Liquids & Buoyant Force

Notes (p275 HRW)

Liquids

Study of liquids

Hydrostatics liquids that are stationary

Archimedes, Pascal

Hydrodynamics liquids that are moving

Bernouilli

Fundamental Characteristic
Density ()

How is density defined?

mass/volume

= m/V

What are density units in SI

kg/m3 (standard) or gm/cc (common)

Example

water
gold
lead
iron
ice
balsa
air

= 1000 kg/m3 (or 1 gm/cc)

= 19.3 x water
= 11.3 x
Lower density floats
= 7.8 x
on higher density
= 0.92 x
= 0.12 x
= 1.2 kg/m3

Pressure (p)

Definition:

force perpendicular to plane/area over which force is acting

SI Units = pascals (Newtons/meter2)

Air Pressure

P = Force/Area = F/A

Standard air pressure @ sea level and 20C, expressed as:

1.01 x 105 Pa
1 atmosphere
760 mm (or 76 cm) of mercury
30 inches of mercury

Measured by a barometer or manometer

Average tire pressure ~ 200 kPa or 30 psi (lbs/in2)

Hydrostatic (Gauge) Pressure

Fluid pressure increases with

depth because the water at a
depth must support the weight of
water above it.

Ex.

Diving to the bottom of the deep end of

a pool what do you feel?
Air pressure

P = gh, where

= density of fluid
g = 9.8 m/sec2
h = depth of fluid (ex. height of water

column)

This is gauge pressure

Container shape?

NO EFFECT!

Absolute/Total Pressure

Add atmospheric pressure (Pair)

which acts on the surface of the
fluid and the total pressure
becomes

Ptotal =

Pair + gh

Generically

The pressure at the bottom of a

column (Pb) equals the pressure at

the top (Pt) PLUS the pressure due
to the column, or
Pb = Pt + gh

Practice - submarines

A sub dives to a depth of 200 m. How

much water pressure must the hull be
able to withstand, or what is the (gauge)
water pressure at 200 m?

Solve P = gh
P = 1000 x 9.8 x 200
P = 1.96 x 106 Pa

Every sq meter of surface must

withstand ~ 2 million newtons
Note: in this example we have NOT included the air pressure pushing on the top of the water!

Submarines

Maximum depth classified, but

generally believed to be ~1500 ft for US
and ~2500 ft for Russian
Sub disasters

Thresher (63), sank off Cape Cod in 8400 ft

after joint to outer hull failed, flooding sub

Kursk (2000), Barents Sea, 350 ft after
torpedo accident

Practice

How deep (h) must a diver go before he

experiences another atmosphere (1.01 x
105 Pa) of water pressure?
Solve for h in water ( = 1000 kg/m3)

P = gh
1.01 x 105 = 1000 x 9.8 x h
h = 10.31 m (~34 feet)

Roughly, every 30 feet of dive adds 1

atmosphere of pressure to a diver

Interesting facts on diving!

Deepest free dive

Deepest assisted dive

Breath holding record

124 m (~400 ft) feet

214 m (~700 ft)
>19 minutes

Mini-lab

Density determination of 3 samples

Measure
Write-up
Submit

Pascals Principle

Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is

transmitted equally and undiminished to
every part of the fluid, as well as the walls
of the container.

P1 = P2, (Pressure a point 1 = pressure at point 2)

F1 F2

A1 A 2

Application of Pascals Principle

Hydraulic lift service stations

Examples of Pascals Principle

Examples

Example

The small piston of a hydraulic lift has an

area of 0.2 m2. If a car weighing 1.2e4 N
sits on the large piston, area 0.9 m2, how
large a force must be applied to the small
piston to support the car?
F1/A1 = F2/A2

F1/0.2 = 1.2e4/0.9
F1 = 0.2*1.2e4/0.9 = 2.7e3 N

What is buoyancy?

In physics, buoyancy is
the upward force acting
on an object in a fluid,
and can be:

Positive
Neutral
Negative

Alligators & crocodiles?

What causes buoyancy?

Buoyancy is the result of the difference

in pressure exerted on the top and
bottom of an object.

Question

If you place a rock into a

bucket of water, say filled,
what will you observe about
the water line in the bucket?
It will rise to reflect the
volume of the rock if the
rock was 0.1 m3, the water
would rise 0.1 m3, b/c the
rock is submerged.
This is an example of Archimedes Principle

Archimedes Principle - example

In air the stone

weighs 44 N
In water the stone
weighs 36 N
Buoyant force is the
difference = 8N

Buoyancy Example

Weight in
air

Apparent
weight

Fb = Weight in air weight in water

Buoyancy - Archimedes

Archimedes Principle

When a body is partly or wholly submerged in a fluid,

it will experience a buoyant force (Fb)equal to the

weight of the fluid displaced.
Buoyant (Upthrust) force (Fb)

Fb = Weightfluid displaced = (massfluid)*(g)

Fb = (fluid)*(Vfluid displaced)*(g) (Note: =m/V or m= *V)
Fb = (V)*g directed upward!

Case 1 object is submerged

Fb

= (fluid)*(Vfluid displaced)*(g)

Fb

= (object)*(Vobject)*(g)

Case 2 object is partially submerged (floating)

Buoyancy Summary Table

IF

THEN

object > fluid

Wobj > Fb

object = fluid

Wobj = Fb neither
sink nor float
Wobj < Fb
float

object < fluid

sinking

= density, W = weight Fb = buoyant force

Example of Archimedes
Principle & Buoyant Force

If a house brick of density () 2000 kg/m3

and volume (V) of 0.00123 m3 is placed in
a bucket of water, what is the buoyant force
(Fb) acting on a brick?
Solve: Fb = Vg
Fb = 1000 x 0.00123 x 9.8
Fb = 12.05 N

Buoyant Force Practice

An ice cube is floating in a glass of water

(=1000 kg/m3). The ice, whose density is
917 kg/m3, has dimensions of 0.03 x 0.02 x
0.02 m. What is the buoyant force on the ice?
Solve: Note: the ice is floating thus the
buoyant force = weight of the ice

Fb = (V)*g (use , V for ice, not water)

Fb = 917*(0.03*0.02*0.02)*9.8
Fb = 0.11 N

Buoyant Force Practice

A ferry boat is 4 m wide and 6 m long. When

a truck pulls onto it, the boat sinks 4 cm in
the water.

What is the weight of the truck?

Use Archimedes Principle:

Weight of truck = weight of water displaced (find

this displacement)
Weight = mass x g

Mass of water (m) = density x volume

m= 1000 x (4 x 6 x 0.04) = 960 kg

Weight = m x g = 960 x 9.8 = 9,408N

Buoyant Force Practice

Example

A piece of metal weighs 7.84N in air and

6.86N when completely immersed in water.

What is the buoyant force?

Fb = 7.84 6.86 = 0.98N

What is the density () of the object?

Fb = Vg (, V refer to the fluid when submerged)

V = Fb /g = 0.98/(1000*9.8) = 0.0001 m3
Mass = Weight/9.8 = 0.8 kg
= m/V = 0.8/0.0001 = 8000 kg/m3

Buoyancy - icebergs

If an object is floating on the

surface, then the volume that
is below the surface can be
determined as follows:

Vf/Vo = o/f, where

Vf= volume of object that is below

surface
Vo= volume of the object

o = density of the object

f = density of the fluid

% Iceberg in salt water that is below surface = .92/1.025 = 89%