O O


(V)(SL)
(SH)(M)(TBF)(AMP)

(M)
(R2=0.9381R2=0.9809)(M)
(SL)(SH)(M=0.027SL0.342SH0.078R20.9832)

(V)(SL)(TBF)
(V=0.480TBF4.804SL4.381R20.9110)
(AMP)
0.45(BL) 0.56(BL)(P=0)
P 0.24 P 0.24 P 0.24
(P=1)

Abridgement
This investigation is to explore the swimming habits of tadpoles- the relationship
between their swimming velocity, length and height of their tails, mass, the frequency at
which their tails movement, and the amplitude of the tails movement, as well as analysis
their body axes, and the flow distribution of the water, in order to understand how the
swimming patterns of the tadpoles are affected by the changes in their environment.
The results of this investigation have shown that as the mass of the tadpoles increases,
both the length and the height of their tails also increase according to the R values of the tail
increases according to the R values of 0.9381 and 0.9809. However, it is observed the length
of the tail increases at a faster rate than its height during the tadpoless growth. The formula
which models the regression relationship between the tadpoles mass, tail length, and tail
height are found to be (M=0.027SL+0.342SH-0.078,R=0.9832). Its also noted that as the
length of the tadpoles tail decreases, the velocity and the frequency of the tail would
increases (the length of the tail is inversely proportional to the tadpoles velocity and tail
frequency). The formula which models the regression relationship between the tadpoles
velocity, tail length and tail frequency is (V=0.480TBF+4.804SL-4.381,R=0.9110)
The different frequency model by tails of different lengths do not appear to have an
apparent relationship with the tail length, given that the amplitude is between 0.45(BL) and
0.56(BL). As the tadpole swims, the angle between its oscillating body axes decrease as the
P values increases from 0 to 0.24, their force the angle is at a minimum whom the P is at
0.24.Yet when P exceeds 0.24 the angle would increase dramatically. The maximum value is
observed when P=1.The tadpoles swimming motion mainly relays on the rapid oscillations
of the tail about the centre of mass (body axis)-producing a stronger driving force, and
slowing down towards the end of each oscillation to minimise the friction forces acting on
the tadpole, which in furn, decrease its velocity.


..1
......3
..4
......5
....6
6
........8
....8
9
..............12
..........17
..........18
..19

() ---
() ---

(
)(Vogel1994)
()(anguilliform)
()(carangiform)

()(thunniform)

(a)(b)(c)
6


(B u f o m e l a n o s t i c u s )
( )

10
6-7
2 0 0 0


1 6 (
2000)

(SL)(SH)(M)(V)
(TBF)(AMP)(V)

(FUJIFILM FinePix 6900)

(Panasonic NV-GS500)
(Canon ELURA85 A)

Adobe ImageReady CS

Nero PhotoSnap SE

Ulead PhotoImpact 8

1
1

(451.54cm)(
)

4
4

()

Pentium 4 (ASUS)
MS Excel
CyberLink

1
1
1
1

(451.54cm)

1
1
1
1

()()

()()

()

()

Ulead PhotoImpact 8

(cm)
(BL)
(SL)(SH)()

() Ulead PhotoImpact 8 (BL)(SL)(SH)

(,pixels)(pixels)
(cm2)(A)


() 24

()
1cm

()

()
() Adobe ImageReady CS CyberLink
1/30
(TBF)(AMP)

() Adobe ImageReady CS

CyberLink
1/30

()

()P

(BL)P=0
P=1

10


() 1cm
()

()

()
() Adobe ImageReady CS
CyberLink

11

(M)(R2=0.9381
R2=0.9809) 6.75 2.35

(M) (SL) (SH) ( )

(multi-regression)
M=0.027SL0.342SH0.078R20.9832
F 58.680 F 19.0(=0.05)

1.600

Length(cm)

1.200

(SL)

y = 6.75x + 0.447

(SH)

R = 0.9381

((SL))
((SH))

0.800

0.400
y = 2.35x + 0.195
2

R = 0.9809
0.000
0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06
0.08
Body mass(g)

0.10

0.12

(W)(SL)(SH)

12



CyberLink
1/30

(TBF)(AMP)

(SL5SL4SL3SL2
SL1)

0.6538
0.55070.47790.3914
0.3258

(V) (SL) (TBF)

(multi-regression)
V=0.480TBF4.804SL4.381R20.9110
F 86.960 F 3.57(=0.05)

13

SL5
(SL5)

SL4
(SL4)

SL3
(SL3)

y = 0.5507x

y = 0.6538x

y = 0.4779x

R = 0.9512

R = 0.9883
7.0

R = 0.9857

SL2
(SL2)

SL1
(SL1)

y = 0.3258x

y = 0.3914x

R2 = 0.9211

R = 0.9746

6.0

Velocity(cm/s)

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0

8
10
Frequency(s-1)

12

14

16

18

(AMP) 0.45(BL)
0.56(BL)()

14

(P=0) P 0.24 P 0.24

P 0.24
(P=1)
P=0.24
P=0.24

0.6
0.5

(BL)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
P=0

P=0.24

P=0.45

P=0.73

P=1

(P)

()

F
F1

F
F2
15

(
)(Dickinson et al., 2000)

16


(M)
(R2=0.9381R2=0.9809)
(M)(SL)(SH)
M=0.027SL0.342SH0.078R20.9832

(V)(SL)(TBF)
V=0.480TBF4.804SL4.381R20.9110
(AMP)
0.45(BL) 0.56(BL)
(P=0) P 0.24
P 0.24 P 0.24
(P=1)

17


()
1. (1991)
2. (2002) 360
3.Dickinson, M.H., Farley, C.T., Full, R.J., Koehl, M.A.R., Kram, R., and Lehman, S.
(2000) How Animals Move: An Integrative View. Science. 288, 100-106.
4.Drucker, E. G. & Lauder, G. V. (2000) A hydrodynamic analysis of fish
swimming speed : wake structure and locomotor force in slow and fast
labriform swimmers. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2379-2393.
5.Hoff, K. & Wassersug, R. J. (1986) The kinematics of swimming in larvae of the
clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Biol. 122, 1-12.
()
1. (1997)
2. (2003)

3. (2000)
4. (1998)

5.Vogel, S. (1994) Life in Moving Fluids: The Physical Biology of Flow, 2nd ed.,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

18

(g)
(cm)
(cm)

SL5

SL5
SL4
SL3
SL2
SL1
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
1.19
0.93
0.80
0.72
0.62
0.43
0.39
0.32
0.30
0.24

(cm) (s1) (cm/s)
1.19
2.0
1.53
5.0
3.01
7.0
4.55
9.0
6.00

SL4

0.93

4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

1.73
3.00
4.38
5.90

SL3

0.80

3.0
5.0
10.0
12.0

1.52
2.14
4.56
6.00

SL2

0.72

5.0
8.0
11.0
14.0

1.53
3.02
4.30
5.70

SL1

0.62

6.0
9.0
14.0
16.0

1.31
2.54
4.42
5.80

19