2009

100007

2008

Variable Magnification Lens

and Magnification Adjusting System
Abstract
Convex/concave optical lenses are widely applied in binoculars, microscopes, and
cameras.

A single optical lens has one fixed lens magnification only. To get different

lens magnification, those equipments above must use several lenses and either exchange
lenses or change the distances among the lenses.

Thus the length, size and cost of the

lens set are not optimal.

In this research, I made a variable magnification lens by replacing the fixed-focus
optical lens with liquid lens which was made of elastic membrane and liquid. I also
designed a magnification-adjusting device to control the amount of the liquid inside the
liquid lens. By this way the membrane could form different surface curvature, which
made different magnifications for the liquid lens.
I finished several things in this research, such as the design of variable
magnification lens, the study of the characteristics of elastic membranes and liquids, the
analysis of liquid amount and lens position, the adjusting methods of liquid amount
inside lens, the programming of control algorithm, and a variable magnification liquid
lens system.

The designed liquid lens can provide different lens magnifications by

controlling the liquid amount via a computer program. The variable magnification
liquid lens can be used in teaching physical courses about convex lenses in the junior
high schools or elementary schools.

[1]
Philips
FluidFocus [2]

1.

2.

3.

1 1

()

()
()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()
()

()

()
()

()
()
()

()
()

(PVDC )
(PVC
)

Robolab

MSDS

( 10, 12, 15, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35,

40, 45 mm)10 ml

10 ml

( 35mm 1mm)O

LabVIEW NI USB 6008

1.
2.
3.

()

1.

2.

3.
[3]

4.

( 1.1 )

1.1

()

1.
2.
3.
4.

()

1.1
1.1

** : X:

1.1
1.2

1.3 1.3.I
1.3.II
1.3.III

1.2 9
/

1.2

II

III

1.3

1.2

()

1.
(1).
(2).
a.

( 2.1 )

b.
c.
d.

a.

d.

b.

2.1

c.

10

2.
(1) 2.1
(2)
(3) ()
(4)
(5) ()
( 2.1 )

3.
2.1
7

2.1

** : : :

11

()

1.
(1).
7 9 x 2 cm
(2). 8.1 x 1.2 cm ( 2.2 )

(3). ( 2.3 )

(4).

(5). Robolab ( 2.4 )

0.1
(6).

12

 2.2

2.3

2.4

13

2.
(1)

(2) 2.5

(3) 2.6 2.7

(4) 2.2 2.8

(5) 2.2 2.8

2.5

14

2.6

2.7

(
2.6 )

15

 2.2

98.0
97.0
97.0
92.0
87.0
51.0
95.0
96.0

1
1
4
5
6
3
2

6.0/10.1
4.1
5.6/10.0
4.4
1
5.5/10.9
5.4
5
5.8/10.8
5
4
5.5/10.9
5.4
5
3.6/12.8
9.2
6
5.8/10.4
4.6
3
5.9/10.4
4.5
2

100

80
60
40
20

2.8

()

()

16

1.
(1). 7
(2). 0.1

(3).

2.
(1) 2.2 2.6 2.7

( 2.5 )
(2) 2.2 2.9
(3) 2.2

10

sec

8
6
4
2
0

2.9

17

()

F kx
F x k F
k F / x k

[4]

1.
(1). 10 x 2 cm 4cm(
2.10 )
(2).
( 2.11 )
(3). 100200300400500 gw
(4).

(5). (2)~(4)
(6).

18

 2.10

2.11

2.12

2.
(1) 2.3 2.13
(2) 2.4
(3) 2.4

2.3

( cm / cm)

100 gw

200 gw

300 gw

400 gw

500 gw

(cm)

0.4 / 0

1.0 / 0

1.5 / 0.1

2.1 / 0.15

2.0 / 0.4

7.1

0.1 / 0

0.1 / 0

0.2 / 0

0.4 / 0

0/0

0/0

0.1 / 0

0.3 / 0
0.2 /

--

0.2

0.7 / 0

1.3 / 0.2 2.1 / 0.3

2.5 / 0.4

3.2 / 0.4

10.3

0.7 / 0

2.6 / 0.1 5.5 / 0.3

8.4 / 0.5

12.4 / 0.5

28

2.8 / 0

7.3 / 0

9.8 / 0

15.0

11.0 / 3.5

13.5 / 4

15.4

4.6 / 0

6.7 / 0

1.3 / 0.6 5.0 / 2.5 8.1 / 3.4

19

0.6

2.5

0.5

0.4

1.5

0.3

0.2

0.5

0.1

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

400

500

400

500

Force (g)

Force (g)

F=190X

F=1250X

0.2

3.5
3

0.15

2.5
2

0.1

1.5
1

0.05

0.5
0

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

Force (g)

300
Force (g)

14

F=2500X

12

12

10

10

8
6
6
4

2
0

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

Force (g)

F=357X

14

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

100

200

300

400

500

Force (g)

300
Force (g)

F=37X

2.13

20

F=51X

 2.4

(gw/cm)

(gw)

190

1250

---

2500

357

51

37

300

> 500

400

200

200

> 500

100

()

()

1.
(1)

(2)
(3) (1)~(2)
(4)

2.
(1) 2.3
(2) 2.4
(3) 2.4

21

 2.4

(gw / cm)
190
1250
--2500
357
51
37

(cm)

7.1
1
0.2
10.3
28
15.0
15.4

(gw)
1349
1250
400
25750
9996
765
570

()
2.5
()
2.5

2.5

1
1
4
5
6
3
2

1
5
4
5
6
3
2

3
5
7
6
4
2
1

3
1
2
4
4
1
5

22

3
4
7
1
2
5
6

13
22
32
31
34
20
20

1
3
5
4
6
2
2

1.
2.

1.
(1)
(2) MSDS
(3) MSDS

2.
(1)

(2) MSDS
()() 3.1
(3) 3.1

23

 3.1

C2H5OC2H5
CH3COCH3
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C19H16

0.7135
0.785
0.79
0.789
0.86
0.92
1.00
1.260
1.263
1.484
1.594
0.877

1.3538
1.3593
1.3290
1.3618
1.4721
1.4763
1.3330
1.4730
1.6276
1.4467
1.4607
1.5012

H2 O
C3H8O3
CS2
CHCl3
CCl4
C6H6

()
35
82.3
64.7
78.4
154
100
290
46.3
61
76.5
80

170
399
385
363
253

-45
12
12
13
35

-30

498

-11

()
[3]

[3]()

24

1.
4.1

1.
(1) 4.1
(2) 4.1 ( 1.333)
( 1.473)(>53.2 cm)
(<31.9 cm)(
)(
)
(3) 100cm 50 cm

4.1

25

 4.1

(cm)

2.1
10.6
21.3
31.9
42.6
53.2
63.8
74.5
85.1
95.7

1.30

1.32

1.34

1.36

1.38

1.40

1.43

1.45

1.47

1.49

N/3.00

N/2.95

N/2.95

N/2.95

N/2.90

N/2.90

N/2.90

N/2.90

N/2.85

N/2.85

N/2.75

N/2.65

N/2.65

N/2.6

N/2.6

N/2.55

N/2.55

N/2.55

N/2.50

N/2.50

N/2.40

N/2.45

N/2.45

N/2.30

N/2.30

N/2.25

N/2.25

N/2.25

N/2.20 12.50/2.20

N/2.20 12.50/2.15 11.75/2.10 10.90/2.05 10.05/2.05 9.35/2.00 8.70/1.95 8.15/1.90 7.65/1.90 7.20/1.90
9.65/1.00 8.65/1.90 7.95/1.85 7.25/1.80 6.65/1.80 6.05/1.75 5.75/1.7 5.30/1.65 4.85/1.60 4.55/1.55
X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

X/

** p/qpq
** N ;
X

()

10 ml

4.2
26

1.
(1) ( 10, 12, 15, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 mm)
10
(2) ()

(3)

(4) (
4.2 )
(5)

(6) ( 4.3 )

4.2

27

 4.3

2.
(1)
(2)

(3) 30 mm
30 mm
(4) 4.4

(1) e (mm) q
(c.c.)
e 0.589 2.125 q

(1)

(5) e 4.5 rd
13 mm

28

r 2 (r e) 2 (rd ) 2

4.5

2er e 2 rd
2

e 2 rd
2e

(2)

e r r 2 rd

(3)

(1)(2)
e 2 rd
r
rd
[e d ] / 2 r 0.589 2.125 q
2e
e
0.589 2.125 q
2

r r 2 rd 0.589

(4)

(5)

2.125

(4)(5) q r

(4)(5)

14
y = -0.58929 + 2.125x R= 0.99416
12
10
8
6
4

2
(mm)
0

(ml)

4.4

29

e
D
r

4.5

( 5.1 )

1.
(1)
(2) 0()30456090()120135150
180 ()( 5.2 )

30

2.
(1)
(2)

(3)

5.1

31

 5.2

(1)

( 6.1 )
(2)
( 6.2 )
(3) 6.3

()

32

6.1

6.3

6.2

1.
(1)
(2)

1.
(1) 6.1 6.2
(2)

33

(3)

(4)
(5)
6.4

6.5
6.6

6.4

34

 6.5

6.6

1.
(1).
(2).
2.
(1) 7.1

(2) 7.2

35

7.1

7.2

(3) 7.3

7.3

7.4
(4)
( 7.5 )

(5)
10 ( 7.6 )

36

 7.3

7.4

7.5

37

 7.6

14

(6)
7.7

(7) 7.8
( 7.9 )
(8)
( 7.10a )( 7.10a
) 20 (
)

7.7
38

 7.8

7.9

(a)

(b) 12
7.10

39

()

6.5 6.6

1.
(1) 6.5 6.6 6.5

(2) 6.6 ( 8.1a

)
( 8.1c )

(a)

(b)
8.1

(c)

40

()

1.
(1) LabVIEW NI USB-6008

2.
(1) 8.2(4)(5)

8.2

41

(2)
(3)

9.1 r rd
dx e

e
D
r

9.1

42

 dx = rd dx rd dx
2

2
2
rd r 2 x 2 rd = rd (r 2 x 2 )

x f r

Vd =

dx

x0

x f r

(r

Vd

x ) dx
2

x0

x f r
2

dx

x0

x f r
0

x 2 ) dx

dx] [r

x0

[r x x
2

(r

x0

x f r

x f r

x3

x f r
2

x f r

dx x

x0

dx]

x0

x f r

] [r 2 ( x f x0 ) ( x f x0 ) / 3]
3

x0

e
2
Vd (3e 2 rd )
2

(6)

(1) q
Vd q Vd
9.2 q Vd e
9.2 q e Vd e
q Vd q Vd

q Vd

43

16

dq
Vd

mm^3

12

0
0

9.2

(mm)

10

12

14

q Vd e

( 7.10b
)

1
2

44

45


1.

http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1405122714940

2.

http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/light_dev_microsys/fluidfocus/

3.

http://www.phys.ncku.edu.tw/~optlab/modernoptics/fiber%202/modulator.htm

4.

Beer & Johnston & DeWolf Mechanics of Materials

46

47