2015年考研基礎班高等數學講義

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1
1.1 ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3 .............................................................................................................................. 20
............................................................................................................. 26
2.1 .................................................................................................................. 26
2.2 .............................................................................................................. 38
2.3 .................................................................................................................. 43
............................................................................................................. 49
3.1 ...................................................................................................................... 49
3.2 ...................................................................................................... 63
3.3 ...................................................................................... 69
3.4 .............................................................................................................. 72
..................................................................................................................... 77
4.1 .......................................................................................... 77
4.2 .................................................................................................. 83
4.3 .......................................................................................................... 90
............................................................................................................. 91
5.1 .............................................................................. 91
5.2 ...................................................................................... 94
5.3 .......................................................................................................... 98
5.4 ............................................................................................ 101
....................................................................................................................... 104
() ........................................................................................ 112
1.1 ......................................................................................................... 113
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1.2 ................................................................................................................. 118

() ............................................................................ 120
2.1 ............................................................................................................. 120
2.2 ......................................................................................................... 123
........................................................... 127
3.1 ............................................................................................................. 127
3.2 ............................................................................................................. 131
....................................................... 137
4.1 ..................................................................... 137
4.2 ......................................................................................... 141
1.1
1.
D f x D
y f D y=f(x) x
y D
Z = { y | y = f ( x), x D}
2.
x + 1x < 1
y = f ( x) = x 2
-1 x 1
5 x
x >1
x1 x1
y=f(x)
3.
y=f(x) Fxy=0 yy(x)
4.
y=f(x) x = ( y ) f(x)
x = f 1 ( y ) y = f 1 ( x)
1.
yC
2.
3.
y = x
y = a x a0a1
y = e x e2.7182
4.
y = log a x a0a1
1
y = log10 x = lg x
y = log e x = ln x
y = sin x; y = cos x; y = tan x; y = cot x; y = sec x; y = csc x.
5.
6.
y = arcsin x; y = arccos x; y = arctan x; y = arc cot x.
lim arctan x lim arctan x lim+
x +
x 0
1
ex
lim
x 0
1
ex
lim ln x y = arctan x
x 0 +
y = e x y = ln x
u = g ( x)
U
X U*
y = f (u )
1.
U U y = f [ g ( x)] X u
2.
1. y=f(x) X M x X f ( x) M
f(x) X
2.
X x X f ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x )
X x X f ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) X
y
3.
f ( x ) X x1 X x2 X x1 < x2
f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) f ( x ) X
x1 X x2 X x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x ) X

4.
f ( x ) X T 0 x X
2
x + T X f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) T f ( x )
f ( x ) = ln ln ln x + 100 x
2
ln ln ln x x > e
100 x 2 x 2 100x 10
f ( x ) ( e
10]
y=
x x +
ln x 5
x x x 1 x = 0
1
x 5x 4x 6
ln x 5
{0} [1
4 ) ( 4
5 ) ( 5
6 ) ( 6
+ )
f ( x ) [ aa ] ( a > 0 ) f x 1
a x 1 a 1 a x 1 + a
2
a 1 1 a 0 x 1 + a x 1 + a
0 < a < 1 1 a > 0 1 a x 1 + a
1 a x 1 + a 1 + a x 1 a
0 x<2
1
2 x4
2
g ( x) =
f ( x ) = g ( 2 x ) + g ( x 1)
3
f .
2
g ( x ) [ 0
4] 0 2 x 4 0 x 2 0 x 1 4
1 x 5 f ( x ) [1
2]
3
1
= g ( 3) + g = 2 + 1 = 3
2
2
y=e
1
3 3
x 1
ln y =
1
3
x = 3 1+
x3 1
, x3 1 =
1
,
ln 3 y
1
, y > 0 y 1
ln 3 y
(0,1) (1, +)
1. f(x) g(x) fg(x).
f ( x) 1 =
x
1
1
1 =
= x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1 f ( x) 1
1
x
f
.
x 1
f ( x) 1
f ( x) =
1
x 1
x 1
= f ( x 1) =
=
( x 1) 1 x 2
f ( x) 1
f ( x) =
1 + x2
f k ( x) =
f 2 ( x)f [ f ( x) ] =
x
1 + kx 2
f [ f (
x 1, x 2
f ( x)) ] = f n ( x) .
f ( x)
1 + f 2 ( x)
f k +1 ( x) =
1+
1 + x2
f k ( x)
1 + f k2 ( x)
x
1 + (k + 1) x 2
n f n ( x) =
x
1 + nx 2
2. g(x) f[g(x)] f(x).

1
f (e + 1) = e
2x
+ e x + x f(x).
4
x
x2
=
2
1+ x
1 + 2 x2
x
1 + kx 2
1+
x2
=
1 + kx 2
e + 1 = u x = ln(u 1)
f (u ) = (u 1) 2 + (u 1) + ln(u 1) = u 2 u + ln(u 1)
f ( x) = x 2 x + ln( x 1)
f (e ) = xe
f (1) = 0 f(x).
e = t , x = ln t f (e ) = f (t ) =
f ( x) f (1) =
ln t
t
x
ln t
1
1
dt = ln 2 t = ln 2 x
t
2
2
1
1 2
ln x
2
f (1) = 0 f ( x) =
F ( x) = f ( x)
A f(x) F(x)
B f(x) F(x)
C f(x) F(x)
D f(x) F(x)
(B) f ( x) = x , F ( x) =
2
x3
+1
3
(C) f ( x) = cos x + 1, F ( x) = sin x + x
(D) f ( x) = 2 x, F ( x) = x (, +)
2
(A)
F ( x) = F (0) + f (t )dt , f
F ( x) = F (0) +
f (t )dt = F (0) + f (u )d (u )
0
= F (0) + f (u )du = F ( x)
0
I =
F ( x)
x[ x 5 + (e x e x ) ln( x + x 2 + 1)]dx.
f1 ( x) = e x e x f1 ( x) = e x e x = f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
f 2 ( x) = ln( x + x 2 + 1) = ln
( x 2 + 1) x 2
x + x2 + 1
5
= ln1 ln( x + x 2 + 1) = f 2 ( x)
x
x(e e ) ln( x +
x
x 2 + 1)
I = x 6 dx + 0 = 2 x 6 dx =
x
x
+ cos
2
3
x
x
4 f 2 ( x) = c os
f1 ( x) = sin
2
3
1 f ( x) = sin
4 6 12 f ( x) 12
2 f ( x) = sin 2 x + cos x
f 2 ( x) = c os x
f1 ( x) = sin 2 x
2 f ( x)
3 f ( x) = sin 2 x + (1 sin 2 x)
f 2 ( x) = 1 sin 2 x
f1 ( x) = sin 2 x
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)
f ( x) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x) = 1
4 f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) < 0
a < x < b
(A) f ( x) g (b) > f (b) g ( x)
(B) f ( x) g (a ) > f ( a) g ( x)
(C) f ( x) g ( x) > f (b) g (b)
(D) f ( x) g ( x) > f ( a) g ( a )
f ( x )
1
f ( x)
= 2 [ f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)] < 0
g ( x)
g ( x) g ( x)
x<b
f ( x) f (b)
>
(A)
g ( x) g (b)
1.2
1.
1 lim xn = A
n
{ xn } A
> 0 N n>N xn A < .

2 lim f ( x ) = A
x +
> 0 X x>X f ( x ) A < .

3 lim f ( x ) = A
x
> 0 X x>X f ( x ) A < .

4 lim f ( x) = A
x
> 0 X|x|>X f ( x ) A < .

5 lim f ( x ) = A
x x0
> 0 0 < x x0 < f ( x ) A <

6 lim+ f ( x ) = A f ( x0 + 0 )
x x0
> 0 0 < x x0 < f ( x ) A <

7 lim f ( x ) = A f ( x0 0 )
x x0
> 0 < x x0 < 0 f ( x ) A <

f ( x0 + 0 ) f ( x ) x0 f ( x0 0 ) f ( x ) x0
lim f ( x ) = A
xn = f ( n )
2.
1
lim f ( x ) = A lim f ( x ) = B A = B
lim f ( x ) = A lim g ( x ) = B
x f ( x ) g ( x ) A B
7
A > B x f ( x ) > g ( x )
g ( x ) 0B = 0
3 lim f ( x ) = A x f ( x )
4
lim f ( x ) = A lim g ( x ) = B
1 lim f ( x ) + g ( x ) = A + B
2 lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = A B
3 lim f ( x )i g ( x ) = Ai B
f ( x) A
=
g ( x) B
5 lim f ( x )
g( x)
( B 0)
4 lim
( A > 0)
= AB
1.
lim f ( x ) = 0 f ( x )
1
1
= 0 x x x0
x x
x
M > 0 x f ( x ) > M f ( x )
2.
x lim
lim f ( x ) =
3.
x f ( x )
1
1
f ( x ) f ( x ) 0
f ( x)
f ( x)
4.
lim f ( x ) = A f ( x ) = A + a ( x )
5.
lim a ( x ) = 0
lim f ( x ) = 0
lim g ( x ) = 0 lim
f ( x)
=l
g ( x)
(1) l = 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) = o g ( x )
8
g ( x ) f ( x )
(2) l 0 f ( x ) g ( x )
(3) l = 1 f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
6.
x0
sin x x
tan x x
arcsin x x
arctan x x
1
a
ln (1 + x ) x
1 cos x x 2e x 1 x
(1 + x ) 1 ax a
2
7.
1.
2.
1
1 xn +1 xn n xn m n lim xn = A A m
n
2 xn +1 xn n xn m n lim xn = A A m
2
g ( x ) f ( x ) h ( x )
3.
lim g ( x ) = A
lim h ( x ) = A lim f ( x ) = A
sin x
=1
x 0
x
lim
2
4.
5.
1
1
1
lim 1 + = e lim 1 + = e lim (1 + v ) v = e
v 0
n
u
n
u
x 0 e = 1+ x +
x
x2
+
2!
sin x = x
x3 x5
+ +
3! 5!
+ ( 1)
cos x = 1
x2 x4
+
2! 4!
+ ( 1)
ln (1 + x ) = x
x 2 x3
+
2 3
xn
+ o ( xn )
n!
x 2 n +1
+ o ( x 2 n +1 )
( 2n + 1)!
x2n
+ o ( x2n )
( 2n ) !
+ ( 1)
n +1
xn
+ o ( xn )
n
9
arctan x = x
(1 + x )
= 1+ x +
x3 x5
+
3 5
( 1)
2!
+ ( 1)
x2 +
x 2 n +1
+ o ( x 2 n +1 )
2n + 1
( 1)
( n 1) n
x + o ( x n )
n!
6.
0
1 lim f ( x ) = 0 lim g ( x ) = 0
0
2 x f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x)
=A
g ( x)
lim
f ( x)
f ( x)
lim
g ( x)
g ( x)

1 lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) =

( lim
f ( x)
=A
g ( x)
3 lim
2 x f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x)
=A
g ( x)
3 lim
lim
f ( x)
=A
g ( x)
7.
lim
x 0
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
= f ( x0 )
x
8.
1 n
n n
k =1
lim
k 1
f = f ( x ) dx
0
n
9.
10.
10
am x m + am 1 x m 1 + + a1 x + a0
n 1
x b x n + b
+ + b1 x + b0
n
n 1 x
am 0b n 0 lim
am x m + am 1 x m 1 + + a1 x + a0
lim
n 1
x b x n + b
+ + b1 x + b0
n
n 1 x
= lim
x
x m n am + am 1 x 1 +
bn + bn 1 x 1 +
+ a1 x1 m + a0 x m
+ b1 x1 n + b0 x n
0 m < n
a
m m = n
bn
m > n
n
lim(a + ar +
n
1 rn
a
=
n 1 r
1 r
+ ar n 1 ) = a lim
+ ar n 1 ) .
a 0 r < 1 lim(a + ar +
2 2 2 2 3
1 lim +
n 3
3 3
2
2
2 a = r =
3
3
+ (1)
1
1+ +
2
2 lim
n
1
1+ +
3
n +1
2

3
2
2
3
=
2 5
1
3
1
+
2 = 2 = 4
n
3 3
1
+
2
3
3n +1 2n
.
n 2 n +1 + 3n
3 lim
2
3
n
3 =3
3 lim
n
n
2
2 +1
3
r < 1 lim r = 0
n
11
4 l lim
k (k + l ) .
k =1
1
1 1
1
=
k (k + l ) l k k + l
n
1
1 1
1 1 n 1
1 1 n 1 n 1
=
=
k + l l k =1 k k + l l k =1 k k =1 k + l
k =1 k ( k + l )
k =1 l k
n
1 1
= 1 + +
l 2
1 1
+ +
+
l l +1
1 1
+
n 1+ l
1 1
= 1 + +
l 2
1
1
+
l n +1
n+l
k (k + 1) = 1
k =1
k (k + 2) = 2 1 + 2 = 4
k =1
l2
1 1+ d
+ 2 +
2
n
n
1 n
d
i {1 + [1 + (n 1)d ]} =
2
2
n 2
lim
(d = 1)
2
1
lim 2 + 2 +
n n
n
(d = 2)
3
1
lim 2 + 2 +
n n
n
1 lim
1+ x 1 x
x
x 0
1 + (n 1)d
.
n2
6 d0 lim
n + l
l1
2 lim
1 lim
1
+
l
1
+
2
1
1
+
+
n n +1
1
l
1 +
n 1
=
n 2 2
2n 1
=1
n 2
2 lim
x 0
lim
x 0
1+ x 3 1 x
x
(1 + x ) (1 x )
1+ x + 1 x
2
=1
2
12
lim
) (
1+ x 1
1 x 1
x 0
1
x
x
2
2 =1
lim
x 0
x
( 1)
1
2 1+ x 2 1 x
1, lim
=1
x 0
1
2 lim
x 0
(1 + x ) (1 x )
x 3 1+ x
) +(
2
1+ x
)(
) (
1 x +
1
1
8
n
1 r < 1 lim(1 + r )(1 + r )

n
1
1
1 2
2
2 3
1 2
n
2 lim 1
(1 + r 2 )
n+1
1 r2
1
1 1-r lim
=
n 1 r
1 r
1 1 1 1
1 + 1 1 +
2 2 3 3
2 lim 1
1 3 2 4
2 2 3 3
lim i i i
1 1
1 1 +
n n
n 1 n + 1
n +1 1
= lim
=
i
n
n
n
2n
2
lim cos
n
x
x
cos
2
4
cos
2n
x=0 =1
x
x
x
x
cos n
cos cos
n
2
2
4
2
x0 = lim
n
x
n
2 sin n
2
x
x
x
x
2n 1 cos cos
cos n 1 isin n 1
2
4
2
2 =
= lim
n
x
2n sin n
2
x
sin x
sin x 2n
sin x
= lim
i
=
= lim
n n
x n x
x
x
2 sin n
sin n
2
2
2n sin
13
1 x
2
3
2 = 1
lim
n
x
sin n
2
2
2
1 lim 1
x
x
x +10
1 x x
2 lim
x 0 1 + x
2
1 lim 1
n
x
x +10
x 2( x +10)

2 x
2
= lim 1 +
x
x
( 2 )1+

2 2
lim 1 +
x
x
lim (1 x ) x
1 x
x 0
=
lim
=
1
x 0 1 + x
lim (1 + x ) x
x 0
x 0
e 1
=
= e 2
e
1+ x 2
x 0
cot x
2 lim x x 1
1 lim(1 + tan x)
3 lim(cos x)
x 1
cot 2 x
x 0
1
tan x = t cot x = x 0 t 0
t
1
lim(1 + tan x)cot x = lim(1 + t ) t = e
1
i ( 1)
x
2 x 2 x 1+ x
1 x x
1+ x 2x x
lim
= lim
= lim 1 +
= e 2
x 0 1 + x
x 0
x0
x
x
1
1
+
+
= e 2
lim [1 + ( x) ]
10
1
x
x 0
t 0
2 x 1 = t x = 1 + t x 1 t 0
4
lim x x 1 = lim(1 + t ) t = lim (1 + t ) t = e 4

t 0
x 1
t 0
3 lim(cos x)
x 0
cot 2 x
cos 2 x
= lim(1 sin x)
2
2sin 2 x
x 0
= lim 1 + ( sin x) (
x 0
1 3 5 2n 1
).
2n
2 4 6
1 3 5 2n 1
2 4
2n
xn = i i
yn = i
2 4 6
2n
3 5 2n + 1
1
2
0<xn<yn 0 < xn < xn yn =
2n + 1
1 lim( i i
n
lim xn2 = 0 0.
x
14
1
sin 2 x
cos 2 x
( 2 )
1
2
2
n
1 lim
lim
2 lim
n +k
k =1
n +n
2
n
n2 + n
n +k
2
k =1
= lim
1
1+
n
n +k
2
k =1
k
+n+k
n2 + 1
lim
n2 + 1
= lim
=1
1
1+ 2
n
=1
1+ 2 + + n n
k
1+ 2 + + n
2
2
2
n +n+n
n + n +1
k =1 n + n + k
lim
k =1
=1,
1
n(n + 1)
1+ 2 + + n
1
2
=
=
lim
lim
2
n
n n( n + 2)
n + 2n
2
1
n(n + 1)
1+ 2 + + n
1
2
= lim 2
=
lim 2
n
n n + n + 1
n + n +1
2
n
k
1
=
2
k =1 n + n + k
lim
n
lim
n
k =1
n
.
+ k2
n
n2
n
n2
n 2 + n 2 k =1 n 2 + k 2 n 2 + 12
n2
1
n2
=
lim
=1
n n 2 + n 2
2 n n 2 + 12
lim
.
n
n
1 n
=
lim
2
2
n
n n
k =1 n + k
k =1
lim
1
k
1+
n
dx
1+ x
0
1p + 2 p + + n p
.
n
n p +1
p > 1 lim
15
= arctan x 0 =
1
1 n k
1
p
x dx
0
n n
p +1
k =1 n
lim
.
0
1
1
sin
n.
1 lim n
1
n
sin 3
n
1.
lim
x 0
x sin x
sin 3 x
x 0
x sin x
1 cos x
sin x 1
lim
= lim
=
3
2
0
0
x
x
3x
6x
6
x
1
.
6
lim
1
x2
e
.
x 0 x10
lim
2 x2
1
2
e
3
x
0
e
x
1 lim
= lim 12
9
x
x
0
0
10 x
5x
0
e x
et
t5
lim 10 = lim 5 = lim t
t + e
x 0 x
t + t
5t 4
lim t =
t + e
= lim
t +
5!
=0
et
2. -0.
1
1
1
x .
x 0 x e 1
lim
1
(e x 1) x
1
lim x = lim
x 0 x e 1 x 0 x (e x 1)
ex 1
ex
1
1
lim
=
lim
=
x
x
x
x
x
x 0 2 + x
x 0 (e 1) + xe
x 0 e + e + xe
2
lim
lim(
x 0
1
cos 2 x
).
x2
sin 2 x
16
1
=t
x2
1
4
2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
x 2 sin 2 2 x
x 2 sin 2 xicos 2 x
4
4
lim
lim
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
4 x3
x4
x 2 sin 2 x
1
x sin 4 x
1 cos 4 x
4sin 4 x 4
4
lim
lim
= lim
=
3
2
0
0
x 0
x
2x
6x
12 x
3
3 lim+ sin x ln x .
x 0
x 1
=0
( ) lim+
3
x 0 2 x
ln x
lim+ x ln x = lim+ 2
x 0
x 0 x
2
3. 1 0
lim [ f ( x )]
g ( x)
lim g ( x ) ln[ f ( x ) ]
lim g ( x ) ln [ f ( x ) ] 0
2 .
lim+ x
x 0
y=x
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
ln y = sin x ln x
lim ln y = lim+ sin 2 x ln x = 0 2 3, lim+ y = e0 = 1
x 0+
lim ( cos x )
x 0
cot 2 x
x 0
.
2
ln y = cot x ln cos x
y = ( cos x )
cot 2 x
x 0
ln cos x
ln cos x
= lim
2
x 0 tan x
x0
x2
lim ln y = lim cot 2 x ln cos x = lim

x 0
x 0
0
tan x
1
lim
= lim y = e 2
x 0
x 0
0
2x
2
lim sin
1
1
+ cos .
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
y = sin + cos ln y = x ln sin + cos

x
x
x
x
1
1
ln sin + cos
cos t sin t
ln(sin t + cos t )
x
x
lim
=1
= lim
lim ln y = lim
x
x
t 0
t 0 sin t + cos t
1
t
x
lim y = e
x
17
n2 + n + 1
sin n 2 + 1 .
1 lim
n
3n + 1
3
1 1 1
3
+ 2+ 3
n2 + n + 1
n
n n = 0 sin n 2 + 1 1
lim
= lim
n
n
1
3n + 1
3+
n
3
0.
2
(1 cos 2 x) arctan 3x
.
x 0 (e x 1) ln(1 + 2 x ) sin 5 x
lim
1
(2 x) 2 i(3 x)
3
2
=
, lim
x 0 x i(2 x )i(5 x )
5
1
x .
3 lim
x 0 (1 + cos x ) ln(1 + x )
3sin x + x 2 cos
1
sin x
3
x
cos
+
x
1
x= 3
lim
x 0 1 + cos x
ln(1 + x)
2
x
1
sin x x + x3
6 .
1 lim
5
x 0
x
sin x = x
x3 x5
+ + o( x 5 )
3! 5!
x 0
x5
+ o( x 5 )
1
1
lim 5! 5
= =
x 0
5! 120
x
f ( x0 ) = 2 lim
x 0
lim
x 0
f ( x0 + 3x) f ( x0 2x)
.
x
[ f ( x0 + 3x) f ( x0 )] [ f ( x0 2x) f ( x0 )]
x
18
3 lim
x 0
f ( x0 + 3x) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 2x) f ( x0 )
+ 2 lim
0
3x
( 2x )
3 f ( x0 ) + 2 f ( x0 ) = 5 f ( x0 ) = 10
2
2
n
y = f ( x) y = sin x lim nf ( ) .
n
f (0) = 0 f (0) = (sin x)
x=0
=1
2
f f (0)
n
2
= 2 f (0) = 2
lim nf = lim 2i
n
n
2
n
0
n
xn +1 xn =
xn1 i
a
xn1
= a > 0
xn
a xn2
1
a
+
=
0 xn +1 xn
x
x
n
n
2
2 xn
xn
1
a
1
a
lim xn .
x1 + xn = xn 1 +
2
2
xn1 n
x1
1 a > 0 x1 = b > 0 x2 =
{ xn } 1 lim xn = A
1
a
1
a
xn 1 +
A = A +
2
A
2
xn1
xn =
A2 = a A0 A = a lim xn = a
n
sin 2 x
x
1 f ( x) =
2
x
1 cos x
f (0 0) = lim
x 0
x <0
x >0
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
= lim 2
=2
x 0
x
2x
x2
x2
= lim+
= 2,
f (0 + 0) = lim+
x 0 1 cos x
x 0 1 2
x
2
lim f ( x ) = 2
x 0
19
x
2
e
sin x
+
2 lim
.
+
4
x 0
x
1+ ex
1
3
4x
x
2+e
sin x
2e + e x sin x
lim
+
= 2 1 = 1 , lim+
+
= 0 +1 = 1
4
4
x 0
x 0
x
1 + e x ( x)
e x + 1
x
2
e
sin x
+
lim
+
=1
4
x 0
x
1+ ex
lim
x 1
x 2 + ax + b
= 3 a b.
sin( x 2 1)
lim( x + ax + b) = 0 1+a+b=0,
lim
x 2 + ax + b
2x + a
2+a
= lim
=
=3
2
2
1
x
sin( x 1)
2 x cos( x 1)
2
x
1
t2
dt = 1 a b.
x 0 bx sin x 0
a+t
lim
lim
x2 a + x
b 1 0 1 b = 1
b cos x
x 0
a = 4, b = 5
x 1
x 1
lim
x 0
1
x2
2
2
= lim
=
i
0
x
a + x 1 cos x
a+x
a
2
= 1 a=4.
a
1.3
()
1. x0
1
y = f ( x ) x0 x
x0 0 y 0 lim y = 0
x 0
20
lim f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = 0
x 0
y = f ( x ) x0
y = f ( x ) x0
2
y = f ( x ) x0 x x0 f ( x )
x0 f ( x0 ) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )
x x0
y = f ( x ) x0 lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( x0 )
x x0
x x0
lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) = f lim x
x x0
x x0
x0 x0
y = f ( x ) lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) f ( x ) x0
x x0
lim+ f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) f ( x ) x0
x x0
2 y = f ( x ) x0 f ( x ) x0
2.
y = f ( x ) ( ab ) f ( x ) ( ab )
y = f ( x ) a b
f ( x ) [ ab ]
1.
y = f ( x ) x0 x0 f ( x )
2.
1
x0 y = f ( x ) f ( x ) x0
x0 f ( x )
21
x = 0 f ( x ) =
x
sin x
1
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) =
x
x
x
f ( x ) = sin
1 I () I
2
3 I
4
5
[ ab ] f ( x )
1 f ( x ) [ ab ] f ( x ) [ ab ]
2 f ( x ) [ ab ]
f ( x0 ) = M [ ab ] x0 [ ab ]
M m
M m
x f ( x ) M M f ( x ) [ ab ]
m
3 f ( x ) [ ab ]
M m m M C [ ab ]
f ( ) = C
f ( x ) [ ab ] f ( a ) f ( b ) ( ab )
f ( ) = 0

()
22
1
e x x < 0
1 f ( x ) = 0 x = 0 , x = 0
1
x sin x > 0
x
f ( 0 0 ) = lim f ( x ) = lim e x = 0
1
x 0
x 0
f ( 0 + 0 ) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x sin

x 0
x 0
1
=0,
x
f (0) = 0
f ( 0 0 ) = f ( 0 + 0 ) = f ( 0 ) f ( x ) x = 0 .
f ( 0 0 ) = lim
x 0
f ( 0 + 0 ) = lim+
x 0
1
ln(1 x)
= lim ln(1 x) x = 1
x 0
x
1+ x 1
1
1
= lim+
=
x0
x
1+ x +1 2
ln(1 x)
x < 0
1
2 f ( x) =
x = 0 , x = 0 .

2
1 + x 1
x > 0
f ( 0 0 ) f ( 0 + 0 ) lim f ( x ) f ( x ) x = 0 .
x 0
sin x
x 0
x = 0 k.
1 f ( x) = x
k x = 0
sin x
= 1 , f ( 0 ) = k
x 0
x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0
k =1
sin x x < 0
x = 0 x = 0 p q.
2 f ( x ) = p
x sin + q x > 0
lim f ( x ) lim
x 0
x 0
1
sin x = 1, f (0) = p
x
f ( x ) x = 0
p =1
23
lim+ f ( x ) lim+ x sin + q = q, f (0) = 1

x 0
x 0
x
f ( x ) x = 0
q = 1.
1 f ( x) =
x 1
x 1
.
x 1
x = 1
3
lim
x 1
lim
x 1
x 1
)(
x 1
x 1
3
x2 + 3 x + 1
lim
x 1 3
x2 + 3 x + 1
1
3
x = 1 f ( x ) .
x2 2 x
.
x ( x2 4)
2 f ( x) =
x = 0 -22 x = 0 -22 .
.
f (0 0) = lim
x( x 2)
1
x( x 2)
1
= f (0 + 0) = lim+
=
x 0 x ( x 2)( x + 2)
x( x 2)( x + 2)
2
2
x 0
x = 0
x = 0 .
x = 2 f ( 2 0) = f (2 + 0) = lim
x 2
x( x 2)
=
x ( x 2)( x + 2)
x = 2 .
x = 2 f (2 0) = f (2 + 0) = lim =
x2
x( x 2)
1
=
x( x 2)( x + 2) 4
x = 2 . f (2) =
1
f ( x ) x = 2 .
4
1
f x 0
3 f ( x) (, +) lim f ( x ) = a , g ( x) = x
x
0
x=0
(A) x = 0 g ( x) .
(B) x = 0 g ( x) .
(C) x = 0 g ( x) .
(D) g ( x) x = 0 a .
24
1
lim g ( x) = lim f = lim f (t ) = a
x 0
x 0 x t
a = 0 x = 0 g ( x) a 0 x = 0 g ( x) D.
4 f ( x) g ( x) (, +) f ( x) f ( x) 0 g ( x)
(A) g[ f ( x)]
(B) [ g ( x)]
(C) f [ g ( x)]
(D)
g ( x)
f ( x)
1 (x 0)
f ( x) 1 g[ f ( x)] 1
(x <0)
1
(A) g ( x) =
(B) g ( x) [ g ( x)] 1
2
g ( x)
f ( x)
g ( x)
= h( x) g ( x) = h( x) f ( x)
f ( x)
(D)
(C) (A) f ( x) g ( x) f [ g ( x)] 1
1. f ( x) x0 f ( x)
lim f ( x) = f ( lim x) = f ( x0 )
x x0
x x0
x x0 .
sin x
.
x
1 lim arctan
x 0
sin x
= 1 y = arctan u u = 1
x 0 x
lim
sin x
sin x
arctan lim
= arctan1 =
lim arctan
x 0
4
x 0 x
x
2
4
1
2
.
x 2 x 4
f ( x) x=2 f (2) = 3 lim f ( x)

x 2
f ( x) x=2 f (2) = 3 lim f ( x ) = 3

x 2
25
4
( x + 2) 4
1
1
= lim f ( x)
2
= lim f ( x)i
2
x 2
x+2
x 4
x 2 x 4 x 2
lim f ( x)
x 2
1
3
=
x 2 x + 2
4
lim f ( x)i lim

x 2
1 f ( x) [ ab ] f (a ) < a f (b) > b f ( x) = x (ab)

.
g ( x) = f ( x) x g ( x) [ ab ]
g (a) = f (a) a < 0 , g (b) = f (b) b > 0

g ( x) (ab) f ( x) = x (ab)
e + e
x
f ( x) = e + e
x
= 4 + cos x (, +) .
cos x 4 f ( x) (0, +)
f (0) = 3 < 0 f (2) = e2 + e 2 cos 2 4 > 0
f ( x) [ 0, 2] (0, 2) f ( ) = 0 .
x
x
f ( x ) = e e + sin x > 0 ( x > 0 ) f ( x) (0, +)
f ( x) (0, +) f ( x) (0, +)
f ( x) (, +) (, +) .
2.1
1.
y = f ( x ) x0 x x0 x
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
y
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
y = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) lim
26
f ( x ) x0 f ( x0 )
df ( x )
y = f ( x ) x0
dx x = x
x = x0
dy
y x = x0
dx
y = f ( x ) x0
x = x0 + x x = x x0
f ( x0 ) = lim
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
= lim+
x 0
x
x x0
f ( x0 ) = lim
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
= lim
x 0
x x0
x
x x0
x x0
f + ( x0 ) = lim+
2.
f ( x ) x0 f ( x ) x0
y = f ( x ) x0 f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
y = f ( x ) ( x0f ( x0 ) )
y f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 )( x x0 )
y f ( x0 ) =
1
( x x0 )
( f ( x0 ) 0 )
f ( x0 )
S t S = f ( t ) f ( t0 )
f ( t0 ) t0
3.
y = f ( x ) x0 f ( x ) x0
y = f ( x ) x0 x0 y = f ( x ) = x x0 = 0
4.
y = f ( x ) x0 x y = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 )
27
y = A ( x0 ) x + o ( x )
( x 0 )
A ( x0 ) x o ( x ) x 0 x f ( x ) x0
y A ( x0 ) x f ( x ) x0 dy |x = x0
df ( x ) x = x
0
dx x
5.
y = f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) y = f ( x ) x0
x f ( x0 )
dy |x = x0 y = f ( x ) M 0 x0f ( x0 )
6.
f ( x ) x0 f ( x ) x0 dy |x = x0 = A ( x0 ) x = f ( x0 ) dx .
y = f ( x ) dy = f ( x ) dx
7.
dy
dx
f ( x ) =
y = f ( x ) y = f ( x ) x0 y = f ( x ) x0
y = f ( x ) x0 y x = x y ( x0 )
0
d2y
dx 2
x = x0
f ( x ) x0
y = f ( x ) ( n 1) y = f ( x ) n
dny
y ( n )f ( n ) ( x ) n y = f ( x ) n
dx
1.
( c ) = 0
( x ) = ax
a
a 1
d (c) = 0
(a
)
dx a = ax a 1dx
(a
)
28
( sin x ) = cos x
d sin x = cos xdx
( cos x ) = sin x
d cos x = sin xdx
( tan x ) = sec2 x
d tan x = sec2 dx
( cot x ) = csc2 x
d cot x = csc 2 xdx
( sec x ) = sec x tan x
d sec x = sec x tan xdx
( csc x ) = csc x cot x
d csc x = csc x cot xdx
( log a x ) =
1
x
( a ) = a
ln a
( a > 0a 1)
de x = e x dx
1
1 x
( arccos x ) =
1 x
) =
ln x + x 2 a 2 =
d arctan x =
1
x +a
2
1
1 x2
d arccos x =
1
1 + x2
ln x + x 2 + a 2
d arcsin x =
( arctan x ) =
1
dx
x
da x = a x ln adx
( a > 0a 1)
( arcsin x ) =
dx
( a > 0a 1)
x ln a
( e ) = e
d ln x =
d log a x =
( ln x ) =
( a > 0a 1)
x ln a
dx
1
1 x2
1
dx
1 + x2
d ln x + x 2 + a 2 =
d ln x + x 2 a 2 =
x2 a2
2.
f ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x )i g ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
( g ( x ) 0)
=
g 2 ( x)
g ( x)
d f ( x ) g ( x ) = df ( x ) dg ( x )
29
dx
x + a2
2
x2 a2
dx
dx
d f ( x )i g ( x ) = g ( x ) df ( x ) + f ( x ) dg ( x )
f ( x ) g ( x ) df ( x ) f ( x ) dg ( x )
d
( g ( x ) 0)
=
g 2 ( x)
g ( x)
3.
y = f ( u )u = ( x ) ( x ) x f ( u ) u
dy dy du
=
= f ( x ) ( x )
dx du dx
y = f ( x ) x
dy = f ( u ) du = f ( x ) ( x ) dx
dy = f ( u ) du u
4.
x = ( t )y = ( t ) y = y ( x ) ( t ) ( t ) ( t ) 0
dy ( t )
=
( ( t ) 0 )
dx ( t )
dy
dy
d d
1 ( t ) ( t ) ( t ) ( t )
d y
dx = dx
2 =
i =
3
dx
dt
dx
dx
( t )
dt
5.
y = f ( x ) x = g ( y ) f ( x ) 0
g ( y ) =
1
1
=
( f ( x ) 0)
f ( x ) f g ( y )
1
d
d g ( y )
f ( x) 1
g ( y ) =
i
=
dy
dy
dx
dx
f ( x )
f ( x )
f g ( y )
{ f g ( y )}
( f ( x ) 0)
6.
y = y ( x ) F ( xy ) = 0 y F ( xy ) = 0
x y y
30
i y
2 x + 2 y
= 0y =
x 2 + y 2 = 1
x
( y 0)
y
7.
y

y = f ( x )
g ( x)
y = e
g ( x ) ln f ( x )
f ( x ) = ( x a ) g ( x ) g ( x ) a f ( a )
f ( a ) = lim
x a
f ( x) f (a)
( x a ) g ( x ) 0 = lim g x = g a
= lim
( ) ( )
xa
xa
xa
xa
f ( x) = x a
n
) x a n f ( a )
g ( x )
x a a
xn an ) x a 0
(
f ( x) f (a)
= lim
f ( a ) = lim
xa
x a
xa
xa
= lim ( x n 1 + ax n 2 +
+ a n 1 ) x a = 0
xa
x x < 0
x0 = 0
x x 0
y = f ( x ) = x =
y = f ( x ) = x x0 = 0 f ( 0 ) = 0
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 0 , lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x = 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
lim x = f ( 0 ) = 0
x 0
x0 = 0 f ( x )
31
f ( 0 ) = lim
0 + x 0
x
y
x
= lim
= lim
= lim
= 1
0
0
0
x
x
x
x
x
f + ( 0 ) = lim+
0 + x 0
x
y
x
= lim+
= lim+
= lim+
=1
x 0 x
x 0 x
x x 0
x
x 0
x 0
f ( 0 ) f + ( 0 ) y = x
x 2 x 1
, ab f ( x ) x = 1
ax + bx > 1
2 f ( x ) =
f ( x ) x = 1
f (1 0 ) = lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 = 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
f (1 + 0 ) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( ax + b ) = a + b
x 1
f (1) = lim
x 1
x 1
f ( x ) f (1)
x2 1
= lim
= lim ( x + 1) = 2
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
f ( x ) f (1)
a ( x 1)
ax + b 1
= lim+
= lim+
=a
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
f + (1) = lim+
f ( x ) x = 1 a + b = 1 b = 1 a
f ( x ) x = 1 f (1) = f + (1) 2 = a
a = 2b = 1 a = 1 2 = 1 f ( x ) x = 1
1.
1
2
1 y = 1 + x ln( x + 1 + x )
( 1 + x ) ln ( x +
2
2 y = cot x arccos 1 x
( (
1 + x 2 + 1 + x 2 ln x + 1 + x 2
1 y =
1
x
i1 +
ln x + 1 + x 2 + 1 + x 2
x + 1 + x 2
1 + x2
1 + x2
x
1+ x
ln x + 1 + x 2 + 1
32
))
2 y = cot x arccos 1 x
2 cos x
sin 3 x
2 cot x csc x +
1 1 + x2
( x)
1 x2
2
x 1 x
x2
1 y = e
2 y =
sin x
1 dy = sin
ln x + cot x
sin x
xde x + e x d sin x = 2 xe x sin xdx +
cos x x2
ie dx
2 x
2
cos x
= e x 2 x sin x +
dx
2 x
sin xd (ln x + cot x) (ln x + cot x)d sin x

(sin x) 2
cos x
1 1
2
csc x dx 2 (ln x + cot x)dx
sin x x
sin x
2 dy =
cos x ln x cos x cot x

1
csc3 x
dx
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
x sin x
f ( x) = x( x 1)( x 2)
g ( x) = x( x 1)( x 2)
( x 100) f (50) .
( x 49)( x 51)
( x 100)
f ( x) = ( x 50) g ( x)
f ( x) = g ( x) + ( x 50) g ( x)
f (50) = g (50) = (50!)(1)50 (50!) = (50!)2
f ( x) y = f (ln x)e
f ( x)
dy.
dy = f (ln x)de f ( x ) + e f ( x ) df (ln x) f ( x)e f ( x ) f (ln x)dx +

e
f ( x)
1
f (ln x)e f ( x ) dx
x
+
f
x
f
x
f (ln x) dx
(
)
(ln
)
2.
1
y = y ( x) arctan( x + y ) = ye
33
dy
dy .
dx
x y x .
1 + x2 + y 2
2y
y
2
2
1 + x + y
y
2 x
y =
2x
1+ x + y
=2 xe
1 + x2 + y 2
2y
(2 x + 2 yy) = ye
2 x
2x
1 + x2 + y 2
1 + x 2 + y 2 2 4 xx
=
2
4 y x 2 x 1 + x 2 + y 2 e x
ye
1 + x 2 + y 2 2 4 xx
dx
dy =
2
4 y x 2 x 1 + x 2 + y 2 e x
d arctan( x 2 + y 2 ) = d ye
1 + x2 + y
2 2
d x 2 + y 2 = e x dy + yde
( xdx + ydy ) = e
dy +
1 + x2 + y
2 2
ye
2y
2
2
1 + x + y
dy = y e
2 x
2
4 y x 2 x 1 + x 2 + y 2 e
2
2 x 1 + x 2 + y 2
2 x
e x dx
dx
2
2 2
1+ x + y
2x
ye
dy =
1 + x 2 + y 2 2 4 xx
dy =
dx
2
2 2
x
4 y x 2 x 1 + x + y e
ye
2
2
1 + x + y 4 xx
dx
2
2
2
2 x 1 + x + y
34
1 + x 2 + y 2 2 4 xx
dy
=
2
dx
4 y x 2 x 1 + x 2 + y 2 e x
ye
3.
1
x( x + 1)( x + 2)
y .
( x 2 + 1)(e x + x)
1
ln y = ln x + ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 2) ln( x 2 + 1) ln(e x + x)
3
1
1 1
1
1
2x
ex +1
y = +
+
2
x
y
3 x x +1 x + 2 x +1 e + x
1 x( x + 1)( x + 2)
y = 3 2
3 ( x + 1)(e x + x)
1
1
1
2x
ex +1
+
2
x
+
x x +1 x + 2 x +1 e + x
y=
4.
dy
2t sin t + t 2 cos t
dy dt
=
=
dx dx
3t 2
dt
1+ t 3
x = ln(1 + t ) dy .
2
dx
y = t sin t
1 + t 3 )(2t sin t + t 2 cos t ) (1 + t 3 )(2sin t + t cos t )

(
=
=
3t 2
3t
1 y =
1
1
( x > 0) x0 ,
x
x0
2.
1 1
= ( x x0 )
x0 x02
y = 0 x X = 2 x0
x = 0 y Y =
S=
x0
2
1
1
XY = (2 x0 ) = 2
2
2
x0
35
x = 1 + t 2
t = 2 .
y = t 3
x0 = 1 + 22 = 5 y0 = 23 = 8 .
dy 3t 2 3
=
= t
dx
2t
2
dy
= 3 y 8 = 3( x 5) , 3x y 7 = 0
dx t =2
1.
y =
y = ln x + x + a
x + x2 + a2
(x +
) y .
x2 + a2
1
+
=
2
2
2
2
x+ x +a
x + a
x + a2
( x2 + a2 )
x = arctan t
d2y
.
2
dx 2
y = ln(1 + t )
2t
dy
dy dt 1 + t 2
=
=
= 2t
1
dx dx
dt 1 + t 2
1
y = ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2 i2 x =
2
d y
=
dx 2
dy
d
dx
dx
y =
dy
d
dx dx
=
=
dt
dt
2
= 2(1 + t 2 )
1
1+ t 2
y = y ( x) x + y = 1 y .
2 x + 2 yy = 0 y =
1 y xy
=
y2
y+
x2
y
y2
x
y
y 2 + x2
1
= 3
3
y
y
36
2. n n2
y y y
( n)
y (n) = e x
2 y = a (a > 0, a 1)
y ( n) = a x (ln a) n
3 y = sin x
n
y ( n ) = sin x +
4 y = cos x
n
y ( n ) = cos x +
5 y = ln x
y ( n) = (1) n1 (n 1)! xn
y = x k
y
k (k 1)
y ( n ) =
0
y=
nk
n>k
xn
( n)
y n .
1 x
x n 1) + 1
(
y=
=
1 x
n .
(k n + 1) x k n
( n)
1 y = e
1
x n1 + x n2 +
1 x
+ x +1
(n)
n!
y ( n ) = (1 x)1 =
(1 x) n+1
y=
y=
1
(n)
y n .
x 3x + 2
2
( x 1)( x 2)
1
1
1
1
= ( x 2) ( x 1)
x 2 x 1
y = ( x 2)2 ( x 1)2
y = (1)(2) ( x 2)3 ( x 1)3
y ( n ) = (1) n n ! ( x 2)( n+1) ( x 1)( n+1)
37
y = sin x + cos x y
(n)
n .
1 cos 2 x 2 1 + cos 2 x 2 1
3 1
2
y =
2 + 2 cos 2 x = + cos 4 x
+
4
4 4
2
2
1
n
n
y ( n ) = i4n cos 4 x + = 4n1 cos 4 x +
4
2
2
2.2
.
()
f ( x)
3 f (a ) = f (b) .
1a,b
2a,b
( ab ) f ( ) = 0 .
1 y = f ( x) A(a, f (a )) B (b, f (b))

A B.
2 y = f ( x) AB x
A B
3 y = f ( x ) A B
y = f ( x ) A B A B
x
f ( x )
1 [ ab ]
2 ( ab )
38
( ab )
f (b) f ( a )
= f ( )
ba
f ( b ) f ( a ) = f ( )( b a )
(a < < b)
f ( x0 + x ) f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 + x )ix
( 0 < < 1)
x0 a b x
1 y = f ( x ) A af ( a ) B bf ( b )
A B
2 y = f ( x ) A B
y = f ( x ) AB A B
AB
f ( x ) ( ab ) f ( x ) 0 f ( x ) ( ab )
f ( x )g ( x ) ( ab ) f ( x ) g ( x ) ( ab )
f ( x ) = g ( x ) + c c
f ( a ) = f ( b )
f ( x ) g ( x )
1 [ ab ]
2 ( ab ) g ( x ) 0
( ab )
f ( b ) f ( a ) f ( )
=
( a < < b)
g ( b ) g ( a ) g ( )
g ( x ) = x
x = g ( t )
t [ ab ] A ( g ( a )f ( a ) )
y = f ( t )
AB
B ( g ( b )f ( b ) ) AB
39
AB
1 n
f ( x ) x0 n
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
2
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) +
( x x0 ) +
( x x0 ) +
1!
2!
f(
n)
( x0 )
n!
( x x0 )
+ Rn ( x )
( x x0 )
n
Rn ( x ) = o ( x x0 ) ( x x0 ) lim
Rn ( x )
= 0
x x0 ( x x )n
0
cos x
ln(1 + x)(1 + x) a n
e
sin x
x
2 n
x [ ab ]
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
2
( x x0 ) +
( x x0 ) +
1!
2!
f(
n)
( x0 )
n!
( x x0 )
+ Rn ( x )
f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) +
f ( x ) x0 ( ab ) n + 1 [ ab ] n
Rn ( x ) =
f ( n +1) ( )
n +1
( x x0 ) x0 x
( n + 1)!
x0 n x0 = 0 n
lim Rn ( x ) = 0
n
1 f ( x ) [03] ( 03 ) f ( 0 ) + f (1) + f ( 2 ) = 3
f ( 3) = 1 ( 03 ) f ( ) = 0
f ( x) [03] f ( x) [02] M m ,
40
m f (0) M m f (1) M m f (2) M m
1
[ f (0) + f (1) + f (2)] M
3
c [02]
f (c) =
1
[ f (0) + f (1) + f (2)] = 1
3
f ( c ) = f ( 3) f ( x ) [c3] ( c3 )
( c3 ) ( 0
3) f ( ) = 0
2
1) 3
f ( x ) [01] ( 0
f ( x ) dx = f ( 0 ) .
2
3
( 01) f ( ) = 0
2
f ( x ) dx = f ( c ) 1 3
1
2
3
2
c ,1
3
f ( c ) = 32 f ( x ) dx = f (0)
f ( x ) [ 0c ]
( 0c ) (0
1) f ( ) = 0
x > 0
x
< ln(1 + x) < x .
1+ x
1.
f (t ) = ln(1 + t ) [ 0, x ]
f (t ) =
1
1
ln(1 + x) ln1 =
[ x 0] (0 < < x)
1+
1+ t
x
1+
ln(1 + x) =
x
< ln(1 + x) < x
1+ x
(0 < < x)
f ( x ) [ ab ] ( ab )
f ( a ) = f ( b ) ( ab ) f ( ) > 0 .
c (a, b)
f (c ) f ( a ) = f (b)
41
f ( c ) > f ( a ) f ( x ) [ ac ] 1 (a, c)
f (c ) f ( a )
>0
ca
f (1 ) =
f ( b ) > f ( c ) f ( x ) [ cb ] 2 (c, b)
f ( 2 ) =
f (b) f (c)
> 0
bc
(a, b) f ( ) > 0
3
f ( x) < 0 f (0) = 0 x1 > 0 x2 > 0
f ( x1 + x2 ) < f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
x1 x2
0 < 1 < x1
f ( x1 ) = f ( x1 ) f (0) = ( x1 0) f (1 )
f ( x1 + x2 ) f ( x2 ) = [ ( x1 + x2 ) x2 ] f (2 ) x2 < 2 < x1 + x2
1 < 2
f ( x) < 0 f ( x) f (1 ) > f (2 )
f ( x1 ) > f ( x1 + x2 ) f ( x2 )
f ( x1 + x2 ) < f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
2.
1
f ( x ) [ ab ] ( ab ) b > a > 0
( a, b) ( a, b) f ( ) =
a + b f ( )
i
g ( x )
f ( )
f (b) f ( a )
f ( )( b a )
=
=
g (b) g( a )
g ( ) g ( b ) g ( a )
.
f ( )
f ( )
f ( )( b a )
=
=
a+b
2
b2 a 2
g ( x ) = x 2 .
42
f ( ) =
b 2 + ab + a 2 f ( )
i 2 g ( x ) = x3
3
1 f ( x ) [ 0
1] f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1 .
( 01) f ( ) 4
f ( x ) x = 0
f ( x ) = f ( 0) + f ( 0) x +
1
f (1 ) x 2
2!
(0 < 1 < x)
f ( x ) x = 1
f ( x ) = f (1) + f (1)( x 1) +
1 1
f = f (1 )
2 8
( x < 2 < 1)
x =
1
2
f ( 2 )( x 1)
2!
1
1
f = 1 + f ( 2 )
8
2
1
(0 < 1 < ) ,
2
1
( < 2 < 1)
2
f (1 ) f ( 2 ) = 8 f (1 ) + f (2 ) 8
max { f (1 ) , f (2 ) } 4
( 01)
f ( ) 4
2.3
f ( x ) ( ab ) f ( x ) > 0 ( < 0 ) f ( x ) ( ab )
f ( x ) 0 ( 0 ) f ( x ) ( ab )
+ ) ( a
+ ) f ( x ) > 0 ( < 0 )
f ( x ) [ a
f ( a ) = 0 x > a f ( x ) > 0 ( < 0 )
1.
f ( x ) ( ab ) x0 ( ab )
43
x0 x ( x x0 ) f ( x ) < f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) x0 f ( x )
x0 x ( x x0 ) f ( x ) > f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) x0 f ( x )
2.
f ( x ) x0 x0 f ( x ) f ( x0 ) = 0
f ( x0 ) = 0 x0 f ( x )
3.
f ( x ) x0 0 < x x0 < f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) = 0
( x0 x0 ) x f ( x ) > 0 ( x0x0 + )
x f ( x ) < 0 f ( x0 ) x0
( x0 x0 ) x f ( x ) < 0 ( x0x0 + )
x f ( x ) > 0 f ( x0 ) x0
( x0 x0 ) ( x0x0 + ) x f ( x )
f ( x0 ) x0
4.
f ( x ) x0 f ( x0 ) = 0f ( x0 ) 0
f ( x0 ) < 0 f ( x0 ) x0
f ( x0 ) > 0 f ( x0 ) x0
1.
f ( x ) [ ab ] f ( x ) ( ab )
x1 xk f ( x1 ) , f ( xk ) , f ( a ) , f ( b )
f ( x1 ) , f ( xk ) , f ( a ) , f ( b ) f ( x ) [ ab ] M
44
f ( x ) [ ab ] m
2.
1.
f ( x ) I x1 x2
x +x 1
f 1 2 > f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
2 2
x +x 1
f 1 2 < f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
2 2
f ( x ) I
y = f ( x ) y = f ( x )
y = f ( x ) y = f ( x )
2.
3.
f ( x ) ( ab ) f ( x )
( ab ) x , f ( x ) > 0 y = f ( x ) ( ab )
( ab ) x , f ( x ) < 0 y = f ( x ) ( ab )
y = f ( x )
f ( x )
x1 x2 xk
1.
lim f ( x) =
x a+
lim f ( x) =
x a
x = a y = f ( x)
45
2.
lim f ( x) = b
x +
lim f ( x) = b
y = b y = f ( x)
3.
lim
f ( x)
= a 0 lim f ( x ) ax = b
x +
x
lim
f ( x)
= a 0 lim f ( x ) ax = b
x
x
x +
y = ax + b y = f ( x)
(1) y = f ( x)
(2) f ( x ) f ( x ) = 0 f ( x )
(3) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x )
(4)
(5)
() y = f ( x)
()
y = f ( x) M ( x, y ) k =
y
1 + ( y )2
3/ 2
k 0 R =
M ( x, y ) M D MD = R D
D R
()
1 [ 0,1] f ( x ) > 0 f ( 0 ) f (1) f (1) f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) f (1)
A f (1) > f ( 0 ) > f (1) f ( 0 )
B f (1) > f (1) f ( 0 ) > f ( 0 )
C f (1) f ( 0 ) > f (1) > f ( 0 )
D f (1) > f ( 0 ) f (1) > f ( 0 )
( B)
46
f (1) f ( 0 ) = f ( )(1 0 ) = f ( )
0 < < 1 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x )
f (1) > f ( ) > f ( 0 )
2 f ( x) [ a, b ] ( a, b ) f (a ) = 0 f ( x)
( x) =
( x) =
f ( x)
( a, b ) .
xa
( x a) f ( x) f ( x)
2
( x a)
( x) =
f ( x ) f ( )
xa
f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( )
(a < < x)
f ( x) = f ( x) f (a ) = f ( )( x a)
( x ) > 0 ( x ) ( a, b )
f ( x) (, +) f ( x)
A
B
C
D

C.
2
f ( x) = max {2 x , 1 + x } .
1 + x
f ( x) =
2 x
1
< x <1
3
x 1x
1
3
1 2
3 3
f =
47
lim
f ( x) x0
f ( x) f ( x0 )
x x0
( x x0 ) n
= k n k 0 n f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )
( x x0 ) n
= k + ( x) lim ( x) = 0
x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 ) = k ( x x0 ) n + ( x)( x x0 ) n
n x x0 <
f ( x) f ( x0 ) k k0 f ( x0 ) k0 f ( x0 ) .
f ( x0 ) .
2
2
4 f ( x) = x ( x 1) 3 .
3
f ( x) f ( x0 ) x0
n x x0 <
1
2 3 x 1 1
2 2
3
.
1 f ( x ) = ( x 1) =
3 3
33 x 1
(2) f ( x ) = 0 x = 2 x = 1 f ( x) .
(3) x < 1 f ( x) > 0 1 < x < 2 f ( x) < 0 , f ( x) x = 1

x > 2 f ( x) > 0 f ( x) x = 2 .
(4) f (1) =
2
1
f (2) = .
3
3
y = 1 +
2x
.
( x 1) 2
1 y = f ( x) (,1) (1 + )
2 f ( x) =
2( x + 1)
4( x + 2)
f ( x) =
3
( x 1) 4
( x 1)
f ( x) = 0 x1 = 1 f ( x) = 0 x2 = 2
48
3 x2 = 2 x1 = 1 f ( x) (, 2) (2, 1)
(1,1) (1, +) . f ( x) f ( x)
.
x
(,2)
(2,-1)
(1,1)
(1+)
f ( x)
f ( x)
yf(x)
y1x1
4 f (2) =
5
1
f (1) = y
9
2
5
17
(01)(25) 3, 4, .
3.1
()
f ( x ) F ( x ) I F ( x ) = f ( x ) I
F ( x ) f ( x ) I f ( x ) I f ( x ) I
f ( x )dx
x f ( x )
f ( x ) dx
2
f ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C F ( x ) f ( x ) C
F ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C
f ( x ) dx = f ( x )
kf ( x )dx = k f ( x ) dx
dF ( x ) = F ( x ) + C
d f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
49
f ( x ) g ( x )dx = f ( x )dx g ( x )dx
3
f ( x ) I f ( x ) I
( )
( )
sin x dx cos x dx
dx
sin x
cos x
x2
e dx
dx
dx
ln x
x
x
x a +1
+C
1 x dx =
a +1
a 1
xdx = ln x + C
3 a dx =
x
1 x
a +C
ln a
e dx = e
x
a > 0 a 1
+C
4 cos xdx = sin x + C
5 sin xdx = cos x + C

2
7 csc xdx =
cos
dx = tan x + C
6 sec xdx =
sin
dx = cot x + C
8 tan x sec xdx = sec x + C
9 cot xcs c xdx = csc x + C

10.
tan xdx = ln cos x + C
11.
cot xdx = ln sin x + C
12.
sec xdx = ln sec x + tan x + C
13.
cs c xdx = ln cs c x cot x + C
14.
15.
dx
x
+C
a
a > 0
1
dx
x
= arctan + C
2
+x
a
a
a > 0
a2 x2
2
= arcsin
50
16.
17.
dx
1
a+x
=
ln
+C
2
x
2a a x
dx
x a
2
(a > 0)
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
(a > 0)
1()
f ( u )du = F ( u ) + C ( x )
f ( x ) ( x ) dx = f ( x )d ( x )
u = ( x )
f ( u ) du
= F (u ) + C = F ( x ) + C
f ( ax + b )dx = a f ( ax + b ) d ( ax + b )
(2)
f ( ax
(3)
f ( ln x )
(4)
f x x
(5)
f ( x)
dx
= 2 f
x
(6)
f ( a )a dx = ln a f ( a ) d ( a )
+ b ) x n 1dx =
1 1
= f d
x x
( x)d ( x)
( a 0a 1 )
f ( e )e dx = f ( e ) d ( e )
x
( a 0n 0 )
dx
= f ( ln x ) d ( ln x )
x
1 dx
1
f ( ax n + b ) d ( ax n + b )
na
(a 0)
(1)
(7)
f ( sin x ) cosxdx = f ( s inx )d ( sin x )
(8)
f ( cos x ) s inxdx = f ( cos x )d ( cos x )
(9)
f ( tan x ) sec
xdx = f ( tan x )d ( tan x )
(10)
f ( cot x ) csc
(11)
f ( sec x ) secx tan xdx = f ( sec x )d ( sec x )
(12)
f ( csc x ) csc x cot xdx = f ( csc x )d ( csc x )
xdx = f ( cot x )d ( cot x )
51
f ( arcsin x )
dx = f ( arcsin x )d ( arcsin x )
(13)
(14)
(15)
f ( arctan x )
dx = f ( arctan x )d ( arctan x )
1 + x2
f ( arc cot x )
dx = f ( arc cot x )d ( arc cot x )
1 + x2
f arctan
x
dx =
2
1+ x
(19)
(20)
dx = f ( arccos x )d ( arccos x )
1
1
f arctan d arctan
x
x
f ln x + x 2 + a 2
dx =
2
2
x +a
f ln x + x 2 a 2
dx =
2
2
x a
(18)
1 x2
f ln x + x 2 + a 2
f ln x + x 2 a 2
(17)
f ( arccos x )
f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x ) + C
f ( x)
(16)
1 x2
)d ( ln ( x +
x2 + a2
)) ( a > 0 )
)d ( ln ( x +
x2 a2
)) ( a > 0 )
( f ( x ) 0)
x = ( t ) ( t ) 0
f ( x )dx
x = ( t )
f ( t ) ( t ) dt = G ( t ) + C
f ( t ) ( t ) dt = G ( t ) + C = G ( x ) + C t = ( x )
1
x = ( t )
x n ax + b x n
ax + b
x
e
cx + d
e x + b g ( x ) = t x = ( t )
x = ( t )
Ax 2 + Bx + C ( A 0 ) Ax 2 + Bx + C = t
52
x = (t ) A > 0
2
2
A ( x x0 ) l 2 A < 0 A l 2 ( x x0 )
a2 x2
x = a sin t
a2 + x2
x = a tan t
x2 a2
x = a sec t
1
2
x 2 a 2 dx =
x 2 a 2u
1
x2 a2 d ( x2 a2 )
2
3
1 3
1
udu = u 2 + C =
x2 a2 ) + C
(
3
3
x2 + a2
1
x2 + a2
t
2 2 2 1
dx =
d ( x 2 + a 2 ) x +a t 2
dt 2
2
x
x
2
2 t a2
3.
t2
a2
=
+
dt
1
t 2 a 2 dt
t 2 a2
a a t
a a a2 + x2
= t + ln
+ C = x 2 + a 2 + ln
+C
2 a+t
2 a + a2 + x2
u ( x )v ( x )
u ( x )dv ( x ) = u ( x ) v ( x ) v ( x )du ( x )
u ( x )v ( x ) dx = u ( x ) v ( x ) u ( x )v ( x ) dx
u ( x ) v ( x )
1 pn ( x ) e pn ( x ) sin axpn ( x ) cos ax pn ( x ) n a
ax
n e
sin ax
cos ax v ( x ) u ( x )
ax
53
2 pn ( x ) ln xpn ( x ) arcsin xpn ( x ) arctan x pn ( x ) n
arcsin x
arctan x u ( x )
pn ( x ) v ( x ) ln x
ax
ax
3 e sin bxe cos bx

4 dx
dv ( x )
()
dx .
(1 x )
3
1
1
4 3 2 5
1 2x + x2
1
dx = x 2 2 x 2 + x 2 dx = 2 x 2 x 2 + x 2 + C
=
3
5
x
x4 + 1
x 2 + 1dx
dx
x ( x + 1)
x 4 1) + 2
(
x4 + 1
2
dx =
dx = ( x 2 1) + 2 dx
1 2
2
x +1
x +1
x + 1
x3
x + 2 arctan x + C
3
dx
2i3x 5i2 x
3x dx
2
5
x
x
3
2
2 1
2 5i dx = 2 x 5
+ C 2x + C
ln 2 ln 3
3 ln 2
3
x ( x + 1) = x x + 1dx = ln x ln x + 1 + C ln
x
+C
x +1
54
1 tan xdx
sin
dx
x cos 2 x
1 tan xdx sec x 1 dx = tan x x + C
1
1
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
1
=
dx
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos2 x dx = cos2 x + sin 2 x dx
tan x cot x + C
1
n
+ 1)
dx n1
2x + 3
dx
+ x +1
1 + xn xn
1
x n 1
dx
=
dx
x( x n + 1)
x x n + 1dx
ln x
1
ln x n + 1 + C = ln
n
( 2 x + 1) + 2dx =
x( x
x + x +1
2
d ( x 2 + x + 1)
x + x +1
2
+C
x +1
n
+ 2
dx
x + x +1
2
dx+
4 3
2x +1
2
2
2
ln ( x + x + 1) + 2
arctan
ln ( x + x + 1) +
+C
2
2
3
3
1 3
x+ +
2 2
1 cos xdx
2 cos xdx
3 sin x cos xdx
4 sin x cos xdx
5 sec xdx
6 tan xdx
2
1
1 + cos 2 x
2
1 cos xdx =
dx = 1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos ( 2 x ) dx
2
4
1
1
1 + 2 cos 2 x + (1 + cos 4 x ) dx
4
2
3
1
1
= x + sin 2 x + sin 4 x + C
8
4
32
2 cos xdx =
5
(1 sin x ) d sin x = (1 2sin

2
55
x + sin 4 x )d sin x
2
1
= sin x sin 3 x + sin 5 x + C
3
5
3 sin x cos xdx = sin x 1 sin x d sin x =

2
( sin
x 2sin 4 x + sin 6 x )d sin x
1
2
1
= sin 3 x sin 5 x + sin 7 x + C
7
3
5
1
1 1 cos 4 x 1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 ( 2 x )icos 2 xdx =
dx
4
4
2
2
5 sec xdx =
6 tan xdx =
1
1 + cos 2 x cos 4 x ( cos 2 x )( cos 4 x ) dx
16
1
1
1 + cos 2 x cos 4 x ( cos 6 x + cos 2 x ) dx
16
2
1
1
1
1
1
x + sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin 2 x + C
16
2
4
12
4
(1 + tan x )d tan x = tan x + 3 tan

2
( sec
x+C
x 1) dx = ( sec4 x 2sec2 x + 1) dx
2
4 sin x cos xdx =
ex
1 + e x dx
1
1
= tan x + tan 3 x 2 tan x + x + C = tan 3 x tan x + x + C

3
3
1 + e dx
x
1
dx
+ e x
1
(1 + e x )
dx
e . e dx = de ,
x
ex
1
x
1 + e x dx = 1 + e x d ( e + 1)
= ln (1 + e x ) + C
(2)
(1 + e
> 0) .
1
ex
1
x
x
e x + e x dx = e2 x + 1dx e x 2 + 1de arctan e + C .
( )
1 + e = u x = ln(u 1) dx =
x
56
1
du
u 1
1+ e
dx =
1
1
1
du =
du ln u 1 ln u + C
u (u 1)
u 1 u
ln
ex
+ C x ln(1 + e x ) + C .
x
1+ e
d (1 + e
1
1 + ex ex
ex
=
=
dx
dx
1
dx
1 + ex
1 + ex 1 + ex
1 + ex
134.
(1 + e )
x
(1 + e )
x 2
dx
x ln (1 + e x ) +
1
1
dx
d 1 + ex )
2 (
x
x
1+ e
(1 + e )
1
+C.
1 + ex
dx
dx
1
2 x
xe
3
xe
3
2
2 ( x ln x) (ln x + 1)dx
1
2 x
1
1
1
= e xd = e x + C
x
1 + ex ex
dx =
2
(3)
) x ln 1+ e x + C .
( )
(4)
2 ( x ln x) 2 (ln x + 1)dx = ( x ln x ) 2 d ( x ln x ) =
5
2
( x ln x) 2 + C
5
dx
x+3 x
dx
x+3 x
x =t 6
6 t t +1
2
t 3 + 1) 1
(
6t 5 dt
t3
t 3 + t 2 = 6 t + 1dt = 6 t + 1 dt
1
3
2
dt = 2t 3t + 6t 6 ln t + 1 + C
t +1
2 x 3 3 x + 6 6 x 6 ln
2
1
x +1 + C
dx
3
2 2
(1 x )
57
a 2 x 2 dx
a0
(x
dx
2
+a
2 3/ 2
a0
dx
2
x2 4
1 x = sin t
dx
3
2 2
(1 x )
cos tdt
x
= sec 2 tdt = tan t + C
+C
3
cos t
1 x 2
2 x = a sin t
a2
a x dx = (a cos t )(a cos tdt ) = (1 + cos 2t )dt
2
a 2 1
a2
=
sin
2
+
+
t
t
C
(t + sin t cos t ) + C
2 2
2
a 2
x x a 2 x 2
a2
x
1
2
2
+ C = x a x + arcsin + C
arcsin + i
a a
a
a
2
2
2
3 x = a tan t dx = a sec tdt
( x2 + a2 ) 2
1
x
a sec 2 tdt 1
+C
= 2 cos tdt = 2 sin t + C
3
3
a sec t a
a
a2 a2 + x2
dx
4 x = 2sec u dx = 2sec u i tan udu
dx
2
x 4
2
2sec u i tan u
4sec 2 u i 4sec 2 u 4
1 sec u i tan u
1
1
du
du
2
4 sec u i tan u
4 sec u
1
1
cos udu sin u + C =
4
4
du
x2 4
+C
4x
1 xe dx
2 2 x
2 x e
x
1 xe dx = xde
dx
( 3x
+ x 1) cos xdx
= xe x + e x dx = ( x + 1)e x + C
1 2 2 x
1
1
x de = x 2 e2 x + e 2 x dx 2
2
2
2
1 2 2 x
1
1
2 2 x
2 x
2 x
x e + xe dx = x e xde
2
2
2
2 2 x
2 x e
dx =
1 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x
1
1
x e xe + e dx = e2 x x 2 + x + + C
2
2
2
2
2
58
( 3x
+ x 1) cos xdx = ( 3x 2 + x 1)d sin x
( 6 x + 1) sin xdx
( 6 x + 1)d cos x
3 x + x 1 sin x sin xd 3 x + x 1
3 x + x 1 sin x
3 x + x 1 sin x +
3 x + x 1 sin x + ( 6 x + 1) cos x 6 cos xdx
3 x + x 1 sin x + ( 6 x + 1) cos x 6sin x + C

2
1 x ln xdx (n 1)
1 n +1
1
x n +1
1
n +1
x ln x
x
+
C
ln x
+C
2
n +1
n +1
n +1
( n + 1)
arcsin xdx = x arcsin x xd arcsin x = x arcsin x
= x arcsin x +
3 arctan xdx
1
1 n +1
1
1
ln xd ( x n +1 )
x ln x
x n +1 i dx
x
n +1
n +1
n +1
1 x ln xdx (n 1) =
2 arcsin xdx
xdx
1 x2
1 d (1 x 2 )
2
x arcsin x + 1 x + C
2
2
1 x
arcsin x = t x = sin t
arcsin xdx = td sin t = t sin t sin tdt

2
t sin t + cos t + C = x arcsin x + 1 x + C
3 arctan xdx = x arctan x xd arctan x

x arctan x
3
x
1 d (1 + x 2 )
1
2
x arctan x ln(1 + x ) + C
dx
x
arctan
x
=
2
1 + x2
2 1+ x
2
1 ln xdx
2 arcsin xdx
( x ln x )i x dx = x ln
1 ln xdx = x ln x 3
1
x
x 3 ln 2 xdx
x ln x 3 x ln x + 3 x ( 2 ln x )i dx x ln x 3 x ln x + 6 ln xdx
3
59
1
x
x ln x 3 x ln x + 6 x ln x 6 xi dx x ln x 3ln x + 6 ln x 6 + C
3
( arcsin x )
x ( arcsin x ) 2
2
dx = x ( arcsin x ) xd ( arcsin x )
x arcsin x
1 x
dx x ( arcsin x ) + 2 arcsin xd 1 x 2
2
x ( arcsin x ) + 2 1 x arcsin x
2
1 x 2 d arcsin x
x ( arcsin x ) + 2 1 x arcsin x dx
2
x ( arcsin x ) + 2 1 x arcsin x 2 x + C
2
arcsin x = t x = sin t
( arcsin x )
dx = t 2 d sin t = t 2 sin t 2 t sin tdt
t sin t + 2 td cos t = t sin t + 2t cos t 2 cos tdt

2
t sin t + 2t cos t 2sin t + C x(arcsin x) + 2 1 x arcsin x 2 x + C

4
ax
1 e sin bxdx
a 0, b 0
x 2 + a 2 dx
a0
1
1
1
sin bxdeax = eax sin bx e ax d sin bx
a
a
a
1 ax
b ax
1 ax
b
ax
e sin bx e cos bxdx = e sin bx 2 cos bxde
a
a
a
a
1 e sin bxdx =
ax
1 ax
b
b2
e sin bx 2 eax cos bx 2 eax sin bxdx
a
a
a
b 2 ax
1 ax
b ax
1 + 2 e sin bxdx = e sin bx 2 e cos bx + C
a
a
a
ax
e sin bxdx =
e ax
( a sin bx b cos bx ) + C
a 2 + b2
x 2 + a 2 dx = x x 2 + a 2 xd x 2 + a 2
x x +a
2
x2
x2 + a2
dx = x x 2 + a 2 x 2 + a 2 dx + a 2
2 x 2 + a 2 dx = x x 2 + a 2 + a 2 ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
60
dx
x2 + a2
5
1
dx
x 3e x
x 2
a2
x + a 2 + ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2
2
x 2 + a 2 dx =
tde
dx
1
3 x
xe
1 1 1
= e x d
x
x
1
=t
x
arctan e x
e x dx
te t dt
1 1
= te t e t dt = te t + e t + C e x + e x + C
x
2 e = t
1
1 1
arctan e x
arctan t
1
e x dx = t 2 dt = arctan td t = t arctan t + t i1 + t 2 dt
f ( x ) F ( x ) = ln
)+C
(x +
x 2 + 1 I = xf ( x )dx
I = xdf ( x ) = xf ( x ) f ( x )dx = xF ( x ) F ( x ) + C
1
arctan e x + x ln (1 + e 2 x ) + C
2
arctan t +
dt arctan t + ln t ln 1 + t
2
t
2
t
t 1 + t
2x
x +1
2
ln x + x 2 + 1 ln 2 x + x 2 + 1 + C
2 F ( x ) = f ( x ) x 0 f ( x ) F ( x ) =
F ( x ) > 0 f ( x )
xe x
2 (1 + x )
( x 0) .
2 f ( x ) F ( x ) dx = 2 F ( x ) dF ( x ) = F 2 ( x ) + C1
( x + 1) 1 e x
de x
ex
=
=
dx
dx
(1 + x )2 (1 + x )2
1 + x (1 + x )2 dx
xe x
61
F ( 0 ) = 1
ex
ex
ex
ex
+ C2
=
+
dx
dx =
2
1 + x (1 + x )2
1+ x
(1 + x )
F 2 ( x) =
ex
+ C F ( 0 ) = 1 C = 0 F ( x ) > 0
1+ x
x
ex
e2
=
F ( x) =
1+ x
1+ x
f ( x) = F( x) =
f sin x =
x
1
x
e2
xe 2
2 1+ x =
3
1+ x
2 (1 + x ) 2
e2 1+ x
x
x
f ( x ) dx
I =
sin x
1 x
u = sin x sin x =
2
I =
u x = arcsin u f ( u ) =
arcsin u
u
arcsin x
arcsin x
dx =
d (1 x ) = 2 arcsin xd 1 x
1 x
1 x
1
2
= 2 1 x arcsin x + 2 1 x
1
d x
1 x
= 2 1 x arcsin x + 2 x + C
x = sin t
2
I =
x
sin t
=
dx = 2 cos t sin tdt
1 x cos t
sin t t
2sin t cos tdt = 2 td cos t

cos t sin t
= 2t cos t + 2 cos tdt = 2t cos t + 2sin t + C

= 2 1 x arcsin x + 2 x + C
4
In =
In =
(x
dx
2
+a
2 n
( n 2, a > 0 )
1
x
2
3
n
I
+
(
)
n 1
2 ( n 1) a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n 1
62
1
In = 2
a
(x + a ) x
x +a
(
)
2
2 n
1
1
dx = 2 I n 1 2
2a
a
xd ( x 2 + a 2 )
(x
+ a2 )
1
1
1
= 2 I n 1 +
xd
2 ( n 1) a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n 1
a
1
1
x
I
I
+
n 1
n 1
a2
2 ( n 1) a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n 1
1
x
+ ( 2n 3) I n 1
=
2 ( n 1) a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n 1
3.2
[ ab]
f ( x ) dx = lim f (i )( xi xi 1 ) i [ xi 1xi ]
d 0
i =1
1. f ( x ) [ ab ]
n a = x0 < x1 < x2 <
< xi 1 < xi <
xn = b
1 i n
d = max ( xi xi 1 ) f ( x ) [ ab ] f ( x ) [ ab ] [ ab ]
2.
f ( x ) [ ab ]
f ( x ) dx y = f ( x )
a
x = ax = b x x x
3.
a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx = 0
k1 f1 ( x ) + k2 f 2 ( x ) dx = k1 f1 ( x )dx + k2 f 2 ( x )dx
a
a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
a
b
5 a bf ( x ) g ( x )
c [ ab ]
b
( a x b ) a f ( x ) dx a g ( x ) dx
63
6 a < bm f ( x ) M
7 a < b
( a x b ) m ( b a ) a f ( x ) dx M ( b a )
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
8 f ( x ) [ ab ]
[ ab ]
f ( x ) dx = f ( )( b a )
a
1 b
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) [ ab ]
b a a
f ( x ) dx = 0 f f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx
f
f ( x ) T a
a +T
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
10
1.
f ( x ) [ ab ] F ( x ) =
f ( t ) dtx [ ab]
x
1 f ( x ) [ ab ] F ( x ) =
2 f ( x ) [ ab ] F ( x ) =
F ( x ) =
2 ( x )
1 ( x)
f ( t ) dt [ ab]
x
f ( t ) dt [ ab] F ( x ) = f ( x )
x
f ( t ) dt1 ( x )2 ( x ) f ( x )
F ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) 2 ( x ) f 1 ( x ) 1 ( x )
2.
f ( x ) [ ab ] F ( x ) f ( x ) [ ab ]
b
f ( x ) dx = F ( x )
= F (b) F ( a )
f ( x ) [ ab ]
f ( x ) [ ab ]
1.
f ( x ) [ ab ] x = ( t )
64
1 ( t ) [ ] [ ]
2 ( ) = a ( ) = b t a ( t ) b
f ( x ) dx =
a
f ( t ) ( t ) dt
2.
u ( x )v ( x ) [ ab ]
u ( x )v ( x ) dx = u ( x ) v ( x ) a u ( x )v ( x ) dx
b
u ( x )dv ( x ) = u ( x ) v ( x ) v ( x )du ( x )
f ( x ) dx [ ab] f ( x ) [ ab]
b
f ( x )
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx .
b
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx
a a
f ( x ) dx
b + a
1.
1
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx +
a a
b + c
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx + lim f ( x ) dx
lim
R + R
f ( x ) dx .
lim
f ( x ) dx .
, p > 1
dx =
p 1
p
x
p 1
65
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
R + R
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
, p > 1
+ du =
dx
p 1
=
p
p
1 u
x(ln x)
p 1
(0
(k 0
x k e x dx
( 0
2.
1
f ( x ) [ ab) lim f ( x ) = b f ( x )
x b
f ( x ) dx = lim
a
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx .
a
f ( x ) dx .
f ( x ) ( ab] lim+ f ( x ) = a f ( x )
xa
f ( x ) dx = lim
0+
a +
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx .
a
f ( x ) [ ac) (cb] lim f ( x ) = c f ( x )

b
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = lim
x C
1 0
C 1
f ( x ) dx + lim+
2 0
f ( x ) dx
C + 2
( 1 2 0 )
+
f ( x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx .
a
1
1 dx
dx
dx (q1
0x 1q 1 x q
0 x q (q 1
1
.
()
66
x 2 cos xdx
x 2 cos xdx=
x arctan xdx
3
2
x 2 d sin x = x 2 sin x 0 2
ln 2
e x 1dx
x sin xdx
2
xd cos x = 2 x cos x 0 2 cos xdx 4 2sin x 0 = 4
x arctan xdx =
1 3
1 3 x2
x2
3
2
xdx
=
x
dx
arctan
arctan
0
2 0
2
2 0 1 + x 2
3
1 3
1
arctan 3 1
dx
2
2 0 1 + x2
1
2
3 arctan x 0
) = 2 23 + 12 3 = 23 23
(
1
2t 2
1
1

2[
arctan
]
=
t
t
2
dt = 2 1
dt
1
2
2
0
0 t +1
0
1 + t
4
ln 2
e x 1dx =
2
1
x 2 3 x dx
(x
1
e
ln x dx
min {1, x 2 }dx
3x )dx ( x 2 3 x )dx = 3
1
1
e
1
e
1
ln x dx = 1 ( ln x ) dx + ln xdx ( x ln x + x ) 1 + ( x ln x x ) 1 = 2 1
1
e
e
e
1
e
x 2 3 x dx =
2t
dt , x = 0 t = 0 x = ln 2 t = 1
t +1
2
dx =
3 e 1 = t , x = ln t + 1
min {1, x 2 }dx = dx + x 2 dx + dx =

1
11
3
1
1 I =
2 I =
2
0
4
0
f (sin x)
dx ,f f (sin x) + f (cos x) 0
f (sin x) + f (cos x)
ln(1 + tan x)dx
1 x =
I =2
0
t
2
f (cos t )
dt , 2I = 2 dt = ,I =
0
f (cos t ) + f (sin t )
2
4
67
2 x =
t
4
0
2
1 tan t
4
(
)
ln
I = ln 1 +
d
t
dt ln 2 I , 2 I = ln 2, I = ln 2
0
1 + tan t
4
4
8
1 + tan t
4
f ( x ) f ( x ) = ln x
f ( x )dx f ( x )dx
f ( x )dx = A f ( x ) = ln x A
1
1 e
e
f ( x )dx =
ln xdx Adx = ( x ln x x) 1 A(e 1)
A = e (e 1) A(e 1), eA = 1, A =
sin n xdx ( n = 0
1
2
n 2 I n =
1 I n =
n 1
I n 2 , (2) I n
n
In =
1
e
1
f ( x )dx = e
(1)
sin n 1 xd ( cos x ) = sin n 1 x cos x 2 + cos xd ( sin n 1 x )
= ( n 1) cos 2 x sin n 2 xdx = ( n 1) (1 sin 2 x ) sin n 2 xdx
= ( n 1) I n 2 ( n 1) I n
nI n = ( n 1) I n 2 I n =
2 I 0 =
dx =
n 1
I n2 ( n 2 )
n
I1 = sin xdx = 1
2
n = 2k
I n = I 2k =
2k 1
2k 1 2k 3
I 2k 2 =
i
2k
2k
2k 2
( 2k ) !
( 2k ) !
1
= 2k
i
i
iI0 =
2
2
2
( 2k k !) 2 2 ( k !) 2
n = 2k + 1
2k
2k
2k 2
i
I n = I 2 k +1 =
I 2 k 1 =
2k + 1
2k + 1 2k 1
2
Jn =
x=
2
2k k !)
(
22 k ( k !)
2
I1 =
=
3
( 2k + 1)! ( 2k + 1)!
2
cos n xdx ( n = 0
1
2 ) J n = I n ( n = 0
1
2
2
tJ n = cos n t d ( t ) = sin n tdt
0
2
2
2
68
J n = I n
1
2
( n = 0
Kn =
1 K n =
tan 2 n xdx
( n = 123
2 K1 =
1
K n 1
2n 1
2 K n
2
3
( n = 1
1 K n =
tan 2( n 1) x ( sec 2 x 1) dx = tan 2( n 1) xd tan x K n 1 =
1
K n 1
2n 1
4
2
tan 2 xdx =
= 1
0 ( sec x 1) dx = [ tan x x ]
4
0
1
1 1
K 2 = 1 K 3 = 1
3 4
5 3 4
n
+ ( 1)
k 1
n
( 1)
1
+

k = 2 2k 1
n > 3 K n = ( 1)
n 1
eax cos bxdx
(a > 0)
1
+
eax cos bxdx =
eax cos bxdx = lim
+ 0
(2)
(1)
1 .
dx
0 (2 x)
1 x
eax
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
a 2 + b2
eax cos bxdx
eax
a
(a cos bx + b sin bx) 0 = 2

2
2
+ a + b
a + b2
lim
2 x = sin t
2
2sin t cos tdt

sin t
dx
= 2
= 2 2
dt
2
0 (2 sin t ) cos t
0 1 + cos 2 t
(2 x) 1 x
d cos t
1 + cos 2 t
cos t =u
1 du
du
1
2
2 arct an u 0 =
2
2
0 1+ u
2
1+ u
x=1
3.3
69
F ( x) =
2 ( x )
f (t )dt f ( x ) 1 ( x) 2 ( x)
( )
1
F ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) 2 ( x ) f 1 ( x ) 1 ( x )
f ( x) =
ln t
dt ( x > 0) f ( x ) +
1+ t
1
f
x
1
x ln t
ln t
1
dt + x
dt
g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f g ( x ) =
1 1+ t
1 1+ t
x
1
ln x
1 ln x
+ x 2 =
g ( x) =
x
1+ x 1+ 1 x
x
ln x
1
g ( x) =
dx = ln 2 x + C
2
x
ln
g (1) = f (1) + f (1) = 0 C=0
1 1
g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f = ln 2 x
x 2
f ( x) =
ax
et ( 2 a t ) dt
a I =
I = x f ( x ) 0 x f ( x ) dx = xe
xe
(a
x2
) dx = 1
2 0
(a
x2
f ( x ) dx
0
( a x ) 2 a ( a x )
)d a2 x2 1 (a
(
) e
x2
( 1) dx
(
2
) = 1 ea 1
0
x 3 f ( x 2 )dx =
x = t xdx =
2
1 a2
xf ( x )dx
( a > 0 )
2 0
1
dt
2
x = 0 t = 0 x = a t = a x = t [ 0a ]
2
x 3 f ( x 2 )dx =
1 a2
1 a2
dt
=
xf ( x )dx
tf
t
()
2 0
2 0
f ( x ) [ 01]
xf ( sin x )dx =
x = t
70
f ( sin x )dx
2
0
xf ( sin x )dx = ( t ) f sin ( t ) dt
= ( t ) f ( sin t )dt = ( x ) f ( sin x )dx
= f ( sin x ) dx xf ( sin x ) dx
x > 0
t =
xf ( sin x ) dx =
f ( sin x ) dx
2 0
1
1 dt
dt
x
=
x 1 + t 2 1 1 + t 2
1 dt
1
1
1

= 1
2
x 1+ t
1
x
u
1+ 2
u
1
1
du
dt
1
x
x
du
=
=
2 1 2
u +1 1 1+ t2
u
f ( x ) g ( x ) [ ab ] ( ab )
b
f ( ) g ( x)dx = g ( ) f ( x)dx
2 xf ( sin x ) dx = f ( sin x )dx
F ( x ) = f (t )dt g (t )dt
F ( x ) [ ab ] ( ab ) F ( a ) = F ( b ) = 0
( ab ) F ( ) = 0
F ( x ) = f ( x ) g (t )dt g ( x) f (t )dt
f ( ) g ( x)dx g ( ) f ( x)dx = 0
b
f ( ) g ( x)dx = g ( ) f ( x)dx
f ( x ) [ ab ]
xf ( x )dx
a+b b
f ( x)dx
2 a
a+x x
f (t )dt
a
2 a
1 x
a+x
F ( x ) = xf ( x ) f (t )dt
f ( x)
2 a
2
xa
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x
f ( x ) f (t )dt = f ( x)dt f (t )dt f ( x ) f (t ) dt 0

2 a
2
2 a
2 a
2 a
F ( x ) = tf (t )dt
F ( x ) [ ab ] F ( b ) F ( a ) = 0
71
a+b b
f (t )dt 0
a
2 a
b
a+b b
a xf ( x)dx 2 a f ( x)dx
tf (t )dt
3.4
1.
S1 = [ y2 ( x) y1 ( x) ]dx
a
y2 ( x) y1 ( x), x [ ab ]
S 2 = [ x2 ( y ) x1 ( y ) ]dy
c
x2 ( y ) x1 ( y ), y [ cd ]
1 2
r ( )d
2
1
S 2 = r22 ( ) r12 ( )d
S1 =
x = (t )
y = (t )
( t )
( ) = a ( ) = b (t ) [ ] [ ] (t )
72
(t ) 0
C x = a x = b x )
S = ydx = (t ) (t )dt
()
1
y = y ( x) (axb)[ y(x)]
S=
b
a
2
1 + y ( x) dx
dS = 1 + y ( x) dx
2.
r = r ( )
r ( ) [ ]
2
[ r ( )] + r ( ) d
S=
x = x(t )
y = y (t )
( t )
x(t ) y (t ) [ ]
S=
x (t ) 2 + y (t ) 2 dt
1
z z=c z=d z z(c
zd) z S(z)
d
V = S ( z )dz
c
2
(1) y = f ( x) (O)
x = a x = b x x
Vx = f 2 ( x)dx
a
y
b
Vy = 2 xf ( x)dx
a
(2) x = g ( y ) (O) y = c y = d y y
73
Vy = g 2 ( y )dy
c
x
d
Vx = 2 yg ( y )dy
c
()
C = AB x x S
1. AB y = f ( x)
b
2
S = 2 f ( x) 1 + f ( x) dx
a
2. AB r = r ( )
2
2
S = 2 r ( ) sin [ r ( )] + r ( ) d
3. AB x = x(t ) y = y (t )
axb
2
2
S = 2 y (t ) x (t ) + y (t ) dt
4. AB S x = x( s ) y = y ( s )
l
0sl
S = 2 y ( s )ds
0
()
2
3
x
2
3
y
2
3
a
x = a cos3 t , y = a sin 3 t
S = 4 ydx = 4 a sin 3 t (3a cos 2 t sin t )dt

0
12a
2 sin 4 t cos 2 tdt
12a
2 sin 4 t (1 sin 2 t ) dt
1
2
3a 2
8
y = 2 x
1
2
1
2 yy = 2y ( 11) =
2
y
=1
y =1
74
1
3
x + y =
2
2
y 1 = ( 1) x
y = 2 x x + y =
2
3
9

3
2
2
2
1 3
16
y
S = y dy =
3
3
2
2
x 3 + y 3 = a 3
x = a cos ty = a sin t
( 0 t 2 )
3
l = 4
2
x ( t ) + y ( t ) dt = 12a sin t cos tdt = 6a sin 2 t = 6a
0
0
r = a (1 + cos )
( 0 2 )
l = 2
r ( ) + r ( ) d = 2a
0
2
[1 + cos ] + [sin ]
= 2a 2 cos d = 8a
0
2
1 y = x 2 x y = 0 x = 1 x = 3 y
.
A1 y
V1 = 1 + 1 + y dy =
1
11
6
A2 y
3
V2 = 27 1 + 1 + y dy =
0
43
Vy = V1 + V2 = 9
3
Vy = 2 x x 2 2 x dx
1
2
3
= 2 x ( 2 x x 2 )dx + x ( x 2 2 x ) dx
2
1
2
x4 2 x4 2 3
= 2 x3 + x3 = 9
4 1 4 3 2
3
2
D1 y = 2 x x = ax = 2 y = 0
2
75
D2 y = 2 x 2 x = ay=0 0 < a < 2

1 D1 x V1 D2 y V2
a V1 + V2
4
32 a 5 )
(
a
5
2 a2 y
2a 2
i
V2 = a 2
dy = a 4
0
2
2
V1 = ( 2 x 2 ) dx =
2
V2 = 2 xi2 x 2 dx = a 4
2 V = V1 + V2 =
4
(32 a5 ) + a 4 .
5
V = 4a (1 a ) = 0
a=1
(0, 2) a = 1 .
= 4 < 0 a = 1 . V1 + V2
129
.
5
1
1y = sin x ( 0 x )y = 0
2r = a (1 + cos )( a > 0 )
S = 2 y 1 + y2 dx = 2 sin x 1 + cos 2 xdx

= 2
1 + cos 2 xd ( cos x ) = 2
1 + u 2 du = 4
1
u
1
= 4 1 + u 2 + ln u + 1 + u 2 = 2
2
2
0
1 + u 2 du
2 + ln 1 + 2
))
2 r ( ) = a (1 + cos ) r ( ) = r ( )
r = a (1 + cos )
0
S = 2 r ( ) sin r 2 ( ) + r ( ) d
0
76
= 2 a (1 + cos ) a 2 (1 + cos ) + a 2 sin 2 sin d

2
= 2
2a 2 (1 + cos ) 2 d (1 + cos )
= 2 2a 2
5
2
(1 + cos ) 2
5
(1 + cos )
32 2
a
2
+ sin 2 = 1 + 2 cos + cos 2 + sin 2 = 2 (1 + cos )
1 f ( x) [a, b] ( a, b) f ( x) > 0 ( ab )
y = f ( x )y = f
( )x = a S1 y = f ( x )y = f ( )x = b
S2
F (t ) =
F ( a ) = 3
f ( t ) f ( x )dx 3
f ( x ) f ( t ) dx
f ( x ) f ( a ) dx < 0
b
F ( b ) = f ( b ) f ( x ) dx > 0
a
( ab )
F ( ) = 0 , f ( x ) > 0 f ( x )
4.1
()
1
()
77
dy
= P ( x ) Q ( y )
(Q ( y ) 0)
dx
dy
Q ( y ) = P ( x )dx + C
2 M 1 ( x ) N1 ( y ) dx + M 2 ( x ) N 2 ( y ) dy = 0
( )
( )
( M ( x ) 0N ( y ) 0 )
M ( x )dx + N ( y ) dy = C
M1 x
N2 y
2.
dy
y
y
= f = u
x
dx
x
dy
du
du
dx
=u+x
= f ( u )
= + C = ln x + C
dx
dx
f (u ) u
x
dy
= f ( ax + by + C )
( a 0b 0 ) ax + by + C = u
dx
du
du
= a + bf ( u )
= dx = x + C
dx
a + bf ( u )
1.
dy
+ P ( x) y = 0
dx
P ( x ) dx
y = Ce
2.
dy
+ P ( x) y = Q ( x)
dx
.
78
P ( x ) dx
y = C ( x) e
C ( x )
P ( x ) dx
P( x ) dx dx + C
y=e
Q ( x )e
dy
+ P ( x ) y = Q ( x ) y
( 01)
dx
dz
1
z = y
+ (1 ) P ( x ) z = (1 ) Q ( x )
dx
3.
dx
dy
1
=
+ P( y ) x = Q( y ) y x
dx Q( y ) P ( y ) x
dy
1 xy + x dx + y x y dy = 0
4.
1 xy + x dx + y x y dy = 0
2
x (1 + y 2 ) dx + y (1 x 2 ) dy = 0
(1 + y 2 ) d (1 x 2 ) + (1 x 2 ) d (1 + y 2 ) = 0
d (1 + y 2 )
1+ y2
d (1 x 2 )
1 x2
+ C
ln (1 + y 2 ) = ln 1 x 2 + C
1+ y2
1 + y2
ln
= C 2 = e c = C
2
1 x
1 x
2
y
dy
y
= ex +
dx
x
y
dy
du
1 = u
= u + x
x
dx
dx
du
du
dx
u+x
= eu + u u = + C1
dx
e
x
e u = ln x + C1 = ln Cx
e x = ln Cx
79
e x > 0 0 < Cx < 1

3
( y x ) 1 + x
32
dy
= (1 + y 2 ) .
dx
y = tan ux = tan v
( tan u tan v ) sec v
sec 2 udu
= sec3 u
sec 2 vdv
du
=1
dv
dz du
dz
z = u v
=
1 sin z
= 1 sin z
dv dv
dv
sin ( u v )
sin z
1 sin z dz = dv + C
( sin z 1) + 1 dz = v + C
1 sin z
1 + sin z
dz = v + C
1 sin 2 z
1 + sin z
dz = v + C
z +
cos 2 z
z + tan z + sec z = v + C
z +
( arctan x arctan y ) + tan ( arctan y arctan x ) + sec ( arctan y arctan x ) = arctan x + C
(1 + xy ) + ( y x )
2
1 + xy
yx
( arctan x arctan y ) +
+
1 + xy
= arctan x + C
1 .
5
dy 2 y
= ( x + 1) 2
dx x + 1
dy
y
=
dx x + y 4
1.
dy
2y
=
dx x + 1
y = C ( x + 1) 2
5
2
dy
y = ( x + 1) 2
dx x + 1
1
C ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 C ( x) =
y = C ( x)i( x + 1) 2
3
2
( x + 1) 2 + C
3
3
2
2
y = ( x + 1) 2 + C ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 + C ( x + 1) 2
3
3
2 x y
80
dx x + y 4 dx 1
x = y3
=
dy
y
dy y
1
3
Q( y ) = y
y
P( y) =
x=e
1
dy
y
3
y e
1
dy
y
1
dy + C = y 4 + Cy
3
2 y = e xy + p ( x ) y = x y x=ln 2 = 0 .
y = e P ( x) = xe
dy
+ (e x 1) y = 1
dx
x
dy
+ (e x 1) y = 1 y = e x + ce x + e
dx
x
dy
+ (e x 1) y = 0 y = Ce x + e
dx
y = x=ln 2 = 0
y = ex e
2 + 2e 2 C = 0, C = e
x+e x
1
2
1
2
F ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x )g ( x ) (
+ )
f ( x ) = g ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( x ) + g ( x ) = 2e x
1 F ( x )
2 F ( x )
F ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) = g 2 ( x ) + f 2 ( x )
= f ( x ) + g ( x ) 2 f ( x ) g ( x ) = ( 2e x ) 2 F ( x )
2
F ( x )
F ( x ) + 2 F ( x ) = 4e 2 x
2 dx
2 dx
2 F ( x ) = e
4e 2 x i e dx + C = e 2 x 4e 4 x dx + C = e 2 x + Ce 2 x
81
F ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) g ( 0 ) = 0 C = 1
F ( x ) = e 2 x e 2 x
4
1
dy y
+ = ( ln x ) y 2
dx x
2 x y + xy = y
2
y 2
1 y
d ( y 1 )
dx
dy 1 1
+ y = ln x
dx x
1 1
y = ln x
x
dz 1
z = ln x
dx x
z = y
1 dx
1 dx
2
1
z = e x ( ln x ) e x dx + C = x ( ln x ) + C
2
1
( ln x ) + C = 1
2
z = y yx
2
2
dy y 2 xy y y
=
=
dx
x2
x x
y
du
= u u + x
= u2 u
x
dx
du
x
= u 2 2u
dx
dx
du
u 2 2u = x C1 = ln x + C1
1
ln ( u 2 ) ln u = ln x + C1
2
u2
= Cx 2 y 2 x = Cx 2 y
u
2x
y (1 Cx 2 ) = 2 xy =
1 Cx 2
dz
1
x 2 dy x
+ = 1 = z x 2
+ xz = 1
2
y dx y
y
dx
dz 1
1
z = 2
dx x
x
z=
y=
1
+ C1 x
2x
2x
2x
=
2
1 + 2C1 x 1 Cx 2
82
4.2

(n)
= f ( x)
f ( x )( dx )
y =
+ C1 x n 1 + C2 x n 2 +
+ Cn 1 x + Cn
y = p y = p
y = f ( xy )
p = f ( xp ) p = g ( xC1 )
y = g ( xC1 ) y = g ( xC1 )dx + C2
y = p p y
y = f ( yy )
dp dp dy
dp
yy
= i =p
dy
dx dy dx
dp 1
= f ( yp )
dy p
y =
p = g ( y, C1 )
dy
= g ( yC1 )
dx
dy
g ( yC ) = x + C
y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = 0
(1)
y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f ( x )
( 2)
1. y1 ( x )y2 ( x )
C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x ) C1C2 y1 ( x ) y2 ( x )
y1 ( x ) y2 ( x )
y = C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x )
2 y1 ( x ) y2 ( x ) y1 ( x ) y2 ( x )
83
3.
y ( x ) y ( x )
y ( x ) + y ( x )
4.
y C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x )
C1C2
y = y ( x ) + C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x )
5. y1 ( x ) y2 ( x ) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f1 ( x ) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f 2 ( x )
y1 ( x ) + y2 ( x ) y + p ( x ) y + q ( x ) y = f1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x )
1. y + py + qy = 0 pq
2 + p + q = 0
1 = p 4q > 0 12
2
y = C1e1x + C2e2 x
2 = p 4q = 0 1 = 2
2
y = ( C1 + C2 x ) e1x
3 = p 4q < 0 a i
2
y = e ax ( C1 cos x + C2 sin x )
2. n
y ( n ) + p1 y ( n 1) + p2 y ( n 2) +
+ pn 1 y + pn y = 0
pi ( i = 1
2 n )
n + p1 n 1 + p2 n 2 +
+ pn 1 + pn = 0
1 n 12 n
y = C1e1x + C2 e2 x +
+ Cn en x
84
2 0 k ( k n )
(C + C x +
+ Ck x k 1 ) e0 x
3 a i k ( 2k n )
e ax (C1 + C2 x +
Ck x k 1 ) cos x + ( D1 + D2 x +
+ Dk x k 1 ) sin x
y + py + qy = f ( x )
pq
y = y + C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x )
C1 y1 ( x ) + C2 y2 ( x )
f ( x ) y
y f ( x ) y
1. f ( x ) = pn ( x ) pn ( x ) n
1 0 y = Rn ( x ) = a0 x + a1 x
ai ( i = 0
1
2 n )
2 0 y = xRn ( x )
3 0 y = x Rn ( x )
2
2. f ( x ) = pn ( x ) e pn ( x ) n a
ax
1 a y = Rn ( x ) e
ax
2 a y = xRn ( x ) e
ax
3 a y = x Rn ( x ) e
2
ax
3. f ( x ) = pn ( x ) e sin x f ( x ) = pn ( x ) e cos x
ax
ax
85
n 1
+ an 1 x + an
pn ( x ) n a
1 a i y = e Rn ( x ) cos x + Tn ( x ) sin x
ax
Rn ( x ) = a0 x + a1 x
n
n 1
+ an 1 x + an
ai ( i = 0
1 n )
Tn ( x ) = b0 x n + b1 x n 1 +
+ bn 1 x + bn
bi ( i = 0
1 n )
2 a i y = xe Rn ( x ) cos x + Tn ( x ) sin x
ax
n 1)
+ pn 1 xy + pn y = 0 pi ( i = 12 n ) n
x n y ( ) + p1 x n 1 y (
x = e t y
t
dy dy dt
dy 1 dy
dy dy
x
= i = et
=
=
dx dt dx
dt x dt
dx dt
d 2 y dt d dy t d t dy 2t d 2 y 2t dy
=
e
=e
=e
e
dx 2 dx dt dx
dt
dt
dt 2
dt
2
1 d 2 y dy
d 2 y dy
2 d y
=
= 2 2 x
x dt
dt
dx 2 dt 2 dt
1 x y 2 xy ( y ) = 0
2
1 y = p y = p
x 2 p 2 xp p 2 = 0
2
1
p = 2 p 2
x
x
dz 2
1
1
z = p
+ z= 2
x
dx x
p
2 dx
1 2 dx
1
z = e x ( 2 )e x dx + C = 2 ( x + C1 )
x
86
1
x2
=
z C1 x
p=
y=
1
x2
2
dx + C2 = ( x + C1 ) C12 ln x C1 + C2
C1 x
2
2
1 yy ( y ) + 1 = 0
2
1 y = p y = p
dp
dy
yp
dp
= p2 1
dy
dy
pdp
= + C1
2
1
y
1
ln p 2 1 = ln y + C1
2
p = 1 + C1 y 2
dy
= 1 + C1 y 2
dx
C1 > 0
1
ln
C1
C1 < 0
1
arcsin
C1
C1 y + 1 + C1 y 2 = x + C2
C1 y = x + C2

1 y 7 y + 6 y = 0
2 y 6 y + 9 y = 0
3 y 6 y + 13 y = 0
4 y 4 y + 5 y 2 y = 0
2 7 + 6 = 0 ( 1)( 6 ) = 0
1 = 12 = 6
2 6 + 9 = 0 ( 3) = 0
2
y = C1e x + C2e6 x
= 3
y = ( C1 + C2 x ) e3 x
87
2 6 + 13 = 0
= 3 2i
y = e3 x ( C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x )
3 4 2 + 5 2 = 0 ( 1) ( 2 ) = 0
2
1 = 1 2 = 2
y = ( C1 + C2 x ) e x + C3e 2 x
2x
2 5 + 6 = 0
1 = 22 = 3
y 5 y + 6 y = 0
y 5 y + 6 y = xe
Y = C1e 2 x + C2 e3 x
f ( x ) = xe = 2 = 1 y = x ( b1 x + b0 ) e
2x
2b1 x + 2b1 b0 = x
b1b0 y
2b1 = 1
2b1 b0 = 0
1
b1 = b0 = 1
2
1
1
y = x x 1 e 2 x = ( x 2 + 2 x ) e 2 x
2
2
y = Y + y = C1e 2 x + C2 e3 x
1 2
x + 2 x ) e2 x
(
2
2 y + y 2 y = 2 cos 2 x
y + y 2 y = 0
1 = 22 = 1 Y = C1e
88
2 x
2 + 2 = 0
+ C2 e x
2x
y = 0 = 2 + i = 2i
y = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x
( 2 A + 2 B 4 A) cos 2 x + ( 2 B 2 A 4 B ) sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x

6 A + 2 B = 2
6 B 2 A = 0
A =
3
1
B =
10
10
3
1
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
10
10
3
1
y = C1e 2 x + C2 e x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
10
10
y=
3 y 2 y + 2 y = e cos x
x
y 2 y + 2 y = 0
2 2 + 2 = 0
1 = 1 + i2 = 1 i
Y = e x ( C1 cos x + C2 sin x )
f ( x ) = e cos x + i = 1 + i y
y = xe x ( A cos x + B sin x )
( 2 A sin x + 2 B cos x ) e x = e x cos x
2 A sin x + 2 B cos x = cos x

1
A = 0B =
2
1 x
xe sin x
2
1
y = e x ( C1 cos x + C2 sin x ) + xe x sin x
2
y=
4 y1 = xe + e y2 = xe + e y3 = xe + e
x
2x
2x
e x
y1 y3 = e xy1 y2 = e 2 x e x
( y1 y3 ) + ( y1 y2 ) = e2 x
x
2x
e e
y y 2 y = 0
89
y y 2 y = f ( x ) y1 = xe + e f ( x ) = (1 2 x ) e
x
2x
y y 2 y = (1 2 x ) e x
y = C1e x + C2 e 2 x + xe x + e 2 x .
1 xy y = x
2
x x y xy = x
2
dy
dy 1 dy d 2 y 1 t dy 1 d 2 y 1 dy
= et
=
=
= e
dx
dt x dt dx 2 x dt x 2 dt 2 x 2 dt
x = e
t
d2y
dy
2 = e3t
2
dt
dt
1
y = e3t + C1e 2t + C2
3
1 3
y = x + C1 x 2 + C2
3
e = x
y = f ( xy )
y = p y = p xp p = x
2
y = p = C11 x + x 2
y = C11 x + x 2 dx + C2 =
1 3
x + C1 x 2 + C2
3
xy y
y
=
1
=1
x2
x
y
= x + C1y = x 2 + C1x
x
1
y = x 3 + C1 x 2 + C2
3
4.3
0 ) y
1 ( 3
90
y = y ( x ) M ( xy ) Y y = y ( X x )
y A ( 0y xy ) AM = AO x + ( xy ) = ( y xy )
2
1 2
2 yy x y = x
y
=0
x =3
1
u x u = x
y 2 = u
u
=0
x =3
3
3
2
x + y =
2
2
u = 3x x y = 3x x
2
5.1
1.
D p ( xy ) D f z
z xy z = f ( xy ) D
z = f ( xy ) xy D
z = 1 x 2 y 2D : x 2 + y 2 1
1 D xy
1
2. n
u = f ( xyz )
( xyz ) u = f ( xyz )
u = f ( x1x2 xn ) n
91

f ( xy ) ( x0y0 ) > 0 > 0
0<
( x x0 ) + ( y y0 )
2
< f ( xy ) A <
lim f ( xy ) = A
x x0
y y0
lim
( xy )( x0y 0 )
f ( xy ) = A
( xy ) ( x0y0 ) f ( xy ) A .
( xy ) ( x0y0 )
( x0y0 )
1.
lim f ( xy ) = f ( x0y0 ) f ( xy ) ( x0y0 )
x x0
y y0
2.
f ( xy ) D f ( xy ) D
f ( xy ) D f ( xy ) D
f ( xy ) D f ( xy ) D
max f ( xy ) = M min f ( xy ) = m
( xy )D
( xy )D
f ( xy ) D M m
m c M ( x0y0 ) D f ( x0y0 ) = C
1 z = arcsin
x
+ xy
3
x
1 3 x 3
3
xy 0 x 0y 0 x 0y 0
3 x 0
0 x 3
y 0
y 0
92
4 x 2 y 2 + ln ( y 2 2 x + 1)
2 z =
4 x y 0 y 2 x + 1 > 0 ,
2
2
2
2
x + y 2
2
y + 1 > 2 x
D x + y 2
2
y + 1 = 2 x
2
1 f ( x + yx y ) = x y + y f ( xy )
2
1
1
( u + v )y = ( u v )
2
2
1
1
2
2
f ( uv ) ( u + v ) ( u v ) + ( u v )
8
4
1
1
2
2
f ( xy ) ( x + y ) ( x y ) + ( x y )
8
4
x + y = ux y = v x =
2 f ( x + yxy )x + 3 xy + y + 5 f ( xy )
2
f ( xy ) = x 2 + y + 5
x 2 + 3xy + y 2 + 5 = ( x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) + xy + 5 = ( x + y ) + xy + 5
x2
1 x+ y
1 lim 1 +
a 0
x
xy
y a
x2
xy xy( x+ y )
1
= lim 1 +

x
xy

y a
xy
1
x2
1
1
= lim
= = e a
lim
x xy ( x + y )
x
y a
y a
ya y 1 +
2 lim
x 0
y 0
1
1
lim 1 + t = xy lim 1 + = e
x
t
xy
t
y a
x2 y
x4 + y 2
y = lx = lim
x 0
lx 3
=0
x4 + l 2 x2
93
lx 4
l
=
4
2 4
x + l x 1+ l2
y = lx = lim
2
x 0
x2 y 2
3 lim 4
x 0 x + y 2
y 0
x + y 2 x y x y
4
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 1 12
0 4
= y
x + y 2 2 x2 y 2
lim
1 12
y = 0
lim 0 = 0
x 0 2
x 0
y 0
y 0
= 0
5.2
1.
z = f ( xy )
x 0
f ( x0 + xy0 ) f ( x0y0 )
z
f x ( x0y0 )
x
x ( x0y0 )
lim
z x ( x y ) z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 ) x
0
0
y 0
z y
( x0y0 )
f ( x0y0 + y ) f ( x0y0 )
z
f y ( x0y0 )
y ( x0y0 )
y
lim
z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 ) y
u = f ( xyz )
df ( xy0z0 )
f x ( x0y0z0 )
dx
df ( x0yz0 )
f y ( x0y0z0 )
f x ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
x = x0
dy
y = y0
df ( x0 , y0 , z )
dz
z = z0
2.
94
f x ( x0 , y0 ) z = f ( x, y ) y = y0 ( x0 , y0 , f ( x0 , y0 ) ) x
f y ( x0 , y0 ) z = f ( x, y ) x = x0 x0 , y0f ( x0 , y0 )
y
3.
z = f ( x, y ) f x ( x, y ) f y ( x, y
z = f ( x, y )
z 2 z
= f xy ( xy )
=
y x xy
z 2 z
= f yx ( xy )
=
x y yx
z 2 z
= f yy ( xy )
=
y y y 2
z 2 z
= f xx ( xy )
=
x x x 2
2 z 2 z
2 z
2 z
( xy )
xy yx
xy yx
n
n ( n 3)
1.
z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 )
z = f ( x0 + xy0 + y ) f ( x0y0 )
z = Ax + By + o ( ) =
( x ) + ( y )
2
AB x y x0y0 z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 )
Ax + By z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 ) dz ( x y ) df
0
2.
( x0y0 )
z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 )
dz ( x y ) = f x ( x0y0 ) x + f y ( x0y0 ) y = f x ( x0y0 ) dx + f y ( x0y0 ) dy

0
dx = xdy = y
dz = df ( xy ) = f x ( xy ) dx + f y ( xy ) dy
95
3.
z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 ) dz
( x0y0 )
z = f ( xy )
( x y f ( x y ) )
0
4.
n ( n > 3)
df ( xyz ) = f x ( xyz ) dx + f y ( xyz ) dy + f z ( xyz ) dz

n
df ( x1x2 xn ) = f xk ( x1 xn ) dxk
k =1
z z

z z
x y
z = f ( xy ) dz
x y
z = f ( xy )
z = f ( xy ) ( x0y0 ) ( xy )
2
f ( x0y0 )
f ( x0y0 )
1 f ( x0y0 )
2
f ( xy ) = f ( x0y0 ) +
( x x0 ) +
( y y0 ) +
( x x0 )
2
2!
x
y
x
2
2 f ( x0y0 )
1 f ( x0y0 )
2
+
( x x0 )( y y0 ) +
( y y0 ) + R
2
2!
xy
y
R=
3
3 f ( )
1 f ( )
3
2
x
x
+
3
(
)
( x x0 ) ( y y0 )
0
3
2
x
x y
3!
3 f ( )
3 f ( )
2
3
x
x
y
y
y
y
+3
(
)(
)
(
)
0
0
0
xy 2
y 3
x0 x y0 y
1
1 z = x + y 4 x y
4
2 z = x
3 z = x sin ( x + y )
96
z
= 4 x 3 8 xy 2
x
2 z
= 12 x 2 8 y 2
x 2
2
z
= yx y 1
x
z
= 4 y3 8x2 y
y
2 z
= 16 xy
xy
2 z
= 12 y 2 8 x 2
y 2
z
= x y ln x
y
2 z
= y ( y 1) x y 2
2
x
2 z
= x y 1 + yx y 1 ln x = x y 1 (1 + y ln x )
xy
2 z
= x y ln 2 x
y 2
z
= sin ( x + y ) + x cos ( x + y )
x
z
= x cos ( x + y )
y
2 z
= 2 cos ( x + y ) x sin ( x + y )
x 2
2 u =
x2 + y2 + z 2
1
r
1 x
x
u du r
i = 2 = 3
=
r r
r
x dr x
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 u =
2 z
= x sin ( x + y )
y 2
2 z
= cos ( x + y ) x sin ( x + y )
xy
u
y
= 3
r
y
u
z
= 3
r
z
2u
1
3x 2 r 2 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
4 x
=
3
r
=
=
(
)
x 2
r3
r
r5
r5
2u 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 2u 2 z 2 x 2 y 2
=
2 =
r5
r5
y 2
z
y 3 xy
2u
= x ( 3r 4 ) = 5
r
r
xy
97
2u 3xz
2u 3 yz
=
= 5
yz r 5
zx r
x
3 u =
y
z 1
zx z 1
= z ,
y
u x
x
= ln ,
y
z y
z 1
x
2 =
y
2u z ( z 1) x
=

y2 y
x 2
z
2u z ( z + 1) x
,
=
y z+2
y 2
2u x z 1 z x
= z +
y
y y
xz
x
u
= z
y
y
z 2
z 1
x x
ln =
y y
z ( z 1) x z 2
=
yz
z 1
1 z x
+ ln
y y y
2u x x
= ln
z 2 y y
z 2 i x z 1
2u
= z +1
y
xy
z = e
xy
x 1 z
x
2u
1 x z x
= ln = + ln
y y y y
y
yz
y y y
zx
zx z
=

y y
y z +1
u z x
=
x y y
z
z
= ye xy = xe xy
x
y
dz = e xy ( ydx + xdy )
u = ln
x 2 + y 3 + z 4 du
1
u = ln ( x 2 + y 3 + z 4 )
2
x
u
= 2
x x + y 3 + z 4
du =
3y2
u
=
y 2 ( x 2 + y 3 + z 4 )
2z3
u
= 2
z x + y 3 + z 4
2 xdx + 3 y 2 dy + 4 z 3 dz
2 ( x2 + y3 + z 4 )
5.3
98
1.
z = f ( uv )u = u ( xy )v=v ( xy )
z z u z z z u z
=
+
=
+
x u x x y u y y
2.
u = f ( xyz )z=z ( xy )
z
u
i
x = f x + f z
x
u
z
= f y + f z
i
y
y
3.
u = f ( xyz )y = y ( x )z = z ( x )
du
= f x + f y
i y ( x ) + f z
i z ( x )
dx
w = f ( uv )u = u ( xyz )v = v ( xyz )
4.
w
u
v
i
x = fui x + f v
x
u
v
w
= fu + f v
y
y
y
w
u
v
= fu + f v
z
z
z
Fy
F z
z
= x =
Fz y
Fz
x
1.
F ( xyz )0 z = z ( xy )
2.
x = x ( yz )
Fy x
F
x
= = z
Fx z
Fx
y
3.
y = y ( zx )
F
y
F y
= z = x
Fy
z
Fy x
1 u = f ( xyz ) y = y ( x ) z = z ( x )
sin t
du
dt
0
dx
t
du
dy
dz
= f x + f y + f z
dx
dx
dx
e xy xy = 2 e x =
3.
x z
99
dy

dy
e xy = 2 x e y + x
y + x = 0
dx
dx
xy
e =
x
xy
y
dy
= ( e xy 1)
dx
x
x z
sin ( x z ) dz
sin t
dt x e x =
1
t
( x z ) dx
ex ( x z )
dz
= 1
sin ( x z )
dx
x
du f y f e ( x z ) f
=
+ 1
dx x x y sin ( x z ) z
2 u = f ( x, y, z ) z = z ( x, y ) xe ye = ze du
x
F ( x, y, z ) = xe ye ze Fx = ( x + 1) e Fy = ( y + 1) e Fz = ( z + 1) e
y
u
z
x + 1 x z
e ,
= f x + f z = f x + f zi
z +1
x
x
u
z
y + 1 yz
e
= f y + f z = f y f z
z +1
y
y
u
u
x + 1 x z
y + 1 yz
e dx + f y f z
e dy
dx + dy = f x + f z
x
y
z +1
z +1
2.
du =
F x + 1 x z z
y + 1 yz
z
= x =
e =
e
z +1
x
y
Fz z + 1
xe ye = ze
x
(1 + x ) e x dx (1 + y ) e y dy = (1 + z ) e z dz
1 + x ) e x dx (1 + y ) e y dy
(
dz =
(1 + z ) e z
(1 + x ) e x dx (1 + y ) e y dy
du = f x dx + f y dy + f z dz = f x dx + f y dy + f z
(1 + z ) e z
x + 1 x z
y + 1 yz
e dy
du = f x + f z
e dx + f y + f z
z +1
z +1
x y
z z
F = 0 z = z ( xy ) F ( uv )z ( xy )
100
z
z
+y =z
x
y
x y
F ( uv ) = F = G ( xyz ) = 0
z z
1
1
x
y
i Gy = Fv
i Gz = Fu 2 + Fv 2
Gx = Fu
z
z
z
z
G y
G
zFu
zFv
z
z
,
=
=
= x =
Gz xFu + yFv
Gz xFu + yFv y
x
z
z
+y =z
x
y
5.4
z = f ( xy )
2 l )
( xkyk )
( k = 1
f x ( xy )0
f y ( xy )0
k = f xx ( xkyk ) f yy ( xkyk ) f xy ( xkyk )
f ( xkyk )
k > 0
k < 0
f xx ( xkyk ) > 0
f ( xkyk )
f xx ( xkyk ) < 0
f ( xkyk )
k = 0
f ( xkyk )
( n 2 )
u = f ( x1 xn )
1 ( x1 xn )0
m ( x1 xn )0
(m < n)
101
F = F ( x1 xn1 m )f ( x1 xn ) +
( x x )
i =1
Fx1 = 0

Fx = 0
n
F1 = 1 ( x1 xn ) = 0

Fm = m ( x1 xn ) = 0
(k)
x1 xn
(k )
2 l )
) ( k = 1
z = x + y x 2 xy y
4
z z
=
= 0
x y
z
= 4 y3 2 x 2 y
y
z
= 4 x3 2 x 2 y
x
x + y = 2 x3 = 2 y 3
x = y
x = 1
y =1
x = 1
y = 1
x = 0
y = 0
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
= 12 y 2 2 (11)
2
12
x
2
=
2
2
y
xy
x
A=
2 z
x 2
1)
(1
10
B=
2 z
xy
1)
(1
C=
-2
2 z
y 2
1)
(1
10
= AC B 2 = 96 > 0
A10 > 0 (11
) z
( 1-1)
A=
2 z
x 2
( 1-1)
1)
(1
10 B =
-2
2 z
xy
( 1-1)
-2 C =
102
2 z
y 2
( 1-1)
10
= AC B 2 = 96 > 0 A10 > 0 ( 1-1) z

( 00 )
A=
2 z
x 2
( 00 )
-2
B=
2 z
xy
( 00 )
-2 C =
( 1-1)
2 z
y 2
-2
( 00 )
-2
= AC B 2 = 0
x = y = z = 2 > 0
4
x = y = z = 2 4 < 0
4
( 00 )
x2 y2 z 2
+
+ = 1 p
52 32 22
2x 2 y 2z
2 2
2
5 3 2
p ( xyz ) p
2
2
1
x ( X x ) + y (Y y ) + z ( Z z ) = 0
25
9
2
x2 y 2 z 2
2
2
1
xX + yY + zZ 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
25
9
2
3
2
5
2
2
1
xX + yY + zZ 2 = 0
25
9
2
25
x (Y = 0Z = 0 ) X =
x
y ( Z = 0X = 0 )
Y=
25
y
z ( X = 0Y = 0 )
Z=
V=
1 25 9 4 150
i
i
i =
x
y z xyz
6
x2 y2 z 2
+
+ 10 ( x >0y >0z >0 )
52 32 22
F = F ( xyz ) =
x2 y2 z 2
150
+ 2 + 2 + 2 1
xyz
3
2
5
103
Fx =
150 2
x=0
+
x 2 yz 25
Fy =
150 2
y=0
+
xy 2 z 9
( 2)
Fz =
150 2
z=0
+
xyz 2 4
( 3)
x2 y 2 z 2
+ + 1 = 0
52 32 22
( 4)
x (1) + y ( 2 ) + z ( 3)
2 =
450
+ 2 = 0
xyz
450
xyz
( 5 ) (1)
( 2 )( 3)
( 5)
5
3
2
y =
z =
3
3
3
x=
F =
(1)
5 3 2
V = 15 3 .
3 3 3
1.
f ( xy ) D D n
1 2 n k ( k = 1
2 n ) ( kk )
n
lim f ( kk ) k
d 0
k =1
k k d k k d = max d k
1 k n
f ( xy ) D
f ( xy )d
D
f ( xy ) D f ( xy ) D f ( xy ) D
104
2.
f ( xy ) D f ( xy ) 0
f ( xy )d
D
z = f ( xy ) D z
S xy D z = f 2 ( xy )
z = f1 ( xy ) S
f ( xy ) f ( xy )d
2
3.
kf ( xy )d = k f ( xy )d ( k )
D
f ( xy ) g ( xy )d = f ( xy )d g ( xy )d
D
f ( xy )d = f ( xy )d + f ( xy )d
D
D1
D2
D = D1 D2 D1 D2
4 f ( xy ) g ( xy )
( xy ) D
f ( xy )d g ( xy )d
D
S D
mS f ( xy )d MS
D
f ( xy ) d f ( xy ) d
5 m f ( xy ) M
( xy ) D
7 f ( x, y ) D S D ( , ) D
f ( xy )d = f ( )iS
1
f ( xy )d f ( xy ) D
S
D
4.
1
f ( x, y ) D D x
f ( xy )d = 2 f xy d
(
)

D1
f ( xy ) y
f ( xy ) y
D1 D x
105
f ( x, y ) D D y
(
)

D2
f ( xy ) x
f ( xy ) x
D2 D y
3
f ( x, y ) D D
(
)

D3
f ( x-y ) f ( xy )
( xy ) D
f ( x-y ) = f ( xy )
( xy ) D
D3 D
f ( x, y ) D D y = x
f ( xy )d = f ( yx )d
D
D = D4 D5D4D5 D y = x
f ( xy )d = f ( yx )d
D5
D4
D = {( xy ) a x b1 ( x ) y 2 ( x )}
1 ( x ) 2 ( x ) [ ab ] f ( xy ) D
2 ( x )
f ( xy )d = f ( xy )dxdy = adx ( x ) f ( xy ) dy
D = {( xy ) c y d1 ( y ) x 2 ( y )}
1 ( y ) 2 ( y ) [ cd ] f ( xy ) D
f ( xy )d = f ( xy )dxdy
D
2 ( y )
d
f ( xy ) dx
= dy
c
1 ( y )
106
D D
D
D
D D
D=
r
D
{( r ) a ( ) r
1
( )}
1 ( ) 2 ( ) [ a ] f ( xy ) = f ( r cos r sin ) D
f ( xy )d = f ( r cos r sin )rdrd
2 ( )
f ( r cos r sin ) rdr
= d
1 ( )
{( r ) 0 2 ( ) r
D=
( )}
1 ( )1 ( ) [ 0
2 ] f ( xy ) = f ( r cos r sin ) D
2 ( )
1 ( )
f ( xy )d = f ( r cos r sin )rdrd = d
D =
f ( r cos r sin )rdr
{( ) 0 r ( )}
( ) [ ] f ( xy ) = f ( r cos r sin ) D
107
f ( xy )d = f ( r cos r sin )rdrd = d
D =
( )
{( r ) 0 20 r ( )}
( ) [ 0
2 ] f ( xy ) = f ( r cos r sin )
D
f ( xy )d = f ( r cos r sin )rdrd

D
( )
= d
xydxdy D xy = 1x+y= 2
2
5
2
1 2 5
1
2 x
xydxdy
=
dx
xydy
x
x
=

dx
D
12 1x
2 12 2
x
1 25 2 5 3 1 4
2 165
ln 2
x x + x ln x 1 =
4
2 8
3
2 128
( x
+ y 2 ) dxdy D y = xy = x + ay = a y = 3a ( a > 0 )
3a
y
3a x 3
y
2
2
2
x
y
dx
+
=
+
x
y
dxdy
dy
=
+
xy
(
)
(
)
y a dy
D
a ya
a 3
3a 2
2ay 3 a 2 y 2 a 3 y 3a
a3
2
2
+
+
=
ay
a
y
ay
dy
3 2 + 3 a
a
3
2a 4
52a 4 a 2
= 14a 4
i8a 2 +
3
3
2
108
y dxdy D x = a ( t sin t )y = a (1 cos t )( 0 t 2 )

2
x
y = y ( x )
y ( x) 2
2 a
1 2 a 3
y ( x ) dx
dx
y dy =
0
3 0
0
2
y dxdy =
D
x = a ( t sin t )
dx = a (1 cos t ) dty ( x ) = a (1 cos t )
=
32a 4 8
64a 4 2 8
64a 4
7 i 5 i 3 i 1 35 a 4
i
i =
=
=
sin
sin
udu
udu
3 0
3 0
3
8i6i4i2 2
12
x + y )dxdy
a 4 2
16a 4 2 8 t
4
t
dt
1
cos
sin dt
=
(
)
3 0
3 0
2
x + y 1
( x + y )dxdy = 8
xdxdy
= 4
x 0y 0
x + y 1
x 0y 0
x + y 1
y x 2 dxdy
x 1
0 y 2
1
1 x
1
4
= 8 xdx
dy = 8 x (1 x ) dx =
0
0
0
3
2
1
x2 2
2
dx
1 0 x ydy + x 2 y x dy
2
3
3 y = 2
2 1
2 1
2 y = x
2
2 2
x
y
dx
y
x
dx
(
)
(
)
3 1
3 1
y=0
y = x2
2 1
x
3 1
3
3
4 1 3
4 1
1 4 1
2
2
x dx + ( 2 x 2 ) dx = + ( 2 x 2 ) dx
3 0
3 0
3 3 0
x=
dx +
3
2 1
2 2
x
dx
2
(
)
3 1
2 sin t
109
3
1
1
1
3 1 3
4
4 3
2 2
4
x
dx
tdt
=
=
2
4
cos
4
(
)
0
0
0 8 + 2 cos 2t + 8 cos 4t dt = 4 32 + 4 = 8 + 1
y2
1 4 3
5
+
+ 1 = +
3 3 8
3 2
dxdy D y = xy = 1 y
y2
y2
1 1 2
dxdy = dx e y dy
0
x
1
y y2
y2
e
dxdy
dy
=
D
0 0e dx
x e
0ye
y2
1
2
1
1 1
dy = e y
= 1
0
2
2 e
y2
ydxdy D x
D
D 0
0 r 2a cos
r sin i rdr
1 2 3 2a cos
sin d
r
3 0 0
8a 3
3
I =
2
2
cos3 sin d a 3 cos 4 2 = a 3
3
0 3
x 2 + y 2 + y d
x2 + y 2 4
( x + 1)
+ y 2 = 2ax ( a > 0 ) x
2 a cos
ydxdy = d
D
+ y2 1
110
x 2 +y 2 + y d =
x2 +y2 d + 0(= d r 2 dr =
3
2
x2 +y2 d + 0 = d
x 2 +y 2 + y d =
2cos
r 2 dr =
16
32
9
16
( 3 2 )
9
yd = 0
D
x 2 +y 2 d = 2 x 2 +y 2 d
D
= 2
x 2 +y 2 d +
D1
x 2 +y 2 d
D 2
2
2

4
16 16
4
= 2 2 d r 2 dr + d
r 2 dr = 2 + = ( 3 2 )
2 cos
0
9 9
3
3
0
2x
0dx x f ( xy ) dy
f ( xy ) dxdy
D
D y = xy = 2 x x = 2
y
2
0dy f ( xy ) dx + 2dy f ( xy ) dx
6dx
2 x
x2
4
y
2
f ( xy ) dy
f ( xy ) dxdy
D
111
x2
1 y = 2 x
4
D y =
2 y
2 1+ y
8
dy
f
x
y
dx
dy
+
(
)
1 2 1 + y
0 2 1 + y f ( xy ) dx
0
2
2 x x2
1dx 2 x f ( xy ) dy
f ( xy ) dxdy D y = 2 x y =
2 x x 2
1+ 1 y 2
2 y
f ( xy ) dx
2a
dx
2 ax x 2
f ( xy ) dy ( a > 0 )
f ( xy ) dxdy
D
2ax x 2 y = 2ax x = 2a D = D1 D2 D3
y2
2
2
2
y = 2ax x x = a a y
2a
D y =
2 ax
dy
y=
2ax x =
a a2 y2
dy y2
2a
f ( xy ) dx + dy
0
2a
2a
a+ a y
2a
f ( xy ) dx + dy + y2 f ( xy ) dx
a
2a
()
1-1+1-1++(-1)n+1+
(1-1)+(1-1)++(1-1)+=0
1-(1-1)-(1-1)--(1-1)=1
112
1-1+1-1++(-1)n+1+=S
1-[1-1+1-1+]=S
2S=1 S =
1-S=S
1
2
(1)??
(2)?
(3)?
1.1
()
1
u1u2u3un
n =1
=u1+u2+u3++un+
u
()
n
S n = uk =u1+u2+u3++un
k =1
(n=123)
n {Sn}(n=123)
lim sn ()=S
n
u
n =1
u
n =1
=S
lim sn
n
u
n =1
(
)
2
(1)
n =1
n =1
n =1
un vn ab
(au
n =1
n =1
+ bvn ) a un + b vn
(2)
(3)
113
(4)
u
n =1
lim un =0
n
(1)
n +1
lim(1)
n +1
n =1
1
1
1
n +1
0
=
lim
(
1)
n
n =1 n
n =1 n
n =1
lim un =0
n
u
n =1
3
(1)()
ar
ar
n =0
|r|1
ar
a
1 r
|r|<1
n =0
(2)p
n
n =1
(a0)
n =0
p>1
n =1
P1
n
n =1
1 2
1
= )
2
p
6
n =1 n
n =1 n
(p>1
un0(n=123)
u
n =1
Sn+1Sn(n=123){Sn}
Sn
u
n =1
114
Sn
C>0 nN Cvnun>0
v
n =1
n =1
u
n =1
v
n =1
2
un0vn0(n=123)
un
=
n v
n
lim
n =1
n =1
un vn
(2) A=0
n =1
(3) A=+
u
n =1
n =1
n =1
un vn
u n +1
=
un
(1) <1
3()
un>0 lim
(1) 0<A<+
n =1
(2) >1( =+)
u
n =1
(3) =1
( lim
un +1
)
un
4()
un0 lim
(1) <1
un =
u
n =1
(2) >1 ( =+)
u
n =1
(3) =1
115
=1
un>0
(1)
n +1
n =1
un
(1)
n +1
n =1
un
un(n=123)
(1)
(2) lim un =0
n =1
n =1
(1)n+1 un 0< (1)n+1 un <u1
n =1
n =1
| un | un
| u
| un
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
un | un | un
n =1
3
(1)
(2)
2 (| u
n =1
(1) n+1
np
n =1
(1) n+1
np
n =1
(1) p>1
116
1
| +un ) (un | un |)
n =1 2
(1) n+1
np
n =1
(2)0<p1
(1) n+1
np
n =1
(3) p0
()
(1)
n =1 n ( n + 1)
(2)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
n =1
n
n
1
1
1
1
1
(
) = 1
=
n
k +1
n +1
k =1 k ( k + 1)
k =1 k
n =1 n ( n + 1)
lim sn = lim(1
n
1
) =1
n +1
n(n + 1) =1
(1)
n =1
n
1
1
1 n
1
1
[
]
=
2 k =1 k (k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2)
n =1 n ( n + 1)( n + 2)
k =1 k ( k + 1)( k + 2)
lim sn =
Sn
1
4
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = 4
(2)
n =1
an (an0)(1) an2 (2)

n =1
n =1
n =1
an
n
(3)
(1)
a
n =1
lim an = 0 =1 N n>N an<1 an2 <1an=an

n
(2)
n =1
n =1
an an2
an
an
1
1
=
( an + 2 ) ()
2
n
n
2
n
117
an
1+ a
n =1
an
1
1
1
a
(
+
)
n
2
2
n
n =1 n
n =1 n
n =1 2
an
n =1
(3)an0
an
an (n=123)
1 + an
an
n =1 1 + an
an
n =1
1.2
()
()
1
u
n =1
un (x0) x0 un (x)
n =1
n =1
un (x0) x0 un (x) un (x)
x0I
(x) I
un(x) (n=1,2,3,) I
n =1
n =1
n =1
un (x) x S(x)=
n =1
u
n =1
(x)x
S(x)
u
n =1
(x)
a
n =1
x0=0
(x-x0)n (x-x0)an(n=012)
n =0
n =0
an xn x an x n
a (x x )
n =0
118
a x
n
n =0
(1)(-+)
a x
n =0
x R=+
(2)
a x
n
n =0
R=0
(3)(-RR)(-RR-RR)-RR
R(0<R<+)
R (1)(2)(3)
R
an +1
1
= l (+) lim n | an | = l (+) R= ( l=+
n
an
l
lim
n =0
n =0
an x n =f(x) |x|<R1 bn x n =g(x),|x|<R2 (an bn ) x n = f ( x) g ( x)
|x|<min(R1,R2)
2
n =0
an x R>0S(x)=
R=0 l=0 R=+)
a x
n =0
n =0
(1)S(x)(-RR)
S(x)=(
n =0
n =0
n =1
an xn )= (an x n )= nan x n1
s(x)(-RR)
S(k)(x)=
n(n 1)(n k + 1) x
nk
,| x |< R
(k=123)
n=k
(2)S(x)(-RR)
an n +1
x
n=0 n + 1
S (t ) dt = an t n dt =
n =0
()
119
n =0
n =1
an xn R=3 nan ( x 2)n+2
na x
n =1
n =1
n =1
n 1
R=3
nan x n+ 2 R=3 nan ( x 2)n+2 R=3(-1,5)
a ( x 3)
n =0
a t
n=0
x=0 x=6
t=-3 R3t=3 R
a ( x 3)
n =1
[06)
()
3 R=3-33)
2.1
()
O O
x y z O
1 M1(x1y1z1)M2(x2y2z2)
d =| M 1M 2 |= ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 + ( z2 z1 )2
2
M(xyz) M1(x1y1z1)M2(x2y2z2)
x=
x1 + x2
y + y2
z +z
,y= 1
,z = 1 2
2
2
2
1
A B AB A
B AB | AB |
1
2
120
O M M (xy
z) i j k OM
OM = xi + y j + zk
OM
OM =(x,y,z)
xi yj zk OM x y z xyz
OM x y z
OM x y z
x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
x + y2 + z2
2
cos=
cos=
x2 + y 2 + z 2
cos=
cos2+cos2+cos2y=1
OM OM
| OM |= x 2 + y 2 + z 2
OM =(xyz)
OM
OM
a = a1i + a2 j + a3k = {a1 , a2 , a3 }
b = b1i + b2 j + b3k = {b1 , b2 , b3 }

c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k = {c1, c2 , c3 }
1 a + b ={a1+b1,a2+b2,a3+b3}
a - b ={a1-b1,a2-b2,a3-b3}
121
1
OM OM
| OM |
2 a ={a1,a2,a3}()
3 a b =| a || b |cos<( a , b )
=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3
<( a , b ) a , b
a b
a b0 a b
a b0 =Prjb a
4 a b
| a b |=| a || b |sin<( a , b )
a b a b
k
a3
b3
i
j
a b = a1 a2
b1 b2
a b a b =- b a | a b | a b
a1 a2
5( a b c )=( a b ) c ( a b c )= b1 b2
c1 c2
a3
b3
c3
(a,b,c) a b c
a ={a1 a2 a3 } b ={b1b2b3}
a b ()
Cos=
aib
Cos=
a b
a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

a12 + a22 + a32 b12 + b22 + b32
a b
a b =0
a1b1+a2b2+a3b3=0
a b
a b =0
a1 a2 a3
=
=
b1 b2 b3
()
122
1 a b a + b b
(
(A)
ab
| b |2
(B)
a b
| b |2
(C)1 (D) a b
a +b b
( a +b ) b =0
a b +b b = 0
a b +|b|2 =0
ab
(B)
| b |2
b =
2 xOy a ={-4,3,7}
b xOy b ={x,y,0} b a
a b =-4x+3y=0
b x2+y2=1
x=
4 x + 3 y = 0
2
2
x + y = 1
3
4
y=
5
5
3 4
3 4
b = , , 0 b = , , 0
5 5
5 5
2.2
()
1
(1)()()
(2) xy z ()()()
2 A(x1y1z1) B(x2, y2, z2) d
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 + ( z2 z1 ) 2
123
3 M(xyz) AB
AM
= AB A(x1y1
MB
z1)B(x2y2z2)
x=
x1 +x2
y +y2
z +z2
y = 1
z = 1
1 +
1 +
1+
x=
x1 + x2
y +y
z +z
y = 1 2 z = 1 2
2
2
2
1()()
n {mnp}
()
2
M(x0y0z0) n ={ABC}
A(x-x0)+B(y-y0)+C(z-z0)=0
n ( r - r0 )=0
r0={x0y0z0} r ={xyz}
Ax+By+Cz+D=0
ABC xyz n ={ABC)
Ax+By+Cz=0
Ax+By+D=0 z
Ax+D=0 yOz
x=0 yOz
4
A( x1 y1 z1 )B(x2y2z2)C(x3y3z3) AB
C
x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 = 0
x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1
5
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0
L
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
124
k1(A1x+B1y+C1z+D1)+k2(A2x+B2y+C2z+D2)=0(k1k2)(00)
6
A1x+B1y+C1z+D1=0
A2x+B2y+C2z+D2=0
A1A 2 +B1B2 +C1C 2
cos=
1 2 ()
A + B12 + C12 A22 + B22 + C22

2
1
A1A2+B1B2+C1C2=0
A1 B1 C1
D
=
=
( 1 )
A 2 B2 C 2
D2
A1 B1 C1 D1
=
=
=
A 2 B2 C 2 D 2
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D

A2 + B 2 + C 2
d=
7 Ax+By+Cz+D=0 M(x1y1z1) M
d
s L
2()
x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
l
m
n
(x0y0z0)lmn
3
x = x0 + lt
y = y0 + mt
z = z + nt
0
s ={lmn)t
4
A(x1Y1z1)B(x2y2y3) A B
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
5()
125
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
s ={A1B1C1}{A2B2C2}
L1 :
x x1 y y1 z z1
=
=
n1
l1
m1
L2 :
x x2 y y2 z z2
=
=
l2
m2
n2
cos=
L1 L2 ()
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2

l12 + m12 + n12 l22 + m22 + n22
l1l2+m1m2+n1n2=0
l1 m1 n1
=
=
l2 m2 n2
Ax+By+Cz+D=0
L
x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
l
m
n
sin=
L ()
Al + Bm + Cn
A + B + C 2 l 2 + m2 + n2
l m n
= =
A B C
2
Al+Bm+Cn=0
Al+Bm+Cn=0
L
L
L
()
1
l :
x +1 y 1 z
=
= M(21-5) l
3
2
1
l s =(32-1)
n
n = s =(32-1)
3(x-2)+2(y-1)- (z-(-5))=0
3(x-2)+2(y-1)-(z+5)=0
126
3x+2y-z-13=0
2 (10-l) 4x-y+2z-8=0
n n =(4-12)
n = n1 =(4-12)
4(x-1)-y+2(z+1)=0
4x-y+2z-2=0
3 M(123) l
x=2+3t
y=2t
_________
z=1+t
x=2+3ty=2tz=-1+t s =(321)
s n
n = s =(321)
3(x-1)+2(y-2)+(z-3)=0
3x+2y+z-10=0
3.1
()
1
f(xyz)n
12n k(k=12n)(kkk)
lim f (k ,k ,k )k
d 0
k =1
(k k dk k d = max d k
1kn
f(xyz)
f ( x, y, z)d
f(xyz)
127
2
(1)
kf ( x, y, z)d = k f ( x, y, z )d
(2)
f(x,y,z) g(x,y,z)d = f(x,y,z)d g ( x, y, z )d
(3)
(k )
f ( x, y, z )d = f ( x, y, z )d + f ( x, y, z )d
=121 2
(4) f(xyz)g(xyz)(zyz)
f ( x, y, z)d g ( x, y, z )d
(5) mf(xyz)M(xyz)
mV f(x,y,z)dMV
f ( x, y, z )d f(x,y,z) d
(6)
(7) f(xyz)V (
)
f ( x, y, z )d = f ()V
1
f ( x, y , z )d f(xyz)
V
3
f(xyz) xy
f(x,y,z)d = 2
f ( x, y , z ) d u
f(x, y, z)z
f(x, y, z)z
1 xy
yz zx
1
(1)
={(xyz)|z1(xy)zz2(xy)(xy)D}
D xy z1(xy)z2(xy) D
f(xyz)
f ( x, y, z)d = dxdy
z2 ( x , y )
z1 ( x , y )
(2)={(xyz)|z(xy)D(z)}
128
f ( x, y, z )dz
D(z) z
f ( x, y, z )d =
dz f(x,y,z)dxdy
D(z)
f (x,y,z)dxdydz= f(rcos,rsin,z)rdrddz
(xy)(r) z
3
x =sin cos0
y=sin sin 0
z=cos
02
f ( x, y, z)dxdydz
2
= f (sincossinsincos)sinddd
(xyz)
1
M = ( x, y, z )d
y=
z=
1
M
x(x, y, z )d
1
M
y(x,y,z)d
1
M
z(x, y, z )dv
x=
( x, y , z )
3
x
I x = ( y 2 + z 2 )(x,y,z)d
I y = ( z 2 + x 2 )(x,y,z)d
I z = ( x 2 + y 2 )(x,y,z)d
I 0 = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x,y,z)d
()
129
xy z dxdydz z=xyy=xx=1z=
2 3
xy z dxdydz = dx
2 3
dxdydz
(1 + x + y + z )
xy
dy xy 2 z 3 dz
0
dx
1 1
1 5 6
1
x y dy=
x12 dx=
0 28
4
364
x+y+z=1x=0y=0z=0
1
1 x
1 x y
dxdydz
dz
=
dx
dy
3
0
0
0
(1 + x + y + z )
(1 + x + y + z )3
1 x
1 1
1
1
1 1 1
3 x
dy = (
dx
)dx
2
0
2 0
2 0 1+ x
4
(1 + x + y ) 4
1
5
= ln 2
2
16
x 2 + y 2 dxdydz x2+y2=z2z=1
x=rcosy=rsinz=z
( x
x 2 + y 2 dxdydz = d r 2 dr dz
=2 r 2 (1 r ) dr =
0
+ y 2 )dxdydz x2+y2=2zz=2
2
2
3
( x + y )dxdydz = d r dr r 2 dz = 2 (2
r2 3
)r dr
2
r 4 r 6 2 16
=2 |0 =
3
2 12
xyzdxdydz x +y +z =1x=0y=0z=0
2
(x0y0z0 )
n
3
2
2
xyzdxdydz= 2 d 2 d sin cos sin cos sin d
= 2 sin cos d 2 sin 3 cos d 5d =
130
1
48
x 2 y2 z 2
x 2 y2 z2
+
+
)dxdydz
(
+ + )=1
a 2 b2 c2
a 2 b 2 c2
x=a sin cos ,y=b sin sin ,z=c cos
2
1
x 2 y2 z2
4
+
+
4 d = abc
(
)dxdydz=abc
d
sin
d
2
2
2
0
0
0
a
b c
5
3.2
()
1
xy L f(xy) L n
s1s2snsk(1kn)(kk)
lim f( k k )s k
0
k=1
(sk k = max s k )
1k n
f(xy) L
f(xy)ds
f(xy)ds
L f(xyz) L n
s1s2sn sk(1kn)(kkk)
lim f( k k k )s k
0
k=1
(sk k = max s k )
1k n
f(xyz) L
f(xyz)ds
L
f(xyz)ds
2
()
L
x=x(t)y=y(t)z=z(t)(t)
131

[www.koolearn.com ]
f(xyz)ds= f [ x(t)y(t)z(t) ]
[ x(t)] + [ y(t)] + [ z(t)]

2
dt
( f(xyz) x(t)y(t)z(t))
()
1
xy L= AB P(xy) Q(xy)
L L n s1s2snsk(1kn)(xk-1
yk-1)(xkyk)( L )xk=xk-xk-1yk=yk-yk-1(1k
n)sk (kk)
n
lim [ P (
k )x k + Q(
k )y k ]
k
k
0
k =1
L= AB
n
P(xy) Q(xy) L
P(xy)dx+Q(xy)dy
F ds
F= {P(xy)Q(xy)}
ds= {dxdy}
F ds=P(xy)dx + Q(xy)dy
L= AB P(xyz)Q(xyz)
R(xyz) L L n s1s2snsk(1kn)
zk)( L )xk=xk-xk-1
(xk-1yk-1zk-1)(xkyk
yk= yk-yk-1zk=zk-zk-1(1kn)sk (kkk)
n
lim [ P (
kk )x k + Q(
kk )y k + R(
kk )z k ]
k
k
k
0
k =1
n
P(xyz)Q(xyz) R(xyz) L
P(xyz)dx+Q(xyz)dy+R(xyz)dz
F ds
132
F= {P(xyz)Q(xyz)R(xyz)}
ds= {dxdydz}
L L
2
()
L x=x(t)y=y(t)z=z(t) A B
(<) P(xyz)Q(xyz)R(xy
z) x(t)y(t)z(t)
L= AB
=
{P [ x(t)y(t)z(t)] x(t) + Q [ x(t)y(t)z(t)] y(t)+R [ x(t)y(t)z(t)] z(t)}dt
1 L= AB P(xy)Q(xy) L
AB
P(xy)dx+Q(xy)dy=
AB
[ P(xy)cos +Q(xy)cos ]ds
coscos(xy) A B
2 L= AB P(xyz)Q(xyz)
R(xyz) L
AB
AB
[ P(xyz)cos +Q(xyz)cos + R(xyz)cos ]ds
coscoscos AB (xyz) A B
1 ()
xy D L L
D L P(xy)Q(xy) D
( x y )dxdy=
D
Pdx+Qdy
()
133
xy D (n+1)( n )
L=C0C1Cn C0
C1Cn
L D
P(xy)Q(xy) D
( x y )dxdy=
Pdx+Qdy
= Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy

c0
ck
k=1
F {P(xy)Q(xy)} P(xy)Q(xy) D
2 L= AB D
AB
Pdx + Qdy=0
Pdx + Qdy A B L= AB
3P(xy)dx+Q(xy)dy=du(xy)
Q P
=
x y
4D
1 D L
5 F {P(xy)Q(xy)} V(xy) F =gradV
V(xy) P=
V
V
Q=
y
x
33 ()
()
S f(xyz) S S n S1
S2SnSk(1kn)(kkk)Sk
Sk
lim f( k k k )Sk
0
k =1
f(xyz) S
f(xyz)dS
S
2
S
z=z(xy)
(xy)D
134
z(xy) D f(xyz) S
f(xyz)dS= f [ xyz(xy)]
1+ (
z 2
z
) + ( )2 dxdy
x
y
()
1
S ()P(xyz)Q(xyz)R(xyz)
S S n S1S2SnSk(1kn)
yz (Sk)yz zx (Sk)zx xy
(Sk)xySk(1kn)(kkk)
lim P (
kk )(Sk ) yz + Q(
kk )(Sk ) zx + R(
kk )(Sk ) xy
k
k
k
0
k =1
P(xyz)Q(xy
z)R(xyz) S
P(xyz)dydz + Q(xyz)dzdx+R(xyz)dxdy
S
F= {PQR}
dS= {dydzdzdxdxdy}
F dS
2
S
z=z(xy) (xy)Dxy
Z(xy) Dxy R(xyz) S
R(xyz)dxdy= R [ xyz(xy)] dxdy

S
D xy
S z
xy
S x=x(yz) (yz)Dyz
P(xyz)dydz= P [ x(yz)yz)] dydz

S
D yz
S x S
y=y(zx)(zx)Dzx
Q(xyz)dzdx= Q [ xy(zx)z ] dzdx

S
D zx
S y
P
QR 0
135
Pdydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy= [ Pcos +Qcos +Rcos ] dS

S
coscoscos S (xyz)
n 0 = {cos
cos
cos }
F= {PQR}
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy= F n dS

0
1 ()
S P(xyz)Q(xyz)R(xy
z)
( x + y + z )d = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy
( )
= [ Pcos +Qcos +Rcos ] dS
coscoscos S (xyz)
2 ()
(n+1) S0 Sk(1kn)
S0 P(x
yz)Q(xyz)R(xyz)
S0
( )
n
Pdydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy
k=1 Sk
( )
( x + y + z )d = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy
L S L L
S () P(xyz)Q(xyz)R(xyz) S
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz=

S
= (
S
dydz dzdx dxdy
x
y
z
P
Q
R
R Q
P R
Q P
)dydz + (
)dzdx + (
)dxdy
y z
z x
x y
136
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz=

S
cos
x
P
cos
y
Q
cos
dS
z
R
4.1
()
1. P ( x, y ) dx + Q ( x, y ) dy = 0,
Q P
=
x y
= du ( x, y )
P ( x, y ) dx + Q ( x, y ) dy =
u ( x, y ) = C , u ( x, y ) du ( x, y ) = P ( x, y ) dx + Q ( x, y ) dy u ( x, y )
x2 + y 2
xdx + ydy = d (
); (2)
2
(3)
x2 y2
);
2
xdx ydy = d (
(1)
ydx + xdy
) = d (ln xy );
xy
xdx + ydy
1
= d ln( x 2 + y 2 ) ; (6)
2
2
x +y
2
(5)
(7)
ydx + xdy = d ( xy ); (4)
xdx ydy
1
) = d ln( x 2 y 2 ) ;
2
2
x y
2
xdy ydx
y
= d ;
2
x
x
(9) (
(8)
ydx xdy
x
) = d (arctan );
2
2
x +y
y
(10)
x
ydx xdy
= d ;
2
y
y
xdy ydx
y
= d (arctan );
2
2
x +y
x
137
ydx xdy
1 x y
) = d ( ln
);
2
2
x y
2 x+ y
(12) (
(13)
xdx + ydy
1 1
= d (
);
2
2 2
(x + y )
2 x2 + y2
(14)
(15)
xdx + ydy
1
= d arctan( x 2 + y 2 ) ;
2
2 2
1+ (x + y )
2
(16)
xdx ydy
1
= d arctan( x 2 y 2 ) ;
2
2 2
1+ (x y )
2
(11) (
xdy ydx
1 x+ y
) = d ( ln
);
2
2
x y
2 x y
xdx ydy
1
1
= d ( i 2
);
2
2 2
(x y )
2 x y2
u ( x, y ) = u ( x0, y0 ) +
( x, y )
( x0 , y0 )
P ( x, y )dx + Q ( x, y )dy
x0
y0
u
= P ( x, y )
x
u
P ( x, y ) dx + C '( y ), C '( y ) C ( y ) .
=
y y
y Q ( x, y ) =
( x, y0 )
( x0 , y0 )
u ( x, y ) = P ( x, y ) dx + C ( y )
= u ( x0, y0 ) + P ( x, y0 )dx + Q ( x, y )dy
( x, y )
2.
Q P
.
=
x y
P ( x, y ) dx + Q ( x, y ) dy = 0
R ( x, y ) R ( x, y ) P ( x, y ) dx + R ( x, y )Q ( x, y ) dy = 0
[ RQ ]
x
[ RP ]
y
R ( x, y )
R ( x, y ) P ( x, y )dx + R ( x, y )Q ( x, y ) dy = du ( x, y )
u ( x, y ) = C . .
()
1 ( x + y )dx + ( x 2 y )dy = 0 .
2
P ( x, y ) = x 2 + y , Q ( x, y ) = x 2 y ,
138
P Q
=
= 1.
y x
( x 2 + y )dx + ( x 2 y )dy = du ( x, y ).
u ( x, y ).
x0
y0
u ( x, y ) = P ( x, y )dx + Q ( x0 , y )dy.
x0 = y0 = 0,
x
u ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y )dx + (0 2 y )dy =
u
u
= x 2 + y,
= x 2 y
x
y
u ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y )dx + ( y ) =
x3
+ xy y 2 .
3
x3
+ xy + ( y ).
3
u
= x + ( y ), '( y ) + x = x 2 y , '( y ) = 2 y, ( y ) = y 2
y
x3
+ xy y 2 .
3
0 u ( x, y ) =
du ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y )dx + ( x 2 y )dy
= x 2 dx 2 ydy + ( ydx + xdy ) = d (
x3
) dy 2 + d ( xy ),
3
u ( x, y ) =
x3
y 2 + xy
3
u ( x, y ) .
x
2 (1 + e y ) dx + e y (1
x
)dy = 0 .
y
139
P ( x, y ) = 1 + e y , Q ( x, y ) = e y (1
x
),
y
x
P
Q
= 2 ey =
y
x
y
( x0 , y0 ) = (0,1),
y
u ( x, y ) = dy + (1 + e y )dx
1
x
y
x
y
x
y
= y 1 + x + ye y = x + ye 1, x + ye = C
x
u ( x, y )
= 1 + e y
x
x
y
x
y
u ( x, y ),
u ( x, y ) = (1 + e )dx = x + ye + ( y ),
x
u ( x, y )
x
= e y e y + '( y )
y
y
x
x
= Q ( x, y ) = e y (1 )
y
'( y ) = 0, ( y ) = C1 , *
x
y
u ( x, y ) = x + ye + C1 ,
x
y
x + ye = C , C

x
dx + e y dy + e y (
ydx xdy
) = 0,
y
x
y
x
y
dx + e dy + yde = 0
x
y
dx + d ( ye ) = 0
x
y
x + ye = C
xdx + ( y
3
x2
)dy = 0 .
y
140
P ( x , y ) = x , Q ( x, y ) = ( y 3
R ( x, y )
[ RQ ]
x
x2
Q P
),
=
.
y
x y
[ RP ]
y
R ( x, y ) P ( x, y ) dx + R ( x, y )Q ( x, y ) dy = 0 .
R ( x, y )
x2
( y 3 ) g ( y )
y
= [ xg ( y )] , g ( y )
y g ( y )
.
x
y
g ( y ) =
1
1
, 2
2
y
y
x
x2
dx
+
(
y
) dy = 0
y2
y3
x2
2x
2x2
)
dx
dy,
=
y2
y2
y3
d(
x
C
g ( y ) = xg '( y ), g ( y ) = 2
y
y
1
1 x2
x2
2
2
d ( y ) + d ( 2 ) = 0, y + 2 = C
2
2 y
y
x 2 + y 4 = Cy 2
4.2
()
1.
y = f ( x ), y x = f ( x), y x +1 = f ( x + 1),
yx = yx +1 yx = f ( x + 1) f ( x)
2 y x = (y x ) = y x +1 y x ,
= ( yx + 2 yx +1 ) ( yx +1 yx ) = yx + 2 2 yx +1 + yx
141
n y x = (1)i Cni y x + n i
i =0
2. (Cy x ) = C y x
( y x z x ) = y x z x
3.
f ( x , y x , y x ,
, n yx ) = 0
g ( x, yx , yx +1 ,
yx + n ) = 0
1 .
2 .
3
5 .
yx +1 ayx = 0
1.
y x = ca x C
2.
a 0
yx +1 ayx = f ( x)
a0
yx = y x + ca x (C
y x f ( x ) .
1
f ( x ) = b a 1, y = A y =
b
1 a
a = 1, y = Ax y = bx
2
f ( x ) = b0 + b1 x a 1, y = A0 + A1 x, y = b0 + b1 x (b0 , b1
142
1
1
b1 ) x + b1 x 2
2
2
b
x
a d 0 y = Ad y =
d x (b, d
d a
a = 1, y = A0 x + A1 x 2 y = (b0
3
f ( x) = bid x
a d = 0 y = Axd x y = bxd x 1
4
f ( x ) = b1 cos wx + b2 sin wx, b1 , b2 , w
D = (cos w a) + sin w 0, y = A1 cos wx + A2 sin wx,

2
1
[b1 (cos w a) b2 sin w]
D
1
A2 = [b1 (cos w a ) + b2 sin w]
D
A1 =
A1 = b1 , A2 = b2 A1 = b1 , A2 = b2
f ( x ) = bx n
a 1, y = ( A0 + A1 x +
yx +1 + 2 yx = 5 x .
2
a = 2, C (2)
An x n ) .
a = 1, y = x( A0 + A1 x +
An x n )
b n .
()
D = 0, y = x [ A1 cos wx + A2 sin wx ]
y = A0 + A1 x + A2 x 2
3 A0 + A1 + A2 + (3 A1 + 2 A2 ) x + 3 A2 x 2 = 5 x 2
3 A2 = 5
3 A1 + 2 A2 = 0
3 A + A + A = 0
1
2
0
5
10
5
,A1 = A 0 =
3
9
27
5
5
10
y = x2 x
3
9
27
A 2 =
5
10
5
y x = C ( 2) x + x 2 x
3
9
27
2
1 yt = t 3 ,
yt , 2 yt , 3 yt
2 yt +1 3 yt = 2
143
3 2 yt +1 6 yt = 3t
yt = yt +1 yt = (t + 1)3 t 3 = 3t 2 + 3t + 1
yt +1 = yt + 2 yt +1 = (t + 2)3 (t + 1)3 = 3t 2 + 9t + 7
yt + 2 = yt +3 yt + 2 = (t + 3)3 (t + 2)3 = 3t 2 + 15t + 19
2 yt = yt +1 yt = 6t + 6
2 yt +1 = yt + 2 yt +1 = 6t + 12
3 yt = 2 yt +1 2 yt = 6
t
2 C 3 (C
y = 1
y = C i3t 1
3 2 yt +1 6 yt = 0, a = 3, C 3t
1 t
1
3 , a = 3, d = 3, b =
2
2
b
1
a d = 0,
y = At 3t , A = =
d 6
1
yt = t 3t + C 3t
6
yt +1 3 yt =
3 t St Dt ,
Pt
St = 3 + 2 Pt ; Dt = 4 3Pt 1 ,
St = Dt , t = 0 Pt = P0 t .
3
1
Pt 1 =
2
2
3
a = 1,
2
1
1
Pt = 2 =
3 5
1+
2
3 t
1
3
C ( ) , Pt = + C ( )t
2
5
2
1
1
1
3
t = 0 Pt = P0 C = P0 , Pt = + ( P0 )( )t .
5
5
5
2
St = Dt , 3 + 2 Pt = 4 3Pt 1 ,
Pt +
144

2015年考研基礎班高等數學講義

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2015年考研基礎班高等數學講義

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...........................................................................................................

1.2 ................................................................................................................. 118

y = sin x; y = cos x; y = tan x; y = cot x; y = sec x; y = csc x.

y = arcsin x; y = arccos x; y = arctan x; y = arc cot x.

lim arctan x lim arctan x lim+

0 < a < 1 1 a > 0 1 a x 1 + a

1. f(x) g(x) fg(x).

2. g(x) f[g(x)] f(x).

(C) f ( x) = cos x + 1, F ( x) = sin x + x

(A) f ( x) g (b) > f (b) g ( x)

(C) f ( x) g ( x) > f (b) g (b)

> 0 N n>N xn A < .

> 0 X x>X f ( x ) A < .

> 0 X x>X f ( x ) A < .

> 0 X|x|>X f ( x ) A < .

> 0 0 < x x0 < f ( x ) A <

> 0 0 < x x0 < f ( x ) A <

> 0 < x x0 < 0 f ( x ) A <

1 r < 1 lim(1 + r )(1 + r )

lim(1 + tan x)cot x = lim(1 + t ) t = e

lim x x 1 = lim(1 + t ) t = lim (1 + t ) t = e 4

lim ln y = lim+ sin 2 x ln x = 0 2 3, lim+ y = e0 = 1

lim ln y = lim cot 2 x ln cos x = lim

y = sin + cos ln y = x ln sin + cos

f (0) = 0 f (0) = (sin x)

f ( 0 + 0 ) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x sin

lim+ f ( x ) lim+ x sin + q = q, f (0) = 1

(C) (A) f ( x) g ( x) f [ g ( x)] 1

f ( x) x=2 f (2) = 3 lim f ( x)

f ( x) x=2 f (2) = 3 lim f ( x ) = 3

lim f ( x)i lim

1 f ( x) [ ab ] f (a ) < a f (b) > b f ( x) = x (ab)

g (a) = f (a) a < 0 , g (b) = f (b) b > 0

f (0) = 3 < 0 f (2) = e2 + e 2 cos 2 4 > 0

d sin x = cos xdx

d cos x = sin xdx

d cot x = csc 2 xdx

( sec x ) = sec x tan x

d sec x = sec x tan xdx

( csc x ) = csc x cot x

d csc x = csc x cot xdx

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 0 , lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x = 0

xde x + e x d sin x = 2 xe x sin xdx +

sin xd (ln x + cot x) (ln x + cot x)d sin x

cos x ln x cos x cot x

dy = f (ln x)de f ( x ) + e f ( x ) df (ln x) f ( x)e f ( x ) f (ln x)dx +

1 + t 3 )(2t sin t + t 2 cos t ) (1 + t 3 )(2sin t + t cos t )

y = (1)(2) ( x 2)3 ( x 1)3

y ( n ) = (1) n n ! ( x 2)( n+1) ( x 1)( n+1)

1 y = f ( x) A(a, f (a )) B (b, f (b))

m f (0) M m f (1) M m f (2) M m

f ( x) < 0 f (0) = 0 x1 > 0 x2 > 0

1 [ 0,1] f ( x ) > 0 f ( 0 ) f (1) f (1) f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) f (1)

A f (1) > f ( 0 ) > f (1) f ( 0 )

B f (1) > f (1) f ( 0 ) > f ( 0 )

C f (1) f ( 0 ) > f (1) > f ( 0 )

D f (1) > f ( 0 ) f (1) > f ( 0 )

f (1) > f ( ) > f ( 0 )

(3) x < 1 f ( x) > 0 1 < x < 2 f ( x) < 0 , f ( x) x = 1

f ( x ) g ( x )dx = f ( x )dx g ( x )dx

4 cos xdx = sin x + C

5 sin xdx = cos x + C

8 tan x sec xdx = sec x + C

9 cot xcs c xdx = csc x + C