Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Short Course on
Singapore
Malaysia
Resource Piling
India
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Contents
1.
2.
3.
Case Studies
4.
i.
ii.
iii.
Conclusions (5 min)
14/11/2014
Shallow
Foundations
Foundations on Natural
Soils (Un-Improved Soils)
Deep
Foundations
Foundations on Weak
Soils (Improved Soils)
Good Bearing
Strata
Ground Improvement
Techniques
Driven Pile
Foundations
Friction Piles
Steel Piles
Less Load
Intensity
End Bearing
Piles
Pre Cast
Piles
Settlements
within Tolerable
Limits
Driven Cast
In-Situ Piles
14/11/2014
Open Foundations
Ground Improvement
Deep Foundations
14/11/2014
Chemical Modification
Densification
Consolidation
Chemical
Modification
Reinforcement
Others
Vibro
Compaction
PVD +
Surcharge
Vibro
Replacement
Removal &
Replacement
Dynamic
Compaction
Vacuum
Consolidation
Jet Grouting
Geosynthetic
Reinforcement
Thermal
Blast
Densification
(Vibro
Replacement)
Injection
Grouting
Rigid Inclusions
Electrical
Compaction
Grouting
(Compaction
Grouting)
14/11/2014
50%
100%
Settlement
PILES
(bridge over weak soil)
REINFORCED GI TECHNIQUE
(treat weak soil + strengthen with
stones, cement, etc.)
UNREINFORCED GI
TECHNIQUE
(consolidation by weight)
100%
50%
0%
> 6 months
50 to 200mm
PILES
>300 mm
Typical Settlement
25 to 50mm
0 months
GROUND IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
CONSOLIDATION BY
SURCHARGE
14/11/2014
Vibro Techniques
Vibro Compaction
Vibro Replacement
Before
h
After
Vibro Compaction
14/11/2014
14/11/2014
Displacing the soil radially with the help of a depth vibrator, refilling with
granular material and compacting
Before Treatment
After Treatment
CHARGING
COMPACTION
FINISHING
14/11/2014
Depth Vibrator
Penetration
Penetration
Completion
14/11/2014
eCPT
10
14/11/2014
Mechanical
Cutting
Mechanical
Mixing
Full Completed
DSM Column
DSM Operation
in field
11
14/11/2014
Grouting Techniques
Introduction of liquid or dry binder (esp. cement material) into the weak soil mass, to improve its
strength, stiffness and reduce permeability.
SoilcreteTM Jet
Grouting:
Eroding and mixing
the soil with grout
Grouting:
Penetrating & filling
soil voids with grout
TAM
SoilfracTM Compensation
Grouting:
Compaction
Grouting:
Compaction/
Densification of soil with
stiff grout bulb
TAM
Choice of Technique
Suitability of Technique
Are the encountered soil and suggested technique fundamentally compatible?
Technical Compliance
Does the suggested technique satisfy the design requirements ? (strength or
stiffness?)
Availability of Material
Is the required material (stone, cement) readily available?
Cost
Is the proposed technique within the budget? What is the cost of time when
there is saving?
12
14/11/2014
Innovative Technology
o
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
Borehole stability
Quality Control
Technical Expertise
Operational Excellence
13
14/11/2014
Design Challenges
o
Power Plant in UP
Owner
Location
Structures
Construction Site
Confirming Design
14
14/11/2014
Challenges
Bearing Capacity
Liquefaction
Geotechnical Solutions
General Approach:
Deep Foundations
Shallow Foundations : for lightly loaded structures Pump House, Drive House, Cable
Gallery, Sub-Station etc.
Geotechnical Value Addition:
Combination of Ground Improvement & Bored Piles
Ground Improvement using Vibro Stone Columns (dry bottom feed method) was
suggested
15
14/11/2014
16
14/11/2014
10
15
20
25
0
2
4
Settlement, mm
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
ITP-1
ITP-2
20
17
14/11/2014
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
Approaches
Good data
Physics
Materials
Cost
Time
(Soil Data)
(Analysis & Design)
(Environment)
(Foundation Optimization)
(Savings in Time)
18
14/11/2014
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
Land reclamation
Fill thickness 5m to 30m
Qc about 4 to 6 MPa
19
14/11/2014
Hull shop
Automated steel plate cutting and assembly
180m x 670m
50m tall
20
14/11/2014
Finished
product
delivery
Automated
assembly
Automated
cutting and
forming
Steel Plate
Storage
Manual
assembly
Settlements
Steel Storage Area < 100mm
Other Areas < 50mm
Differential 1 in 1000
21
14/11/2014
Legend
Existing Boreholes (56 nos)
Existing CPT
Additional Boreholes
Additional CPT (> 60 nos. more where you need them)
22
14/11/2014
VC cranes
PVD rigs
Surcharge
23
14/11/2014
Physics (NSF)
Cost
Time
Materials & Carbon Footprint
PVD Rigs
24
14/11/2014
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
Project Background
Project
: Chemical Plant
25
14/11/2014
6m to 15m
N = 40
Loading Conditions
Foundation type
Loading Intensity
Settlement criteria
-15.0
Hard Silty Clay
Ave. N >60
BH Termination level
-25.0
26
14/11/2014
Pile Foundations
Shallow Foundations on GI
Storage tanks
Workshop
Treatment Plant
Ancillary structures and amenities
Buildings and other storage areas
25
50
75
100
Settlement, mm
10
15
20
27
14/11/2014
28
14/11/2014
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
29
14/11/2014
Project Background
Project
: Summer Palm
Top 7.5m
7.5m to 10.5m
10m to 20m
Loading Conditions
Foundation type
: Raft
Loading Intensity
: 150 kPa
Settlement criteria
: < 75 mm
30
14/11/2014
Reinforcement
To improve composite shear strength
Mitigate Liquefaction
= Square grid
31
14/11/2014
Load Intensity
Settlement @
Design Load
Net
Settlement
150 kPa
10.2 mm
6.7 mm
30 mm
Load vs Settlement
0
100
Load in 'Tons'
200
300
400
Settlement in 'mm'
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
32
14/11/2014
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
33
14/11/2014
Project Background
Project
: INFINITY, Porur
Top 6m
Below 6m
Loading Conditions
Foundation type
: Raft
Loading Intensity
: 100 kPa
Settlement criteria
: < 100 mm
34
14/11/2014
GI Technique
Dia. & Pattern
Construction Time
Foundation Cost
No Savings in Cost
Savings in Time for about 6 months
Reduced Carbon footprint
Locally available stone material (avoided usage of large quantity of cement and steel)
Early Completion of Project (benefit to Investor by Saving site OH + benefit to Banker by
early disbursement of Loans => Early completion and delivered to End User)
= Square grid
Column spacing
35
14/11/2014
Monitoring of Settlements
To check post treatment performance of ground
Established 14 settlement monitoring points
Regular monitoring of vertical movement of raft foundation
Monitoring of Settlements
Pour 2: P2S1 & P2S2
Load vs Time Curve
Super structure load (kPa)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
Settlement 'mm'
30
40
50
60
70
Point: P2S1
Point: P2S2
10
12
14
Time in Weeks
16
18
20
22
24
26
Monitoring
points
Construction
Status
Equivalent
Settlement
loading (kPa) obtained (mm)
P1S1
P1S2
4th Floor
Completed
4th Floor
Completed
75
< 20
75
< 20
36
14/11/2014
Completed Structure
Liquefaction Mitigation
Innovative techniques
37
14/11/2014
Static Loads
Self weight of turbine
: 150 T
Self weight of foundation: 300 T
Geotechnical Challenges
38
14/11/2014
Site Layout
10
20
90
100
858
GAL 14
856
854
852
Elevation [m]
850
848
846
844
842
840
838
39
14/11/2014
40
14/11/2014
50
Pressure in KN/m2
100
150
200
250
300
Settlement, mm
Load Intensity
= 200 KPa
Depth of fdn, Df
= 2.1m
Size of fdn, B
= 10.2m
P, applied load
= 200 KPa
w, obs settlement
= 3.05mm
, Poissons ratio
= 0.33
Es
= Iw(/4)(p/w)*D*(1-2)
G
= E/2*(1+)
Estimated KR, PLT
> Required KR
10
12
Rotational Stiffness
1.
2.
3.
Es = (/4)(p/w)*D*(1-2)
4.
Rotational Stiffness
G = Es/2(1+ )
.....DNV/RISO
41
14/11/2014
2.
These techniques can be used both for heavy, tall & settlement
sensitive structures and also for smaller simpler structures
3.
4.
Borehole Stability
Operational Efficiency
Quality Control
42
14/11/2014
Location
Structure
Construction Site
Execution Challenges
1. Busy Traffic
2. Congested Roads and Limited Working Place
3. Limited working hours
4. Presence of Live Utilities
5. Weak soils up to 50m depth
43
14/11/2014
Design Profile
0m
Road Strata
3m
Soft clay
Water table
16
Ave. N =
10
g
bulk, kN/m
6m
Loose sand
14 m
Stiff to Hard Clay
18
Ave. N =
25
Ave. LL =
47
Ave. PI =
26
g
bulk, kN/m
Weathered Rock
3
g
bulk, kN/m
2.0
Ave. N = >100
BH Termination level
42 m
Water Table
Water Table
44
14/11/2014
Property to be
Measured
Fresh Bentonite
During
Excavation
Prior to
Concreting
Density
Mud balance
1.015 to 1.06
1.015 to 1.3
< 1.20
Viscosity
>30 sec
32 to 65
N.A.
pH indicator
8 to 12
6.5 to 12
N.A.
NA
<25%
<4%
After Mixing
Prior to
concreting
pH
Sand Content
Frequency
45
14/11/2014
Bentonite
Earth
Bund
46
14/11/2014
47
14/11/2014
48
14/11/2014
Introduction to Polymer
Advantages of Polymer over Bentonite
Operational convenience
Lesser plant
Lesser activities
Reduced time
Easy Disposal
Technical advantages
Environmental friendly
Preparation
Can be used immediately after mixing. Unlike Bentonite which requires 24 hours
advanced mixing for full hydration.
2.
Work
For bentonite desanding is required to reduce the sand content prior to
re-use after return from pile hole. Polymer do not require desanding.
3.
Cost
Unwanted mud from the desanding process needs to be treated properly and
taken to a landfill to dispose. The cost is high.
4.
Pile Capacity
Pile installed using polymer get better skin friction than the pile installed
using bentonite.
49
14/11/2014
Note 2:
Set up the Silo, square tank and mixer based on standard layout. Always make provisions to
switch to Bentonite in case the soil report are inaccurate. There may be loose sand at depths
which is difficult to be sealed off by temporary casing. Always make provision to add desander.
Note 3:
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING COLLAPSE , BENTONITE IS BETTER THAN
POLYMER.
Fresh Polymer
Viscosity
32 60 sec
40 60 sec
N.A
Density
Mud balance
1.02 to 1.06
1.02 to 1.15
< 1.25
pH
pH indicator
8 to 12
8 to 12
N.A
Sand Content
N.A
N.A
<4%
50
14/11/2014
51
14/11/2014
52
14/11/2014
53
14/11/2014
54
14/11/2014
Shallow Foundations (Innovative technologies to suit the project boundary conditions e.g.
dry VR Techniques using bottom-feed method)
55
14/11/2014
Summary
Design & Build Expertise will ensure savings in Cost & Time for the investor.
Also ensures, implementation of latest techniques in foundation construction.
Safety goal of zero accidents is possible with dedicated safety systems and
motivated leadership.
www.kellerindia.com
56
14/11/2014
57