1ST INTERNAL ANSWER KEY - EME

PART-A
1)
i.

P LAN
Indicated power, IP m
26.57kW
60

ii.

Brake Power, BP

iii.

Mechanical Efficiency, mech

iv.

Indicated thermal efficiency, I .thermal

2NT
21.195kW
60
BP
79.77%
IP

IP
21.59%
m f * CV

2)FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE:The four stroke petrol engine works on the principle of Theoretical Otto Cycle, which is also
known as Constant Volume Cycle. Here the piston performs the four strokes to complete one
working cycle.
The four different strokes performed by piston are:[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

Suction Stroke
Compression Stroke
Working or Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke

The P-V diagram of Theoretical Otto Cycle is shown below:-

Theoretical Otto Cycle

From the Graph:A-B = Suction
B-C = Adiabatic Compression
C-D = Constant Volume Combustion
D-E = Adiabatic Expansion
E-B = Constant Volume Exhaust
B-A = Exhaust
( Meaning of terms used above:- Adiabatic = Heat Transfer rate is zero or no heat transfer )

Four Stroke Petrol Engine:-

2nd
rotation

First
rotation

***

The four stroke petrol engine consists of a Cylinder with one end fitted with a cover
and other end open.
Cover provides the Inlet & Outlet (Exhaust) apertures or ports.
The apertures or ports are opened and closed by mechanical operated valves
Inlet Valve is used for Inlet aperture (port) and Exhaust Valve is used for Exhaust
aperture (port).
Spark Plug is fitted at the top of the cover and it initiates the ignition of the fuel.

A Piston reciprocates inside the cylinder and the Connecting Rod and Crank converts
the Reciprocating Motion of the Piston into Rotary Motion of the Crankshaft.

Working of Four Stroke Petrol Engine :[1]

SUCTION STROKE:- During the Suction Stroke,
Inlet valve is opened & Exhaust valve is closed.
Piston moves from Cover End (TDC) to Crank End (BDC).
Energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by CRANKING, only during the
first cycle of operation at the time of starting the engine, and while the engine is
running the energy is supplied by the flywheel.
At the beginning of this stroke the pressure inside the cylinder is atmospheric, when
the piston moves from TDC to BDC the volume inside the cylinder increases and the
pressure inside the cylinder decreases which sets up a Pressure Differential between
the atmosphere & inside the cylinder.
There will be low pressure inside the cylinder and high pressure outside the cylinder.
It is shown in the P-V diagram by the line A-B
The downward moving piston sucks a mixture of air and petrol vapour into the
cylinder through the inlet valve.
Because of Pressure differential the Charge (Mixture of Petrol+ Air) will be drawn
into the cylinder through the Carburetor.
In this stroke the Crankshaft revolves by half rotation.
At the end of this stroke the cylinder will be filled by the charge and the inlet valve
will be closed.
[2]
COMPRESSION STROKE:- During the Compression Stroke,
Both Inlet & Exhaust valves are closed.
Piston moves from Crank End (BDC) to Cover End (TDC).
Energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by CRANKING, only during the
first cycle of operation at the time of starting the engine, and while the engine is
running the energy is supplied by the flywheel.
The piston then moves upwards, compressing the Petrol and Air mixture inside the
cylinder. The Compression Ratio in petrol engines is in the range of 1:7 to 1:11.
This stroke is represented by the curve B-C in the P-V diagram which is Reversible
Adiabatic.
At the end of this stroke the Charge (Mixture of Petrol+ Air) is Ignited by the electric
spark given out by the Spark Plug and this Constant Volume Combustion Process is
represented by the vertical line C-D in the P-V diagram.
In this stroke the Crankshaft revolves by half rotation.
[3]
WORKING OR POWER STROKE:- During the Working Stroke,
Both Inlet & Exhaust valves are closed
Piston moves from Cover End (TDC) to Crank End (BDC).

Just before the piston reaches the top of the cylinder a spark from the spark plug
ignites the gas mixture.
The high pressure from the rapidly expanding gas pushes the piston down and causes
the crankshaft to rotate and also rotate the flywheel that it is connected to the
crankshaft.
It is this rotation that is used to drive the wheels of the vehicle.
During this Expansion stroke, there will be a drop in the pressure and increase in the
volume and it is shown in the P-V diagram by the curve D-E which is Reversible
Adiabatic.
At the end of this stroke the exhaust valve opens and there will be a sudden drop in
the pressure and it is denoted by the vertical line E-B in P-V diagram which is
Constant Volume Exhaust.
In this stroke the Crankshaft revolves by half rotation.

[4]
EXHAUST STROKE:- During the Exhaust Stroke,
Inlet valve is closed & Exhaust valve is opened.
Piston moves from Crank End (BDC) to Cover End (TDC).
Energy is supplied by the flywheel which stores the energy during power stroke.
The piston moves upwards in the cylinder again to push out the gases through the
exhaust valve into the exhaust system of the vehicle.
There will be high pressure inside the cylinder and low pressure outside the cylinder
and this pressure differential inside the cylinder and the atmosphere will push the
exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
It is shown in the P-V diagram by the line B-A.
In this stroke the Crankshaft revolves by half rotation.
And once again as the piston moves down, it sucks more fuel/air mixture in to begin
the next new cycle.
(Drawings -2 marks, P-V diagram 2 marks, theory 4 marks)

3)PELTON WHEEL

It is an impulse water turbine.

Works under a high head and requires small quantity of water.
The water from a high head source is supplied to the nozzle provided with a needle,
which controls the quantity of water flowing out of the nozzle.
The pressure energy of water is converted into velocity energy as it flows through the
nozzle.
The jet of water issuing out of the nozzle at high velocity impinges on the curved
blades known as pelton cups, at the centre.
The impulsive force of the jet striking on the pelton cups sets up the pelton wheel to
rotate in the direction of the impinging jet. Thus the pressure energy of the water is
converted into mechanical energy.
(Drawings 4 marks, Theory 4 marks)
4)CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE

1-cooled exhaust gas

2- High pressure gas

3- High pressure and high temperature gas

4- Exhaust gas

Consists of a compressor, a heater, a cooler and the gas turbine.

The high compressed gas coming out of the compressor is heated by an external
source in the heater which increases the temperature of the gas.
The high pressure high temperature gas is passed to the gas turbine where it expands
to lower pressure driving the turbine shaft producing the mechanical energy of
rotation.
The exhaust gas then enters the cooler where it is cooled from the external cooling
source.
The cooled exhaust gas at lower temperature and pressure enters the compressor
where it is compressed to higher pressure and relatively higher temperature and the
cycle repeats.(Drawings 3 marks, Theory 5 marks)
5)VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATOR

Some liquids like water have great affinity for absorbing large quantities of certain
vapours (NH3) and reduce the total volume greatly. The absorption refrigeration
system differs fundamentally from vapour compression system only in the method of
compressing the refrigerant. An absorber, generator and pump in the absorption
refrigerating system replace the compressor of a vapour compression system.
Ammonia vapour is produced in the generator at high pressure from the strong
solution of NH3 by an external heating source. The water vapour carried with
ammonia is removed in the rectifier and only the dehydrated ammonia gas enters into
the condenser. High pressure NH3 vapour is condensed in the condenser. The cooled
NH3 solution is passed through a throttle valve and the pressure and temperature of

the refrigerant are reduced below the temperature to be maintained in the evaporator.
The low temperature refrigerant enters the evaporator and absorbs the required heat
from the evaporator and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapour. Slightly
superheated, low pressure NH3 vapour is absorbed by the weak solution of NH3
which is sprayed in the absorber. Weak NH3 solution (aquaammonia) entering the
absorber becomes strong solution after absorbing NH3 vapour and then it is pumped
to the generator through the heat exchanger. The pump increases the pressure of the
strong solution to generator pressure. The strong NH3 solution coming from the
absorber absorbs heat form high temperature weak NH3 solution in the heat
exchanger. The solution in the generator becomes weak as NH3 vapour comes out of
it. The weak high temperature ammonia solution from the generator is passed to the
heat exchanger through the throttle valve. The pressure of the liquid is reduced to the
absorber pressure by the throttle valve.
(Drawings 3 marks, theory 5 marks)

6)PROPERTIES OF A GOOD REFRIGERANT

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

Boiling point
Freezing point
Evaporator and condenser pressure
Latent heat of evaporation

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Specific volume
Specific heat
Viscosity
SAFE WORKING PROPERTIES

Toxity
Flammability
Corrosiveness
Chemical stability

OTHER PROPERTIES

COP
Odour
Leak
Action with lubricating oil

(Theory 8 marks)
7)ICE MAKING CAPACITY
Ice making capacity is defined as the capacity of the refrigeration system to make ice
beginning from water at room temperature to solid ice. Specified by kg/min

TON OF REFRIGERATION
A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed in order to form one ton of
ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of water is 0*C.
COP
The COP of a refrigeration system is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed in a system to the
work supplied.
REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is defined as a method of reducing the temperature of a system below that of
the surroundings and maintains it at the lower temperature by continuously abstracting the
heat from it.
(Theory 8 marks)