusedinconnectionwithNonNewtonianfluids.
25)Explaintheprincipleofoscillatingtypeconsistencymeters.
Whentheinnercylinderisgivenanaxialsinusoidalmotionthroughamechanicaldriverod,the
fluid in the annular space gets a shearing force and the motion in the inner cylinder well to
transmittedthemagnitudeofthistransmissionwilldependontheconsistencyoffluid.
26)Whataretheunitsofvelocity?
Feetpersecond(fsp)
Feetperminute(fpm)
Meterspersecond(mps)
27)DefineBernoulliequation.
Inagivenflowsystem,thereisarelationshipbetweenpressure,fluidvelocity,andelevationat
anytwopoints.
28)defineReynoldsnumber.
Combinationofdensity,viscosityofthefluidtoadimensiondescribinglengthandtheaverage
fluidvelocity.
29)Definerationalexpansionfactor.
Itistheratioofcompressibleflowtotheincompressibleflow
30)Whatarethedifferenttypesoforifice?
Concentricorifice
EccentricSegmental
Quadrantedge
31)defineConcentricorifice?
Ithasacircularholeinthemiddleandisinstalledinthepipelinewiththeholeconcentrictothe

pipe.Itsthicknessdependsuponpipelinesize.
32)defineeccentric.
Itisinstalledinwiththeboretangentialtotheuppersurfaceofthepipe,itisusedwherethe
liquidcontainsarelativelyhigh%ofdissolvedgases.
33)definesegmental
its hole diameter is 98% of pipe diameter. It is installed with a curved section of the opening
coincidentwiththelowersurfaceofthepipe.
34)definequadrant
edges is rounded to form a quarter circle. used for the flow of heavy crudes and slurry and
viscousflows.
35)Whataretheadvantagesofusingventuritubeasarestrictionelement?
Moresuitableforslurry
Accurate
Calibratedeasily
36)definepitottube
It is an obstruction type primary element, used for fluid velocity measurement. Differential
pressureacrossthesetapsisproportionaltothevelocityofthefluid.
37)Whatarethedisadvantagesofpitottube?
Theycanbecomepluggedwithsedimentandthatthepressuredifferencesensedmaynotbe
largeenoughtogivethedesiredaccuracyfortheflowrateunderconsideration.
38)Whataretheadvantagesofpitottube?
Nopressureloss
Economical
Sometypescanbeeasilyremovedfromthepipe.
39)definestagnationpoint.
Fluidapproachingtheobjectstartslosingitsvelocitytilldirectlyinfrontofthebodywherethe
velocityiszero.Thispointisknownasstagnationpoint.
40)definedalltube
It is an obstruction type primary element, used for fluid flow measurement. It produces large
differentialpressurewithlowpressureloss.
41)mentiontheadvantagesofdalltube.
Slowheadloss

Shortlyinglength
Availablenumerousmaterialofconstruction
42)mentionthedisadvantagesofdalltube
pressuredifferenceissensitivetoupstreamdisturbances
morestraightpipeisrequiredintheapproachpipeline
43)whataresealingliquidscommonlyused?
Chloronaphthalene,dibutulphthalate,chlorinatedoils.
44)whataethedifferenttappingoforifice?
Flangetape
PipetapeVenacontractatape
45)givethedetailsaboutflangetape.
Locatedoneincheithersideoforificeplate.
Pressuredifferenceisanintegralpartoftheorifice.
46)givethedetailsaboutpipetape.
Locatedpipediameterfromtheorifice.
Onlythepermanentpressuredifferenceacrosstheorificeisutilized.
47)givethedetailsaboutvenacontractatape.
Downstreampressuretapeislocatedvariabledistancefromtheorifice.Pressuredifferenceis
maximumforthegivenflow.
48)Listtheadvantagesoftheorificeplate?
usedinwiderangeofpipesizes
usedwithpressuredifferentialdevice.
Availableinmanymaterials
49)Listthedisadvantagesoftheorifice?
platehighpermanentpressureloss
reducestheuseinslurryservices
accuracydependsonthecareduringinstallation.
Ithasthesquarerootcharacteristics.
50)Whatarethedifferenttypesofpositivedisplacementmeters?

Reciprocating piston type, Rotating vane type, Nutating disk type, Lobed impellar type,
Oscillatingpistontype
51)Listtheadvantagesofreciprocatingpistontype
highaccuracy
itsconstructionmaterialisnotlimited.
52)Listthedisadvantagesofreciprocatingpiston
typehighcost
subjecttoleakage
problemscreatedbydirtyparticle
highmaintenancecost
restrictedtomoderateflowrates
53)Whatarethemajorthreemethodsofflowmeters?
Areaflowmeter
Massflowmeter&Quantitymeters
54)Whatarethedifferenttypesofthermalflowmeters?
Heattransferflowmeters
Hotwireflowmeters
55)Namethedifferenttypesofweighingmethods
semiconductorfeedbeltweighing(Batchweighing)
continuousconveyorscale
radioactivetransmissiongauge
volumetricsolidmethods
56)Writeanytwopointsofcalibrationofflowmeter
wetmetermanometerwhichiscalibratedwithmercury
drymetermanometerwhichiscalibratedwithmercury
57)Explaintheprincipleofturbineflowmeter
when the liquid enter through inlet, due to the inflow, shaft rotates which cuts the magnetic
pickup,andproducesthevoltagewhichisproportionaltoinflowofwater.
58)Whatarethedifferenttypesofmassflowmeter?
CoriolisMassFlowmeter

Angularmomentumtype
LiquidbridgeCalorimetertype
59)listthedisadvantagesofheattransferflowmeter
heatisdirectlyplacedinthefluidstreamandeasilydamagedbycorrosionlargeinputpoweris
required
60)Listtheadvantagesofturbineflowmeter
goodaccuracy
excellentrepeatability
lowpressuredrop&easytomaintain
goodpressure&temperaturerange
compensationofviscosityvariation
61)Listthedisadvantagesofturbineflowmeter
highcost
limiteduseforslurryapplication
62)Listtheadvantagesofrotaryvanetype
nopressureloss
hightemperature&pressure
ratinggoodaccuracy
availablenumerousconstructionmaterial
63)Listthedisadvantagesofrotaryvane
typehighcost
accuracydecreasesinincreaseofflow
64)Listtheadvantagesoflobedimpellor
typeincreaseaccuracyathigherflow
rateleakageisdecreased
canbeusedforcorrosive
solidsgoodcapacityrange
65)Listthedisadvantagesoflobedimpellortype
costhigh&requirefrequentmaintenance

66)ListthedisadvantagesofglassRotametersubjecttobreakage
Itmustmountedvertically
Itlimitedtolowtemperature
Lessaccuracy
Ifpressureisgreaterthan35kg/cm3tubegetdamage
67)listtheadvantageofoscillatingpistontype
goodaccuracy
canbeeasilyappliedtoautomaticliquidbatchingsystem
goodrepeatability
moderatecost
68)listthedisadvantageofoscillatingpistontype
availableinsmallsize
suitableforcleanfluids
69)whatistheprincipleofdensitometer
float density less than the fluid density, level increases float moves up, resistance connected
floatvaries,sooutputvaries.Voltageoutputisproportionaltothedensityofthefluid.
70)listtheadvantagesofnutatingdisktype.
Lesscost
Goodaccuracy
Hightemperature&pressureratings
71)listthedisadvantagesofnutatingdisktypeheavy
accuracydecreasesinincreaseflowrate
72)whatisRotameter?
Itisanexampleofvariableareaflowmeter.Whenfluidentersloppedmovesfromthebottomto
top.Distanceisproportionaltotheflowrate.
73)Explaintheprincipleofcalorimeterflowmeter
consist of two coil type resistance thermometer, difference of temperature between the
thermometerismaintainedconstant.
74)Listsomeexampleofinferentialflowmeter.
Turbineflowmeters

Targetflowmeters
Ultrasonicflowmeters
75)ExplainFaradayslaw.
wheneveraconductorcutsthemagneticfield,anemfinducedisequaltotherateatwhichthe
magneticlinesofforcechanges.
76)listtheadvantagesofelectromagneticflowmeter?
Itcanhandleslurries&corrosivefluids
Ithaslowpressuredrop
ItcanbeusedasbidirectionalmeterAvailableinlargepipesize&capacities
77)listthedisadvantagesofelectromagneticflowmeter?
Expensive,HeavyandlargesizeandExplosion
78)whatarethedifferenttypesofultrasonicflowmeters?
Dopplerflowmeter
TransitTimetypemeters
79)Explaintheprincipleofvortexflowmeter
it is based on vortex shedding which occurs when a gas or liquid flows around a non stream
lined objects. When fluid flows pass an obstacle, boundary layers of slow moving fluid are
formedalongtheoutersurfaceoftheobstacleandtheflowisunabletofollowcontoursofthe
obstacleofitsdownstreamside.
80)Whatarethedifferentmethodsofsolidflowmeasurement?
Directweighingsystem
Pneumaticmethod
Leakageflowtechnique
81)Whataretheadvantagesofsolidflowmeasurement?
Itisusedforflowmeasurementupto100tonees/hr
Accuracyis0.5to0.75offullscaledeflection
82)Whatarethedisadvantagesofsolidflowmeasurement?
Forvariationinsizeacorrectionfactoristobeadded.
83)listtheapplicationsofsolidflowmeasurements
usedinchemical&fertilizerindustry
usedinpaperindustry

mining&associatedindustryforsand,rock,cement,limeetcfoodprocessingunit.
84)explaintheprincipleofhotwireanemometer
Itisusedforunsteadyflowofgasses.Becauseofconstantvoltagewiregetsheated.Heatloss
changesduetochangeinviscosityoffluid.
85)Writeanyguidelinesfortheselectionofflowmeters?
Inordertocoverreverseflow,pulsatingflow,responsetimeandsoon
Extreme applications such as corrosive, non conductive liquid with large solid content the list
willprobablyconsistofasinglemeter.
86) explain the principle of leakage flow technique to find the solid flow rate
measurement
electrodeisusedasthecapacitancedetector.Whenamaterialflowsthisleakagefield
changes and the capacitance increases. This increased capacitance detected at an interval
dependsonflowrate.
87)Rotameteriscalledvariableareameter.Why?
Thedistancebetweenthefloatandtaperedglassvaries.Soareaisalsovarying.Soitnamed
asvariableareaflowmeter.
88)whataretheadvantagesofusingXraysystem?
Itmeasuresthicknesswithoutcontactwiththematerial.
Wellsuitedtomeasurethicknessofsheetinrapidmotionlikerollingetc.
89)Whataretheusesofbrays?
Usedforthinmetalsheetsorfoils,paper,rubber&plastics
90)WhatarethedrawbacksofusingDCexcitationinElectromagneticflowmeter?
Usedformaterialsoflowconductivity&flowingatslowspeed.
DCamplifiershavemanyinherentproblems
Outputisquitesmall.
91)WhataretheadvantagesofusingACexcitationinElectromagneticflowmeter?
Highamplification
canbemorereliably,cheaplyandeasilydone.
Highspeedandhighconducitivty.
92)Whatislaminarflow?
Fluidparticlesmoveinasmoothfashionandtendtostrayinlayers.Thislayerlikemovementis

calledlaminarflow.
93)Whatisturbulentflow?
Fluid velocity fast, particles also tends to have movement perpendicular to the over all the
directionofflow,whichiscalledturbulentflow.
94)definecontinuityequation.
Itistheoneofthemostbasicequationinflowcalculations.Itstatesthatoverallflowrateinthe
systemisnotchangingwithtime.
95)Whatarethedisadvantagesofpitottube?
Theycanbecomepluggedwithsedimentandthatthepressuredifferencesensedmaynotbe
largeenoughtogivethedesiredaccuracyfortheflowrateunderconsideration.
96)Whatarethecausesofpressureloss?
Duetofriction,eitherwithinthefluidorbetweenfluidandboundaries.Fluidimparting(various
fittings)ontheobjects.
97)Listthedirectlevelmeasuringmethods.
Floattypelevelindicator
Displacertypedetector
Sightglasstype.
98)Listtheindirectlevelmeasuringmethods.
Hydrostaticmeasurement
Airpurgesystem
Boilerdrumsystem.
99)Whataretheadvantagesofsightglasslevelinstrument?
Directreadingispossible.
Specialdesignsareavailable.
Glasslessdevicesareavailableinnumerousmaterialforcorrosionresistance.
100)Whataretheadvantagesofdisplacerlevelinstrument?
Highaccuracy
Reliabletocleanliquids
Mountedinternallyorexternally
Adaptabletoliquidinterfacemeasurement.
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