Tackling Societal Challenges

Task 3.
3 Tackling Societal Challenges: Interim Report

Sophie Tang and Odette Paramor
&
The University of Nottingham Ningbo China
May 2014
2014 5
DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges
Preface
The work presented in this report is on-going and should be considered a work-in-progress.
Two approaches are being used to achieve Task 3.3 which required DragonSTAR to,
Assess the scientific state of the art in China and European in two specific topics of societal importance and study a
number of potential synergies. The status of cooperation will be studied as well as very specific challenges (under the
two areas) that need to be further addressed through joint research strategies.
The first approach uses two case studies in areas of societal importance (water security and urban agriculture) to
identify areas for potential Sino-European collaboration in the future. These topics were selected because there is
high-level interest in further collaboration (e.g. EU-China Joint Declaration on Urbanisation 2012 and the ongoing
China-EU Dialogue on Agriculture and Rural Development) or because funded examples of Sino-European research
collaboration exist (e.g. FP7 SPRING, EuropeAid EU-China River Basin Management Programme). Also, they are both
topics of global significance and limiting factors in Chinas economic and social development.
At this stage of the project, the approach used was to identify the main drivers of research in these areas in China,
the main funding agencies, the types of research currently funded and the areas which likely to be funded in the
future. Whilst most reviews of Chinese research focus on work which is published in the international literature, the
vast majority of research funded in China is not well represented in this forum. DragonSTAR has instead tried to
focus attention on the projects which have received funding and then searched for research outputs. Due to the
complexities of the Chinese funding systems, much of this information is highly fragmented, difficult to obtain and
presented in highly technical language which is often difficult to translate into English. It is also worth noting that the
information gathered for this report is that which has been considered suitable for public release. There will be
considerable information withheld from public scrutiny, particularly from international scrutiny, for reasons of
confidentiality and concerns about how the information will be used.
The second approach involves interviewing Chinese and European scientists who have first-hand experience of
conducting EU-China research for their recommendations on how best to develop links and deliver research with
China or Europe based researchers, the challenges they have faced, as well as their experience and views of the
more technical aspects of project management and coordination. The interviews for the pilot study have been
completed but are yet to be analysed so the results are not presented here. The full interview campaign will begin in
the summer of 2014. Researchers working in the two case study areas described above will be targeted
preferentially.
Both approaches will be combined to identify specific topics for future collaboration with guidelines on best practice
on how to support and deliver research in these areas from the view point of the researchers.
Odette Paramor and Sophie Tang

Ningbo, P.R. China
May 2014
Index
Preface
Index
1.
1.1
1.2
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.
5.
Background ...............................................................................................................................................
Availability of Information .......................................................................................................................
Idiosyncrasies of the Chinese Funding System .........................................................................................
1.2.1 Guanxi () .......... .......................................................................................................................
1.2.2 Standing on the Shoulders of Giants ............................................................................................
1.2.3 Risk .................................................................................................................................................
1.2.4 Rivalries between Funders ......
1.2.5 Jiangke Fei () .....................................................................................................................
Water Security ..........................................................................................................................................
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................
Chinese Water Policies .............................................................................................................................
2.2.1 12th Five Year Plan ................ ........................................................................................................
2.2.2 2011 No.1 Document on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and Development................
Funding Programmes ...............................................................................................................................
2.3.1 Chinese Funding Schemes ......................................................... ..................................................
2.3.1.1 Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (Water Programme)...
2.3.1.2 National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) ..............................................................
2.3.2 International collaboration ........
2.3.2.1 EU-China .......
2.3.2.2 China EU Member State Cooperation ........
Urban Agriculture .....................................................................................................................................
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................
Chinese Food Security Policies .................................................................................................................
Urban Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................
Chinese Policies on Urban Agriculture ....................................................................................................
3.4.1 Chinese Government Incentives for Urban Agriculture ...............................................................
3.4.2 Chinese Public Research Funding Schemes .................................................................................
Urban Agriculture Research Foci in China ................................................................................................
3.5.1 Urban Agriculture Key Laboratories .............................................................................................
3.5.1.1 Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture (KLUAS) ............................
3.5.2 NSFC-Funded Urban Agriculture Projects .................... ...............................................................
3.5.3 Chinese Urban Agriculture Experts ..............................................................................................
3.5.4 Case studies promoted by the 2014 No.1 Document ..................................................................
3.5.5 Commercial Investment in Urban Agriculture ..............................................................................
3.5.5.1 IEDA and Vertical Farming .............................................................................................................
3.5.6 RUAF and Chinese Demonstrator Cities ..........................................................................................
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................
Reference ...................................................................................................................................................
.
ii
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1
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
9
10
14
16
16
16
42
42
44
48
48
48
50
57
58
59
59
60
60
61
62
66
69
69
69
70
71
72
1.
Background
1.1
Availability of Information
Chinas investment in science and technology is advancing at a prodigious rate [1], yet there is a growing anxiety
amongst its political and scientific leaders that despite these investments the domestic innovation system is still
underperforming [2-4]. There have been several excellent recent reviews of the Chinese research system which
provide possible reasons for this limited impact and which identify several areas of the system which are in urgent
need of reform to address this issue [2, 4, 5]. Two of the main issues relate to the high level of fragmentation in the
funding system and its lack of transparency. These issues were also encountered in the preparation of this report
when trying to collect information on research being conducted in China and are worth describing as they impact
international understanding and knowledge of Chinese research and innovation and will affect any attempts to
identify research areas of mutual interest.
A highly fragmented funding system
Researchers can apply for funding from several sources as most ministries and funding organisations have
overlapping research remits. For instance, projects to support one of the 16 national Major Science and Technology
Programmes (also called Mega-Engineering Projects) on Water Pollution Control may be eligible for funding from
the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) and the Ministry of Science
and Technology (MoST) who all have overlapping responsibilities for research in this area. To complicate things
further, most ministries also operate a hierarchical funding structure with the same pattern of grants available at the
different levels (e.g. applications for Key Labs can be made at the municipal, provincial and national levels under
the general remit of MoST but administered by MoST bureaux operating at the different levels), often with no clear
lines of communication between the different ministries or between the different levels of a ministry1. Overlying this
structure are other funding organisations, such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), who
may also fund research of relevance to this programme. Identifying where to start looking for information on specific
research disciplines is in itself a difficult task.
Commercial Chinese companies are now also investing in research and development and there have been several
significant investments in universities and research institutions both domestically and internationally in recent years
[6, 7]. Sources of information on these types of research funding are particularly fragmented but do tend to be
advertised.
It has been widely reported that this complicated system with its lack of clear lines of communication between and within
ministries has led to an exploitation of the system with identical research proposals being submitted to, and funded by, multiple
agencies.
A lack of transparency & information about funded research
Information on the research funded by the different ministries and funding organisations, such as the NSFC, is not
published widely and is not usually available on their websites. The reasons for this are likely to be complex, but
include concerns about confidentiality and how the information will be used and interpreted, particularly by
foreigners. During the compilation of the case studies for this report, only limited information on funded projects
had been considered suitable for public release on the internet and none of it had been translated into English or
other languages thereby excluding this intelligence from the vast majority of international researchers who may also
be working in these areas.
The general lack of transparency in how research funding has been used has been widely reported in the Chinese
and international media as there have been several high profile investigations into the misappropriation of research
funds [8]. There are claims that only around 40% of Chinese research funding has actually been used for scientific
research.
International scientific databases such as Scopus and Web of Knowledge further exacerbate the problem of
identifying research conducted by specific Chinese researchers as their software does not recognise Chinese
characters. This forces Chinese researchers to translate their names into pinyin and/or adopt more Anglicised
versions of their names2 [9]. Estimates by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security suggest that more than 1.1 billion
people (approximately 85% of Chinas population) use only 129 surnames. This low diversity in names is reduced
further with pinyin, as the same pinyin name can be used to represent several different names in Chinese
characters3. This makes it extremely difficult to search for publications associated with a Chinese project using
standard international scientific tools even if one knows the name and institution of a projects PI which are the
types of information most likely to be released by funding agencies4. These databases are now assigning unique
identifier codes to researchers but these are not well used for the moment and there is still considerable confusion.
Pinyin uses the Latin alphabet to represent phonetic sounds in Chinese and is used in place of Chinese characters (e.g. is
translated into Ai Ling in pinyin. In this case, it is common to convert Ai Ling into Aileen or Eileen in English). The situation
can be complicated even further as some characters can have multiple spellings in pinyin (e.g. can be spelled as Le, or Yue
in pinyin and researchers may not be consistent in their use of pinyin name).
3
For instance, the pinyin name Wu can be used to represent five different Chinese names ( ), Yu may
represent five names (), Qiu may represent four names () and so on.
4
A Scopus search returned 3016 documents in 28 different fields of research when asked to find work published by a researcher
named Wang, Y. at Chongqing University. This is not unusual.
1.2
Idiosyncrasies of the Chinese Funding System
The idiosyncrasies of the Chinese funding system are also worth noting as there are significant cultural differences
between the EU and China systems (the observations made here are the personal observations of the authors and
do not reflect the views of their institution or funders). These primarily relate to:
1.2.1
Guanxi ()
The concept of guanxi in China cannot easily be explained in English, but essentially it relates to a special type of
mutualistic relationship in which individuals support and promote each other to other individuals or organisations,
forming a network which permeates through both the professional and personal aspects of their lives. Many guanxi
relationships are made during the training stages of a researchers life at school and university but they may also be
made later in life based on individuals have the same hometown or some other shared commons (including
extended families). Whilst the social status of individuals in a guanxi relationship may differ, it is expected that the
relationship will be balanced in terms of the reciprocal benefits each receives in the longer term.
The influence of guanxi on research in China cannot be underestimated, particularly at municipal and provincial
levels. From the personal experiences of the authors, and from anecdotal evidence of Chinese researcher colleagues,
significant amounts of research funding are allocated privately in this way. Without guanxi (whether an individuals
own or via one of their guanxi benefactors), it can be extremely difficult for a researcher to receive funding or even
be able to network and meet new collaborators within China. Both of these activities require that researchers are
introduced to funders and potential collaborators via guanxi relationships. In this area, social events are a
particularly important tool to help build and reinforce new links. Significant grant applications require months if not
years of preparation and relationships with the key contacts are usually first developed in a social arena.
From the perspective of funding agencies, guanxi is seen as a positive phenomenon as it means that funders can
support and work with researchers who have been personally recommended to them by trusted associates. Unlike in
Europe where individual researchers are assessed using more clinical measures requiring documented proof of their
credibility and an assessment by evaluators who may not know them, the Chinese system relies instead on a more
personal approach which many in China consider to be more efficient and reliable.
Whilst foreign researchers are not expected to understand the finer aspects of guanxi, they are usually expected to
understand the general concept if they intend to work in China, and will need to consider what they have to offer
potential guanxi contacts to balance any assistance or hospitality they may receive. It is considered extremely
disrespectful not to reciprocate if one has benefited from a guanxi relationship.
1.2.2
Standing on the shoulders of giants
Applying for Chinese grants requires that the researcher is both humble and respectful towards senior Chinese
researchers in the field. Not only must the supporting text of a proposal be balanced between research conducted in
China and internationally, but the proposers must also cite and acknowledge the contribution made by those senior
scientists who are likely to be reviewing their applications (for this reason, the list of evaluators are supplied in this
report where possible). Proposals which fail to emphasise any one of these three aspects are unlikely to be properly
reviewed and are unlikely to succeed.
Also, promotion of an applicants own work in a proposal is not considered to be a demonstration of their
competence and credibility in an area, but is instead perceived as boastful and uncouth. Again, this will damage a
proposals chances of success.
1.2.3
Risk
Whilst some funding agencies such as the NSFC are reforming their approach to risk, most Chinese funders are highly
risk averse. Proposals must contain clear unambiguous descriptions of their intended outcomes supported by
detailed descriptions of how those outcomes will be achieved. The level of detail required in a Chinese application is
significantly higher than that demanded by EU grant applications. Researchers must be confident that the project
outcomes can delivered before work has even started as failure will affect the success of future grant applications
and hinder the careers of the researchers involved.
Funders also try to reduce risk by focussing most of their resources on the more experienced researchers. Eligibility
for most grants is determined by whether a researcher has a track history of successful grant management. For
instance, the NSFC will only accept applications for its International Cooperation Programme from NSFC grant
holders who have successfully delivered at least one smaller project. Although exceptions have been made for a few
very senior international researchers, most international researchers working in China will need to prove themselves
capable of delivering smaller Chinese grants before they will be eligible to apply for the larger grants even if they
have substantial international research experience.
1.2.4
Rivalries between Funders
Many Chinese ministries operated a hierarchical funding structure at national, provincial and municipal (city) levels
with the same pattern of funding supported at each level. For instance international cooperation grants may be
available from a single ministry at national, provincial and municipal levels and administered independently at each
level. It has been reported that this structure can lead to rivalries between funders at the different levels
(particularly provincial and municipal levels) and within levels (e.g. between different cities in a province or between
provinces). For instance, it is generally considered more difficult for researchers in the wealthy city of Ningbo to
4
obtain grants from the Zhejiang province-level funders than from their municipal-level funders. The general
perception for this is that Zhejiang-level funders would prefer to prioritise research in the provinces capital city of
Hangzhou which hosts Zhejiang University (one of the top five universities in China) or other less wealthy cities in the
province than send money to Ningbo whose municipal-level schemes can afford to support the research of its own
universities. Again, the issue of guanxi may also play a role here. National-level funding schemes are generally
considered to be the most fair (e.g. NSFC).
1.2.5
Jiangke Fei ()
Jiangke fei is a cash payment made to senior researchers to attend Chinese-organised workshops and conferences.
These honoraria are usually given to key note speakers but also any senior delegates who may attend (in addition to
their travel and subsistence costs). For some academics, this is an important supplement to their income as Chinese
universities pay relatively low salaries compared to other professional groups. Current rates are between 500
2000RMB a day for a senior researcher but can be in excess of 5000RMB for a distinguished guest speaker.
Jiangke fei are mentioned here as they are essential for hosting workshops in China and it is extremely difficult to
claim these types of expenses from international funding sources as there is no clear audit trail.
2.
Water Security
2.1
Introduction
Water is essential for life and may be considered a limiting factor in Chinas economic and social development. As a
country, China suffers from a severe shortage of water as a result of both its climate5 and demographics, but these
shortages are being further exacerbated by significant levels of water pollution in many parts of the country and the
long-term effects of a fragmented and ineffective water governance system. Chinas per capita availability of
renewable water is around 28% of the world average, but water consumption per unit of GDP is three times the
world average because of water intensive industrial structure, outdated technologies, low reuse rate and
wastefulness [10]. The Chinese Ministry of Water Resources has reported that two thirds of Chinas 669 cities are
suffering from water shortages, with 110 classified as severe [11].
In terms of demographics, much of Chinas population, agricultural land and industry is located towards the north,
whilst the majority of its water is located in the south and there are extreme disparities in the water resources
available per capita across the country (Figure 1 and Table 1). For instance, the Huang, Huai and Hai Rivers and their
catchment areas (see Figure 2 for their location) support 34% of Chinas population but contain only 7.5% of its
freshwater resources (Table 2). This area is also responsible for the delivery of 34% of the countrys food production
whose productivity is strongly affected by water availability so there are also important implications for the countrys
food security [12]. By contrast, the south of the country supports 53% of the total population but contains 80.9% of
the nations water (Table 2).
Water is used primarily for agricultural, industrial and for domestic purposes and demands for increased water
resources are increasing across all three areas (Table 3). The proportions of water used for these purposes are
changing too as a result of increased economic development, urbanisation and population size (Table 3). Agricultural
demands claim the highest proportion6, but overall demand from industry has doubled from 10% in 1983 to 23% in
2006 [11] and there is a growing demand from the increasing urban
5 The temporal dynamics of Chinas water resources are determined by precipitation and approximately 98% of Chinas surface waters are
recharged in this way [5].
6 Roughly, the production of one tonne of crop requires 1000 litres of water so there are major water resources issues if China demands
increased domestic food security.
Figure 1. Per capita availability of water by province in 1998 [13]

population with the installation of indoor plumbing, showers and flush toilets in their accommodation [14]. The
increased demand for energy across these three sectors also has implications for water security as water is essential
for the generation of the majority of Chinas electricity acting as a coolant in power plants, generating energy
through hydroelectricity stations, in addition to the requirements for the manufacture and construction of
equipment for power generation [15]. It has been suggested that up to 97% of Chinas electricity generation is
dependent upon water [16].
Table 1. Measures of water scarcity [17]

Water availability,
m3 per capita per year
< 1700
< 1000
< 500
Consequences
Disruptive water shortages can occur frequently
Severe water shortages can occur threatening food production and
economic development
Absolute water scarcity
Table 2. Spatial distribution of Chinas water resources and per capita availability [17]
Region
North (total)
Song-Liao
Hai-Luan
Huai
Yellow
Northwest
South (total)
Yangtze
Pearl
South Eastern
South Western
Total
Mean annual renewable water resources,

billions m3 (%)
Surface water Ground water Total
Population,
Millions (%)
450.7 (16.6)
165.3 (6.1)
28.8 (1.1)
74.1 (2.7)
66.1 (2.4)
116.4 (4.3)
2260.8 (83.4)
951.3 (35.1)
468.5 (17.3)
255.7 (9.4)
585.3 (21.6)
2711.5 (100)
592.4 (45.2)
119.6 (9.1)
133.9 (10.2)
198.8 (15.2)
110.6 (8.4)
29.5 (2.3)
694.7 (53.0)
428.3 (32.7)
171.0 (13.0)
74.5 (5.7)
20.9 (1.6)
1311.1 (100)
255.1 (30.8)
62.5 (7.5)
26.5 (3.2)
39.3 (4.7)
40.6 (4.9)
86.2 (10.4)
591.7 (69.3)
246.4 (29.7)
111.6 (13.5)
61.3 (7.4)
154.4 (18.6)
828.8 (100)
535.8 (19.1)
192.8 (6.9)
42.1 (1.5)
96.1 (3.4)
74.4 (2.6)
130.4 (4.6)
2276.6 (80.9)
961.3 (34.2)
470.8 (16.7)
259.2 (9.2)
583.3 (20.8)
2812.4 (100)
Annual per
capita water
resources,
m3
904.1
1621.1
314.4
483.4
672.4
4417.2
3276.6
2244.7
2753.3
3481.3
28064.7
2145.1
Liao River ()
Hai River ()
Yellow River
(Huang He/ )
Huai River ()
Yangtze River
(Chiang Jiang/ )
Pearl River ()
Figure 2. The location of Chinas main rivers and main tributaries [18]

Table 3. Projections of water demand in the North China Plain provinces (millions m 3 and (%)) between 1998
2020 [13]
Province
Year
1998
Beijing
2010
2020
1998
Tianjin
2010
2020
1998
Hebei
2010
2020
1998
Shandong
2010
2020
1998
Henan
2010
2020
2.2
Urban and
rural
1224.00
(30.24)
1509.66
(33.47)
1780.31
(36.35)
485.00
(22.53)
655.34
(27.07)
815.96
(30.54)
2173.00
(9.60)
3195.61
(14.05)
4176.02
(18.00)
2445.00
(11.96)
3760.14
(17.14)
5028.64
(20.83)
2789.00
(11.76)
4234.89
(16.35)
5618.07
(20.41)
Industry
Agriculture
1084.00
(26.79)
1366.93
(30.31)
1565.61
(31.97)
619.00
(28.75)
780.57
(32.24)
894.02
(33.79)
2700.00
(11.93)
3404.73
(20.46)
3899.59
(22.44)
4342.00
(15.83)
5475.30
(18.85)
6271.12
(19.78)
3693.00
(16.03)
4656.91
(19.20)
5333.77
(21.04)
1739.00
(42.97)
1633.64
(36.22)
1551.16
(31.68)
1049.00
(48.72)
985.44
(40.70)
935.69
(35.37)
17754.00
(78.46)
16678.32
(65.49)
15836.24
(59.56)
18656.00
(72.17)
17525.67
(64.01)
16640.81
(55.68)
16836.00
(72.21)
15815.94
(64.45)
15017.40
(58.55)
Total
water use
Increment
4047.00
4510.23
463.23
4897.08
850.08
2153.00
2421.35
268.35
2645.66
492.66
22627.00
23278.66
651.66
23911.85
1284.85
25443.00
26761.12
1318.12
27940.57
2497.57
23327.00
24707.75
1380.75
26969.24
2642.24
Chinese Water Policies
The management of water resources in China is a complex process governed by several ministries with overlapping
remits operating at different levels of government (Figure 3). Whilst it has long been recognised that China is facing
a water crisis, reform of its water resource management did not begin until the late 1990s following a period of
extreme water shortages which threatened food security [14, 17]. More recently there have been three policy
documents which have rapidly advanced the reform of water management: the 11 th Five Year Plan (2006 2010),
the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) and the 2011 No.1 Document on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and
Development 2011-2020.
2.2.1
12th Five Year Plan
The 12th Five Year Plan continued the water reforms initiated in the 11th Five Year Plan (see Table 4 for examples of
projects funded) and demanded:
(1)
A reduction in water usage by industry & agriculture
A 30% reduction in water intensity (water consumed per unit of value-added industrial output).
Unfortunately, this will still lead to an overall increase in water usage from 599 billion m3 in 2010 to 620
billion m3 by 2015 as China continues its economic development.
Investments in water management and infrastructure to improve irrigation for agriculture.
(2)
Pollution targets
A 10% reduction in ammonium nitrate and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from 2007 levels. These
targets were set following the first national census of water pollution in 2010 when it was discovered that
more than 6 million sources of residential, industrial and agricultural pollution were missing from previous
measures of water contamination and that >40% of Chinas COD and >55% of its nitrogen discharges come
from agricultural sources. The impact of these target on food production and security is unclear.
A 15% reduction in heavy metal pollution (specifically lead, mercury, chromium, cadmium and arsenic) by
2015 from 2007 levels.
(3)
Infrastructure
Accelerate the construction of wastewater treatment and recycling pipes.

(4)
Water quality
Improve the water quality of rivers and lakes.

(5)
Water fee
The development of a water fee collection structure at central and local levels to implement the most
stringent water management system [16].
The demonstrator areas and projects identified for the 12th Five Year Plan include over 300 technology projects
focussed on improving water quality in several major river basins (namely three rivers7, three lakes8, a stream9, and
a reservoir10) [19]. These projects include:
The whole process treatment technology of heavy-polluted industrial wastewater (

);
Three rivers refer to River Huai (), River Hai () and River Liao ().
Three lakes refer to Lake Tai (), Lake Chao and Lake Dian .
A stream refers to Stream Songhua ().
10
A reservoir refers to Three Gorges Reservoir ().
10
The comprehensively harnessing techniques of heavy-polluted river and eutrophic lakes (

);
Non-point source pollution control technology ();
Water purification technology applicable to different water resources and quality (

);
The risk assessment and warning by remote sensing and monitoring of water environment (
);
The development of equipment for monitoring and warning ();
The purification of drinking water to improve quality ();
Network leak detection equipment ().
11

Table 4. 11th Five Year Plan: Water Programmes funded by the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control and Treatment
Theme
Project
Watershed Pollution Management and

Eutrophication Comprehensive Control
Technology and Demonstration/
2008ZX07102
Where
What
Who
Beijin and River

Dian in Yunnan
Province
Lake Dianchi is one of the three lakes on Chinese central government' s agenda for
implementing immediate eutrophication and algal bloom control A six-step
methodology framework on long-term watershed management planning was
proposed in this paper to meet the decision making requirements on eutrophication
controlThe framework is based on lake carrying capacity and Total Maximum Daily
Load ( TMDL) and consists of components including eutrophication diagnosis
investigation and evaluationTMDL and carrying capacity calculationplanning
tasks designingadaptive managementand strategic solutions proposal An
integrated load reduction system was thereby designed to achieve water quality goals
in two planning periods and under four watershed-scale development
scenarios The strategic solutions were then proposed for eutrophication control in
Lake Dianchi
College of Environmental Science

and Engineering, Peking University
(PI: Huaicheng Guo ), and
the Key Laboratory of Water and
Sediment Sciences Ministry of
EducationPeking University
Xiaozhen Hu () from Chinese

Research Academy of
Environmental Science (
)
Integration Research of Lake Eutrophication

Comprehensive Control Technology (
)
(2009ZX07106-005) with 6 sub-themes.
Lakes
River
The Research and Demonstration of

Environment Comprehensive Management
and Ecological Restoration Technology for
the Arid and Semi - arid Regions (
)2009ZX07106-004
The Conservation of Water Quality and
Quantity and Habitat Improvement
Technology for Typical Water Shortages in
the North (
)2009ZX07106003
The Water Quality Improvement Aquatic
Vegetation Construction Technology of
Typical Southern Urban Landscape (
) 2009ZX07106-002
The Integrated Technology of Overall
Treatment for Water Environment
2009ZX07212005
Hongqiang Hong () from the

Chinese Research Academy of
Lakes, Xinjiang (
)
Xinjiang
Province
Dongchanghu
City
Research and development of wetland purifying water quality and Optimal Allocation
of Water Replenishment of Water Technology to support water environment
improvement in the North.
Hangzhou City
Qimin Ma () from Ocean

University of China (
Zhenbin Wu () from
Institute of Hydrobiology, CAS (
)
Binghu Tian () from the
Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Science, CAS (
)
Special River
12

The Research and Demonstration of the Key
Technology of Water Pollution Control and
Wetland Ecological Restoration for the
Upper Reaches of Yellow River Irrigation
Area of Farmland (
) 2009ZX07212-004
Monitoring
and Warning
Special River
The Key Technology and Engineering

Demonstration for Water Quality Safety
and Security of Main Canal in the South-toNorth Water Transfer Project (
)2009ZX07212-003Four Years
. Key words:

Study on the Framework of Environmental

Technology Verification (ETV)
2009ZX07529-007
13
Zhengli Yang () from

Institute of Environment and
Sustainable Development in
agirculture, CAAS (
)
Hanhong Chen from

China University of Geosciences in
Beijing
Qianwu Song () Chinese

Research Academy of
Environmental Science (
)
2.2.2
2011 No.1 Document on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and Development
The 2011 No.1 Document on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and Development 2011-2020 is the single
most important piece of water-specific legislation in China. It was introduced to accelerate the reform of water
resource management and achieve sustainable use of water within the decade with a budget of 4000 trillion RMB
(500 billion) over ten years [10, 20]. This was double the previous budget [21]. A Three Red Lines structure was
used to set targets and operationalise the policy [20]. These were:
(1) The Red Line to limit total water use by demand management11, with a target of reducing the total
quantity of water consumed nationwide to below 700 billion m3 by 2030;
(2) The Red Line to achieve higher water use efficiency in industry and agriculture, with targets for attaining
or approaching world advanced levels of water use efficiency in these areas;
(3) The Red Line to improve water quality by reducing pollution loads within Water Functional Zones, with
targets controlling the total quantity of major pollutants discharged into rivers and lakes to within the
pollutant absorption capacity of the water function areas and raising water quality compliance rates in such
areas to higher than 95%.
In order to realise the Three Red Lines, additional shorter-term targets for water resource management were
specified for 2015 and 2020. The priorities for investment for the first phase (2010-2015) were identified as: water
resource security (35% of the investment), flood control and disaster relief (28%), irrigation and farmland
conservation (20%) and water and soil conservation (7%).
11
Demand-driven water resource management ignores the economic nature of water resources and can lead to escalations in
conflict between locally limited water availability and water demand 17.
Jiang, Y., China's water scarcity. Journal of
Environmental Management, 2009. 90(11): p. 3185-3196..
14
Figure 3. Overview of government hierarchy related to the management of water resources [22]
15
2.3
Funding Programmes
Research in the area of water security covers an extremely broad range of issues across multiple disciplines and may
be funded by both the public and private sectors.
2.3.1
Chinese Funding Schemes
In terms of the funding available from the State, all the government ministries presented in Figure 3, in addition to
the Ministry of Science and Technology, support research into on water security. Support is also available from the
more traditional funding bodies such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS) have their own funding schemes too (via CAS, the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE),
the Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and the Chinese Academy of Agriculture (CAAS)).
2.3.1.1 Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (Water Programme)
This section focusses on the funding programmes available through the 12th Five Year Plan Major Science and
Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control which is one of the 16 mega-engineering projects supported
by the Five Year Plan programme. Funding for this particular programme may be accessed through several ministries
including the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Science and Technology. The funding
programme for the Ministry of Environmental Protection provided the most complete information on their work
programme in this area.
(1) Ministry of Science and Technology
The Water Pollution Control Programme was the largest investment for MoST in water pollution control since 1949
and is worth up to 30 billion RMB [23]. The focus of the MoST involvement is to address key and common
technological issues related to water pollution control and treatment which limit the
The Ministry of Environmental Protection categorised its funding economic and social development of China.
(2) Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP)
for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control under six themes which were lakes,
rivers, urban, drinking water, monitoring & warning and strategy & policy. These themes were further subcategorised according to specific geographic regions or water sheds.
In 2013, there were four rounds of calls under this programme which were published in May, assessed in June with
successfully funded projects starting in January 2014. Funding came from both central and local sources and was not
usually equally balanced. The list of calls and successful projects are listed in Tables 5, 7, 9 & 11 and Tables 6, 8, 10 &
12 respectively. There was no obvious underlying theme to each of the calls, although the first call had a strong
technology and industrialisation focus to its nine calls and were all supported by budgets over 17 million RMB (Table
5), the second call was dominated by demonstrator schemes (Table 7), the third call was formed of a mixture of 17
16
calls including a couple of relatively small policy schemes (worth 5 million RMB) (Table 9) and the fourth call was
composed of nine large demonstrator schemes (worth between 50 - 105 million RMB each) (Table 11).
MEP published two additional calls in June 2013 on Domestic Water Pollution Control (seven calls worth 20-180
million RMB each) (Table 13) and Securing Drinking Water Safety (ten calls worth 20-180 million RMB each) (Table
14).
The experts used to evaluate the proposals are listed in Tables 15 & 16. Experts are classified as generalists or
specialists under this scheme.
17
Table 5. First call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Basin
Liao River
Stream
Songhua
Task Attribute
Programme Name
Technology
Demonstration
The River Catchment Ecological

Supportability Adjustment and
Pollution Reduction Management
Technology Research (
Technology
Demonstration
The Key Technology and Overall

Demonstration of Stream
Songhua Pollution Prevention
and Treatment, and Ecological
Restoration (
Huai River
Technology
Demonstration
Chao Lake
Technology
Demonstration
Three
Gorges
Reservoir
Technology
Demonstration
Technology Research and Overall

Demonstration of Water Quality
Improvement and Water
Ecological Restoration in Huai
River Catchment (
)
Technology and Project
Demonstration of Water
Pollution Control and Heavy
Metal Area Overall Treatment for
Chao Lake (
)
Technology and Project
Demonstration of Water
Pollution Overall Prevention and
Treatment for Three Gorges
Reservoir (
)
Expenditure
(Million RMB)
Central Local
Project Call Name
The Adjustment and Optimising Technology

Research of River Catchment Landscape Ecology
based on marine ecology system health (
)
The Demonstrative Research into Key Technology

of Stream Songhua Water Ecological Integrity
Evaluation and Restoration (
)
17
17
17
Theme
Local Organization and

Implementation
Duration
Monitoring
and
Warning
Liao Ning Provincial

Department of
Environmental Protection
(), Liao River
Conservation/ Reserve
Area Bureau (
)
01/201412/2016
River
Hei Long Jiang Provincial

Department of
(), Ji Lin
Provincial Department of
()
01/201412/2016
01/201412/2016
The Key Technology Research and Demonstration

of Water Quality- Water Quantity-Water Ecological
United Dispatch for Huai River Catchment (
--
)
20
30
River
Huai River Basin Water

Resources Protection
Bureau (
)
The Technology Integration and Project

Demonstration of Improving Water Quality by
Controlling Cyanobacteria in Western Water
Source Area in Chao Lake (
)
20
30
Lake
The Key Technology Research and Demonstration

of United Dispatch based on Three Gorges
Reservoir and its Downstream Water Environment
(
)
20
20
Lake
18
Key River
Catchment
Industrialized
Key River
Catchment
Industrialized
Key River
Catchment
Industrialized
Industrialized
Key River
Catchment
The Key Technology and Industrialized

Demonstration of The Paper Industry Water
Pollution Control in Key River Catchment (
)
The Key Technology and Industrialized
Demonstration of Pollution Processing and
Recycling for The Printing and Dyeing Industry
Cluster Area in the Key River Catchment (
30
60
River
30
60
River
The Overall Demonstration Research of Water

Pollution Treatment and Environmental Protection
Service Mode for the Industrial Park (
)
30
60
River
The Demonstration of Water Environment

Monitoring Instrument Research and Development,
and Socialized Online -monitoring and
Industrialized the Service (
)
30
60
Lake
19
Table 6. Projects funded under the first call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Project
Project Name
No.
Implementing Unit
2014ZX The Key Technology Research and Demonstration of United Dispatch based on
071040 Three Gorges Reservoir and its Downstream Water Environment ( Wuhan University/
05
)
Principal Investigator Attribute
Local organizational joint trial unit
Guolu Yang/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Chongqing City, Hubei Province/
2014ZX The Key Technology Research and Demonstration of Water Quality- Water
072040 Quantity-Water Ecological United Dispatch for Huai River Catchment ( Wuhan University/
06
-- )
Jun Xia/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Huai River Water Resources

Committee/
(http://szy.hrc.gov.cn/SystemPortal/P
ortal/Main/HomePage.aspx)
2014ZX The Key Technology and Industrialized Demonstration of The Paper Industry
072130 Water Pollution Control in Key River Catchment (
01
)
Kexia Chen/
Industrialization
China Paper Association/
Xiamen Weishibang Membrane

2014ZX The Key Technology and Industrialized Demonstration of Pollution Processing
Technology Co. Ltd/
072150 and Recycling for The Printing and Dyeing Industry Cluster Area in the Key River
Taishan Shi/
01
Catchment ()
(http://xmvisbe.jdol.com.cn/)
Industrialization
The River Catchment Ecological Supportability Adjustment and Pollution

2012ZX
Reduction Management Technology Research ( Environmental Sciences/ Yuan Zhang/
07501
)
2014ZX The Demonstration of Water Environment Monitoring Instrument Research and Focused Photonics Inc. /
075070 Development, and Socialized Online -monitoring and Industrialized the Service
Huajun Ye/
01
()
(http://www.fpi-inc.com/)
2012ZX Water quality improvement and water ecological restoration in the Huai River
07204 Catchment
Nanjing University/
20
Aimin Li/
Deputy chief/
of specialists in
theme two
http://hjxy.nju.edu.cn
/liam/news/?107.html
Common/ Generic
Technology
Table 7. Second call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Basin
Task Attribute
Programme Name
Project Call Name
Liao River
(inflow)
Technology
Demonstration
Technology verification (ETV) and application demonstration

of water pollution reduction in Liao River and other river
catchments/ETV
Songhua River
(outflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Hai River
(inflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Hai River
(inflow)
Technology
Demonstration
Hai River
(inflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Hai River
(inflow)
Technology
Demonstration
Hai River
(inflow)
Technology
Demonstration
Research and demonstration of promoted

governance and technology system for
watershed water pollution prevention and
treatment technology evaluation
(Verification) /
()
The Key Technology and Comprehensive
Demonstration of Songhua Pollution
Prevention and Treatment, and Ecological
Restoration /
Whole set of technology integration and

comprehensive demonstration of the water
quality improvement in the heavy-polluted
river of Hai River Catchment/


Research and demonstration of governance

and technology extension system of
prevention and treatment of water
pollutant in the catchment/
()
Research and demonstration of governance

and technology extension system of
Expenditure
(Million RMB)
Theme
Central
18
Local
5
Technology integration and comprehensive demonstration

for the life cycle management of non-point pollutant from
agriculture in main grain producing areas of Songhua
Catchment/
Technology integration and comprehensive demonstration of

water pollutant management and water quality improvement
in Yanghe section of Yongding River in the northern part of
Hai River system/ -

25
40
River
30
60
River
Key technology and demonstration of wetland restoration in

Ziya river catchment downstream of the southern part of Hai
River System/
28
45
River
Technology integration and catchment demonstration of the

agricultural drainage pollutant management in the condition
of multi-water resources irrigation, for the downstream of
the southern part of Hai River System/
25
40
River
Dissemination research and provincial demonstration of the

best available technology for the water pollution prevention
and treatment of key industry in Hai River catchment/
18
Monitoring
and Warning
Research into technology evaluation and management

system of water prevention and treatment of typical
industrial park in key catchment/
18
Monitoring
and Warning
21
Monitoring
and Warning
Huai River
(inflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Huai River
(inflow)
Technology
Demonstration
Huai River
(inflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Dong River
(outflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Dong River
(outflow)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Key catchment
Industrialization
Key catchment
Industrialization
pollutant in the catchment/

()
Technology research and comprehensive

demonstration of water quality
improvement and water ecological
restoration in the Huai River Catchment/


Technology integration and comprehensive

demonstration of risk management of water
quality and aquatic ecology in Dong River
catchment/

demonstration of risk management of water
quality and aquatic ecology in Dong River
catchment/
Industrialization demonstration of regional

solutions for managing pollutants from
breeding livestock and poultry in key
catchment/
Industrialization of key technology and

equipment for the zero-emission of
refractory waste water (liquid) with salt/
Technology research and demonstration for the source

management and centralized treatment of non-point source
pollutant from agriculture in Shaying River catchment/
25
50
River
Research and demonstration of comprehensive management

of toxic pollutants from industrial and domestic water
pollution in Huai River catchment (Bengbu section in the
upstream of Hongze Lake)/-
24
24
River

water quality improvement for heavy-polluted river in the
downstream of Huai River/
25
50
River

risk management of aquatic environment of typical
watershed () in the upstream of Dong River
catchment/

drinking water safety and security of rivers used as drinking
water source in Dong River catchment/
25
40
River
25
40
River
Industrialization demonstration of regional solutions for

managing pollutants from breeding livestock and poultry in
key catchment/
25
50
Lake
Industrialization of key technology and equipment of

recycling industrial polluted water with salt in high-efficiency
and low-consumption in the key catchment/
10
20
River
22
Key catchment
Demonstrative research into management

innovation of management system and
pollution reduction for aquatic
environment/
Key catchment

innovation of management system and
pollution reduction for aquatic
environment/
Research into policy for demonstration,

regarding the management, taxation, paid
use of the water pollutants/
Key catchment
Development and industrialization of deeply oxidation

equipment for high density, non-degradable and organic
wastewater/
10
20
River
Industrialization of equipment to evaporate high density and

highly saline organic wastewater with high efficiency and
energy-saving/
10
20
River
Industrialization of drying equipment for processing industrial

condensed wastewater (liquid) from the fine chemical
engineering industries/
10
20
River
Development and industrialization of incineration equipment

of high-concentration organic liquid wastes containing highly
saline/
Research into comprehensive management system of state's
and catchment's aquatic environment, and demonstrative
results from the trials/
[Integrate research results of management system
reform, and trial demonstration results, to propose a new
management system according to current situation]
Research into management system of managing agricultural
pollutant source, and demonstrative polciy for reducing
pollution emission/
10
20
River
Policy
Policy
Research on public financial policies and its demonstration of

aquatic environment protection/
Policy
23
Table 8. Projects funded under the second call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Project No.
Project Name
Implementing Unit
Principal Investigator
Attribute
2014ZX07114001
Industrialization demonstration of regional solutions for

managing pollutants from breeding livestock and poultry in key
catchment/
Technology integration and comprehensive demonstration for

the life cycle management of non-point pollutant from
agriculture in main grain producing areas of Songhua
Catchment/
CSD (Beijing) Environmental Protection/
(http://www.zchb.net/csd )
Kai Shao/
Industrialization
Institute of Environment and Sustainable

Development in Agriculture, CAAS/
Zhengli Yang/ (specialist

member in theme two)
(http://www.ieda.org.cn/Html/201
3_03_04/2757_49566_2013_03_04
_49580.html)
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Heilongjiang
Province/
2012ZX07203
Whole set of technology integration and comprehensive

demonstration of the water quality improvement in the heavypolluted river of Hai River Catchment/
Research Centre for Eco-Environmental

Sciences, CAS/
2014ZX07203008
Key technology and demonstration of wetland restoration in

Ziya river catchment downstream of the southern part of Hai
River System/
Peking University/
Baoqing Shan/Group
Leader/ of specialists in theme
two
(http://sourcedb.cas.cn/sourcedb_r
cees_cas/yw/fs/200906/t20090612
_1038283.html )
Xiaoliu Yang/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Hebei Province/
2014ZX07211001

wastewater/
Sound Group/
(http://www.soundgroup.com/)
Jingzhi Zhang/
Industrialization
2014ZX07204005

water quality improvement for heavy-polluted river in the
downstream of Huai River/
Research Centre for Eco-Environmental

Science, CAS/
(in English)
Aijie Wang/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Jiangsu
Province/
2014ZX07204008
Research and demonstration of comprehensive management

of toxic pollutants from industrial and domestic water
pollution in Huai River catchment (Bengbu section in the
upstream of Hongze Lake)/-
Nanjing University/
Fuqiang Liu/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
2014ZX07201009
24
Local
organizational
joint trial unit

2012ZX07206

risk management of water quality and aquatic ecology in Dong
River catchment/
South China Institute of Environmental

Science. MEP/
(http://www.scies.org/home.asp)
Zhencheng Xu/
2014ZX07206001

risk management of aquatic environment of typical watershed
() in the upstream of Dong River catchment/
Shanghai Jiaotong University/
Yiliang He/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Guangdong
Province/
2014ZX07206005

drinking water safety and security of rivers used as drinking
water source in Dong River catchment/
Industrialization of key technology and equipment for the

zero-emission of refractory waste water (liquid) with salt/
Industrialization of key technology and equipment of recycling

industrial polluted water with salt in high-efficiency and lowconsumption in the key catchment/

Science. MEP/
Fantang Zeng/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Guangdong
Province/
EST/
(http://estpure.com/a/technology.aspx )
Xiaowei Sun/
EST/
(http://estpure.com/a/technology.aspx )
Xiaowei Sun/
Industrialization

wastewater/
Industrialization of equipment to evaporate high density and

highly saline organic wastewater with high efficiency and
energy-saving/
Shanghai Institute for Design & Research

on Environmental Engineering/
(http://huanke.com.cn/08/index.asp )
XI'AN SHAANGU POWER CO.,LTD/
(http://www.shaangu.com/ENGLISH/inde
x.jsp?urltype=tree.TreeTempUrl&wbtreei
d=1070 )
ZHE JIANG HUANXING/
(http://www.zj-zhx.com/)
Yi Zhang/
Industrialization
Jingxin Liu/
Industrialization
Qilin Yu/
Industrialization

Environmental Sciences/
Chunlian Xu/
Common/
Generic
Technology
Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for

Environmental Protection/
( http://www.china-epc.cn/)
Zhiwei Xin/
Common/
Generic
Technology
2014ZX07214
2014ZX07214001
2014ZX07214002
2014ZX07214003
2014ZX07214004
2014ZX07504003
2014ZX07504005
Industrialization of drying equipment for processing industrial

condensed wastewater (liquid) from the fine chemical
engineering industries/
Technology verification (ETV) and application demonstration of

water pollution reduction in Liao River and other river
catchments/ETV
Research into technology evaluation and management system

of water prevention and treatment of typical industrial park in
key catchment/
25

2014ZX07602004
Research into management system of managing agricultural

pollutant source, and demonstrative polciy for reducing
pollution emission/

Science. MEP/
26
Genyi Wu/
Policy
Management
Table 9. Third call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Project No.
Basin
Task Attribute
Programme Name
Project Call Name
2014ZX07101011
Tai Lake /
Taihu/
(freshwater)
Technology
Demonstration
Technology and project demonstration of

eutrophication management and
treatment in Tai Lake/
Business operation system of safety

management and decision-making platform for
aquatic environment in Tai Lake river network
(Taihu catchment)/
2014ZX07508
Liao River
(inflow)/
Technology
Demonstration
2014ZX07503004
Songhua River
(outflow)/
Technology
Demonstration
Technology and comprehensive

demonstration of prevention, treatment,
monitoring, and warning for water
pollution in river catchment/
Technology research and project

demonstration of risk evaluation and
early-warning of catchment aquatic
environment/
2014ZX07105001
Erhai / Erhai
Lake
(freshwater
lake) /
Technology
Demonstration

pollution, habitat improvement and
green watershed construction for Erhai/
2014ZX07509
Key
catchment/
Industrialization
2014ZX07602003
Tai Lake/ Thai

Lake/ Taihu/
(freshwater)
Policy
2014ZX07603002
Tai Lake, Huai

River (inflow)/
Policy
Demonstrative research into

management innovation of management
system and pollution reduction for
aquatic environment/
Research into policy for demonstration,

regarding the management, taxation,
paid use of the water pollutants/
Expenditure
(Million RMB)
Theme
Central
20
Local
10
Key technology development of observation

simulation platform of ecological integrity in Liao
River catchment/
20
10
Monitoring
and Warning
Technology research and application

demonstration of risk monitoring and earlywarning of aquatic environment in cross-border
areas between China and Russia/
29
15
Monitoring
and Warning
Technology system research and demonstration

of comprehensive prevention and treatment of
non-point pollutants from agriculture in Erhai
catchment/
20
20
Lake
Industrialized dissemination mechanism trial and

platform development of technology
achievement of water pollutant management
and treatment/
30
30
Monitoring
and Warning
Research on the strictest management system

design and demonstration of managing industrial
water pollution/
Policy
Research on taxes and duties, and price policy of

urban sewage treatment, and its demonstration/
Policy
27
Lake

2014ZX07602005
Liao River
(inflow), three
gorges/
Policy
2014ZX07510
Key
catchment/
Integration
Demonstrative research into

management innovation of management
system and pollution reduction for
Technology and comprehensive

demonstration of preventing, treating,
monitoring, and early-warning of
catchment water pollution/
Research on the innovation of system and

mechanism, and integration and demonstration
of catchment ecological civilization construction/
Technology integration and efficiency evaluation

of catchment water pollution management and
treatment/
28
Policy
40
Special
Integration
Table 10. Projects funded under the third call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Project No.
Project Name
Implementing Unit
2012ZX07101

Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
eutrophication management and treatment in Tai
Sciences/
Lake/
2012ZX07105
Local
organizational
joint trial unit
Binghui Zheng/ Group Leader/ in theme

one specialist list(http://craes.cn/c/cn/news/201107/20/news_2488.html )
Platform of business operation system of safety

management and decision-making for aquatic
Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, CAS/
2014ZX07101011 environment in Tai Lake river network (Taihu
Weiping Hu/
catchment)/

prevention and treatment of water pollution,
habitat improvement and green watershed
Shanghai Jiaotong University/
construction for Erhai/
Attribute
Jiangsu
Comprehensive
Province/
Demonstration
Hainan Kong/ Special Advisor/ in

theme one specialist list
Technology system research and demonstration

of comprehensive prevention and treatment of Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning, CAAS/ Hongbin Liu/
2014ZX07105001 non-point pollutants from agriculture in Erhai
catchment/ (http://iarrp.cn/sites/IARRP/)
Yunnan
Comprehensive
Province/
Demonstration
Key technology development of observation

Liaoning Academy of Environmental Sciences/
simulation platform of ecological integrity in Liao
2014ZX07508001
Jinghai Zhu/
River catchment/ (http://food.nstl.gov.cn/pollute/MirrorResources
/7032/ )
Common/
Generic
Technology (
)

of catchment water pollution management and Chinese Research Academy of Environmental
2014ZX07510001
treatment/ Sciences/
Common/
Generic
Technology
29
Qiujin Xu/
2012ZX07503
Technology and comprehensive demonstration of

preventing, treating, monitoring, and earlyChinese Research Academy of Environmental
warning of catchment water pollution/ Sciences/
Technology research and application

demonstration of risk monitoring and earlyNanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences,
2014ZX07503004 warning of aquatic environment in cross-border
MEP/
areas between China and Russia/
Fengchang Wu/
Jixi Gao/
2013ZX07504

of catchment water pollution management and
Tsinghua University/
treatment/
Kaijun Wang/
2012ZX07506

Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental
innovation of management system and pollution
Science/
reduction for aquatic environment in Tai Lake/
(http://wmdw.jswmw.com/home/?lid=474)
Haisuo Wu/
30
Common/
Generic
Technology
Table 11. Fourth call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Basin
Task Attribute
Programme Name
Project Call Name
Central
Local
Tai Lake/ Thai

Lake/ Taihu/
(freshwater)
Technology
Demonstration
Research and demonstration programme of

monitoring technology system for
catchment aquatic ecology/
Demonstration of technology development and business

operation system for the monitoring and intelligent
management of national aquatic environment/
20
20
Monitoring and
Warning
Liao River
(inflow)/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Technology integration and demonstration of aquatic ecological

development and function restoration of Shenfu section in Hun
River catchment/
30
45
River
Songhua River
(outflow)/
Technology
Demonstration
Technology integration and project

demonstration of comprehensive
treatment of water pollutants in Liao River
catchment/

demonstration of risk evaluation and earlywarning of catchment aquatic
environment/
Research and demonstration of intelligent management

technology cluster for water pollution process in Songhua river
catchment/
20
30
River
Comprehensive
Demonstration

environment/
Technology research and comprehensive demonstration of

comprehensive treatment of water pollutants and water quality
improvement in Yinma River catchment/
35
70
River
Technology
Demonstration

environment/
Key technology and demonstration of securing the safety of

water quality from riverside pumping/ intaking in Songhua River
catchment /
15
15
River
Comprehensive
Demonstration

comprehensive demonstration of
improving water quality of the heavypolluted river in Hai River catchment/
Key technology and comprehensive demonstration of improving

aquatic environment quality of the main stream in Hai River/
35
70
River
Hai River/
Haihe/
(inflow)
31
Expenditure (Million
RMB)
Theme

Comprehensive
Demonstration

comprehensive demonstration of water
quality improvement for heavy-polluted
rivers in Hai River catchment/
Research and demonstration of key technology for water

quality security and ecological restoration in water resources
regulation and storage area of Hai River catchment/
30
60
River
Three gorges/
Technology
Demonstration

comprehensive management and
treatment of water pollution in Three
Gorges Reservoir/
Business system operation of environment perception system

and platform for aquatic ecology in Three Gorges Reservoir/
20
30
Lake
Key
catchment/
Industrialization
R&D and industrialization of plant equipment for high-quality

reclaimed water and water purification/
30
60
Monitoring and
Warning
32
Table 12. Projects funded under the fourth call for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control (funded by the MEP)
Project No.
Project Name
Implementing Unit
Attribute
Local organizational
joint trial unit
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Chongqing City/
2014ZX072010 Key technology and demonstration of

Beijing Normal University/ Yanguo Teng/
10
securing the safety of water quality from
riverside pumping/ intaking in Songhua
River catchment /
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Heilongjiang Province/
2014ZX072010 Technology research and comprehensive Northeast Normal University/ Jiang Feng/
11
treatment of water pollutants and water

quality improvement in Yinma River
catchment/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Jilin Province/
2012ZX07104 Technology and project demonstration China Institute of Water Resources and
of comprehensive management and
Hydropower Research/ Huaidong Zhou/ ( specialist member in theme one)
treatment of water pollution in Three
(http://www.waterscience.cn/zhuanjiaku/zhouhuaidong.ht
Gorges Reservoir/
m)
2014ZX071040 Business system operation of

Chongqing Institute of Green and
06
environment perception system and
Intelligent Technology, CAS/
platform for aquatic ecology in Three
Gorges Reservoir/ (http://www.cigit.cas.cn/)
Jiahu Yuan/
2012ZX07201 Technology research and project

demonstration of risk evaluation and
Yuexi Zhou/ (specialist member in theme two)
early-warning of catchment aquatic
(http://www.craes.cn/cn/hkyr/zhouyx.html)
environment/
33

2014ZX072010 Research and demonstration of
Longjiang Environmental Protection Group Yongjian Piao/
12
intelligent management technology
Plc/
cluster for water pollution process in
Songhua river catchment/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Heilongjiang Province/
2014ZX072020 Technology integration and

Shenyang Jianzhu University/ Jinxiang Fu/
11
demonstration of aquatic ecological
development and function restoration

of Shenfu section in Hun River
catchment/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Liaoning Province/
2014ZX072030 Key technology and comprehensive

Tianjin University/
09
demonstration of improving aquatic
environment quality of the main stream
in Hai River/
Min Ji/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Tianjin City/
2014ZX072030 Research and demonstration of key

Beijing Water Science & Technology
10
technology for water quality security and Institute/
ecological restoration in water resources
regulation and storage area of Hai River
catchment/
Qingyi Meng/
Comprehensive
Demonstration
Beijing/
2012ZX07202 Technology integration and project

treatment of water pollutants in Liao
River catchment/

Environmental Sciences/ Yonghui Song/ Deputy Chief/ of specialists
(http://longjiang.greeningin theme two(http://craes.cn/c/cn/news/2010china.com/ )
11/16/news_2076.html )
34

2014ZX072160 R&D and industrialization of plant
OriginWater/ Richeng Dai/
01
equipment for high-quality reclaimed
(http://www.originwater.com/)
water and water purification/
Industrialization
2013ZX07502 Research and demonstration programme China National Environmental Monitoring Yeyao Wang/ ( specialist member in theme five)
of monitoring technology system for
Centre (CNEMC)/
(http://www.cnemc.cn/publish/totalWebSite/news/news_1
catchment aquatic ecology/
7.html)
2014ZX075020 Demonstration of technology

China National Environmental Monitoring Tingliang Liu/
02
development and business operation
Centre (CNEMC)/
system for the monitoring and intelligent
management of national aquatic
environment/
35
Common/ Generic
Technology

Table 13. Technology research and demonstration for managing urban water pollution and comprehensive treatment of aquatic environment call /
(funded by the MEP)
Programme Name
Expenditure (Million RMB)
Project Call Name
Central
Local
Research and comprehensive demonstration of improving the quality of urban water

environment in Chaohu City/
65
Has to be no less than 65.
1. Technology research and comprehensive demonstration of optimizing drainage system,

and reducing and managing the pollutants in the industrial cluster area/
70
2. Technology research and comprehensive demonstration of aquatic environment

improvement of the urban core area/
65
Has to be no less than 90.5.
3. Technology research and comprehensive demonstration of securing aquatic environment

quality in urbanized new area/
65

urban water pollution management and aquatic environment
treatment in Tien Lake (or Dian Chi) catchment/
Technology development and project demonstration of water quality improvement low

environment impact in Neicaohai (part of Tien Lake) water system/
60
Research and demonstration on system planning and

management technology of urban aquatic environment/
Research and demonstration of regulatory system, and support technology for the
treatment of urban water pollutants/
20
N/A
Technology integration of the management of urban water

pollutants and comprehensive treatment/remediation of
Technology integration of the management of urban water pollutants and comprehensive

treatment/remediation of aquatic environment/
22
N/A

water pollution management and aquatic environment
treatment in Chao Lake catchment/
Technology integration and comprehensive application

demonstration of aquatic environment improvement in Yixing
City/
36

Table 14. Technology research and demonstration of securing drinking water safety/ (funded by the MEP)
Expenditure (Million RMB)
Programme Name
Project Call Name
Management technology integration and

capability development of securing drinking
water safety/
1. Research into monitoring technology of water quality from the source to the tap, and the
standardization of the drinking water/
2. Development demonstration of monitoring and managing technology of municipal water supply
systems, and its business operation platform/
1. Research on the emergency water supply technology, and demonstration of emergency
capability development in the key areas/

demonstration of securing drinking water
safety in key river catchments/
Generic technology innovation and

application demonstration of securing
drinking water safety/
Central
Local
20
N/A
45
40
2.Research on pollutant characteristics of water source and security strategy of the drinking water
safety in key river catchments/
45
N/A
3. Technology integration and comprehensive demonstration of water supply in urban and rural
areas of Jiangsu Province/
60
50
35
1. Research and demonstration of technology of refactoring the microcirculation of water system in

architecture/
40
2. Research and demonstration of key technology for intelligent management system of urban
water supply pipeline network/
45
N/A
3. Research and application of original technology for removing special pollutants (e.g. organic
pollutants like chlorinated solvents, and radionuclides) in drinking water/
80
4. Research and demonstration of the technology of optimizing the dispatch of water supply from
the water source, and securing the water quality in Chaohu City/
5. Technology system development of securing the safety water supply for the rural, and its largescale application in key river catchments/
37
Table 15. MEP Generalist Evaluators for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control
Name
Institution
Job Title
Segregation of Duty
Field
Environmental Science/
Wei Meng/
(http://www.craes.cn/cn/kydw/yszj.html )

Sciences/
Academician of Academy of
Engineering /
Chief Engineer/ Professional

Technical Persona in Charge/
/
Jining Chen/
(http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/th/6176/i
ndex.html )
Professor/ (Chancellor of
Tsinghua University)
Deputy Chief Engineer/
Environmental System
Analysis/
Yisheng Shao/ (No Profile)
China Academy of Urban Planning & Design/
Researcher/
Deputy Chief Engineer/
Water Resources and

Environment/
Xiaodong Yu/ (No Profile)
China International Engineering Consulting

Corporation/
Professor Level Senior

Engineer/
Member/
Technical Economy/
Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Science,

CAS/
Researcher/
Member/
China National Environmental Monitoring Centre/
Researcher/
Member/
Professor/
Member/
Environmental Engineering/
Jinnan Wang/ (No Profile)
Chinese Academy For Environmental Planning/
Researcher/
Member/
Environmental Economics/
Bin Yi/
(http://www.chinacses.org/c/cn/news/201202/09/news_3967.html )
Chinese Society For Environmental Sciences/
Researcher/
Member/
Environmental Technology/
Huaidong Zhou/ (No Profile)
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower

Research/

Engineer/
Member/
Environmental Chemistry/
Researcher/
Member/

Engineer/
Member/
Water Supply and Drainage/
Researcher/
Member/
Environmental Management/
Researcher/
Member/
Agro-ecology/
Zijian Wang/
(http://sourcedb.rcees.cas.cn/zw/zjrck/yjy/2009
06/t20090612_1038198.html )
Yeyao Wang/
(http://www.cnemc.cn/publish/totalWebSite/ne
ws/news_17.html)
Kaijun Wang/
(http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/env/6422
/2011/20110219161451921795862/2011021916
1451921795862_.html)
Binghui Zheng/
(http://www.craes.cn/cn/hkyr/zhengbh.html )
Xingcan Zheng/
(http://www.cadreg.com.cn/tabid/148/InfoID/6
741/frtid/180/Default.aspx)
Bing Ke/ (No Profile)
Xurong Mei/
(http://211.147.18.70/templates/jiaoyu_001_1/
second.aspx?nodeid=217&page=ContentPage&c

Sciences/
North China Municipal Engineering Design &
Research Institute/
(in English)
The Administrative Centre for China's Agenda 21/
21
Institute of Environment and Sustainable
Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences/
38

ontentid=281 )
Xiaohu Dai/
(http://sese.tongji.edu.cn/ShowSummary.aspx?i
nfo_id=1983&info_lb=308&flag=99 )
Tongji University/
Professor/
39
Member/
Environmental Engineering/
Table 16. MEP Specialist Evaluators for the Major Science and Technology Programme for Water Pollution Control
Name
Institution
Job Title
Field
Research Interests
Jinan WANG/
Chinese Academy For

Environmental Planning/
Nanjing University/
Researcher/
&
Team Leader/
Professor/
&
Deputy Chief/
Environmental
Economics/
Environmental
Management/
N/A
Zhong MA/
Renmin University of China

(RUC)/
Professor/
Environmental
Economics/
Yi WANG/
Institute of Policy and

Management, CAS/
Researcher/
Environmental
Economics/
Economic evaluation of environment and natural resources, environmental policy and

management, wetland conservation and sustainable development. More can be
referred to in Chinese through the link below
http://envi.ruc.edu.cn/newcn/a/shizililiang/huanjingjingjiyuguanlixi/2011/1104/43.ht
ml.
Sustainable development, public policy, development strategy, resources,
environment, energy, climate change, watershed general management. More can be
referred to in Chinese through the link below.
http://sourcedb.ipm.cas.cn/zw/zjrc/200908/t20090814_2401639.html
Junhao WANG/
Zhejiang University of Finance &

Economics/
Professor/
Ming SU/
Research Institute for Fiscal

Science, Ministry of Finance, P.R.
China/
Researcher/
Industrial
economics/
Economics/
Shiqiu Zhang/
Peking University/
Professor/
Environmental
policy/
Hongxing ZHANG/
Water Resources Division,

Ministry of Water Resources/
Chinese Society for

Senior engineer/
Water resources
conservation/
Environmental
technology/
Jun BI/
Bin YI/
Researcher/
40
Environmental management and policy analysis, environmental risk analysis and

emergency, environmental health assessment and risk management, global change,
low-carbon economics, air pollution control, watershed environment management.
More can be referred to the link after his name in Chinese. For his information in
English, please refer to: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jun_Bi3/ and
http://hjxy.nju.edu.cn/files/faculty/bij.htm
Industrial management, government governance, public enterprise management.

More can be referred to in Chinese through the link below.
http://mba.zufe.edu.cn/jsfc1/zzjs/wjh.htm
Fiscal expenditure policy, finance and tax of 'agriculture, farmer and rural', finance
and tax of energy, environment, and climate. More can be referred to in Chinese
through the link below.
http://www.crifs.org.cn/crifs/html/default/suming/index.html
Environmental and resource economics, environmental management and policy,
global commons, international environmental treaties. More can be referred to the
link after his name in English. http://cese.pku.edu.cn/personal/professor/enviscience/zhangshq/English%20Version.htm
N/A
N/A More can be referred to in Chinese through the link below.

http://www.chinacses.org/cn/zh_xhjs/zh_xhjs_msc.html

Guang XIA/
Shangbin GAO/ (
Linwei ZHANG/
Chazhong GE/
Policy Research Centre for

environment and Economy,
Ministry of Environmental
Protection, P.R.C/
Rural Energy & Environment

Agency, Ministry of Agriculture/
Development Division, Ministry

of Housing and Urban-Rural
Development of the People's
Republic of China (MOHURD)/
Chinese Academy For

Environmental Planning/
Researcher/
Environmental
Policy/
Environmental protection policy research and management. More can be referred to

in Chinese through the link below. http://prcee.org/jgsz/zxld/251268.shtml
Researcher/
Agricultural
Environment/
N/A More can be referred to in Chinese through the link below.

http://www.reea.moa.gov.cn/zzjs/zld/
Deputy Inspector/
Urban Water
Management/
N/A
Researcher/
Environmental
Economics Policy/
Environmental Policies on China's investment overseas. More can be referred to in

Chinese through the link below
(http://www.caep.org.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=430)
41
2.3.1.2
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC)
The NSFC is regarded as one of the most transparent and fairest funding opportunities at national level for
fundamental research and is often used as the vehicle to link Chinas involvement with collaborative international
research programmes which require matched funding.
The NSFC have a series of funding schemes including the Major Programme, Key Programme and General
Programme. Water-related projects are funded under all three themes but the information on them was difficult to
extract as the NSFC funds its research based around eight subject categories, (Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
Chemical Sciences, Life Sciences, Earth Sciences, Engineering and Materials Sciences, Information Sciences,
Management Sciences, Health Sciences) and water projects could appear in any of them.
For this report, the Major Programme was examined as it supported the highest number of projects. According to
the NSFC annual reports, the Major Programme supported very few water projects between 2003 and 2010
although did fund the Long-term Ecological Effect/ Impact of Large-scale Hydraulic Project on the Important
Biological Resources in the Yangtze Basin () project in
2004. This project was managed by Dr Jianbo Chang () from Institute of Hydrobiology, CAS (
) and was worth 8 million RMB between 2004-200712 [24]. In 2011, two water projects were funded to
run between 2012-2016. One was the 20 million RMB Multi phase transfer and its effect of water body in the third
pole geo system project [25] () [26] managed by Dr Yao Tandong (
) from Institute of Tibetan Plateau, CAS and the other project was the Theory and
method of engineering hydraulic computation in changing environment project (
) coordinated by Professor Xi Chen () from Hehai University (), which was worth 15 million
RMB.
2.3.2
International collaboration
There have been several significant European - China collaborations in water research over the last two decades
operating at the level of the EU, Member States and Associated Countries. In more recent years, several
international companies have also participated in water security projects in China (e.g. Atkins and Veolia).
2.3.2.1
EU-China
There is a long history of the EU funding water research in China. A selection of those related to groundwater and
irrigation are presented in Table 17. The size of these projects is varied but there have been significant multi-million
Euro investments.
12
The maximum size of the grant at this time was 10 million RMB.
42
(1)
EU-China River Basin Management Programme (RBMP)
The EU-China River Basin Management Programme aimed to support the Chinese Ministry of Water Resources,
Ministry for Environmental Protection and related Chinese partners, especially River Basin Commissions to enhance
integrated river basin management (IRBM) policies and practices by sharing EU experience and best practices and
helped to support the development of the 2011 No.1 Document on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and
Development which was influenced by the EU Water Framework Directive (2000). RBMP ran between 2007 2012
and had a total value of 186 million (EuropeAid contributed 25 million, the Chinese government contributed 79
million and the World Bank 82.5 million).
One of principal legacies of the EU China River Basin Management Programme, was the China Europe Water
Platform (CEWP) which was launched in 2012 following a joint agreement between the Ministry of Water Resources
of the PRC and the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, represented by the Danish Minister of the
Environment [27]. This Platform is designed to maintain the dialogue on water resources policy, management,
research and private sector involvement regarding water challenges, between China and the EU and its Member
States and associated countries and provide more opportunities for businesses and researchers between China and
the EU [21].
The China-EU 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation was released at the 16th China-EU Summit where the ChinaEU Water Platform was used as a vehicle to promote water policy dialogue, enhance joint scientific research and
business cooperation in the three areas identified by the 2011 No.1 Document Three Red Lines. Currently, CEWP is
focussing on developing EU-China collaboration in the following areas:
Water quantity (water scarcity, drought, ground water, urban water systems, water and security
nexus),
Water use efficiency (water recycling, industrial water use, water and food nexus, water and
energy nexus),
Water quality (pollution reduction, river basin management), and water disasters [28].
These topics are all progressing and there have been a series of meetings and workshops in the last year to better
described potential areas of research. Further information as it develops is available from the CEWP website
(http://cewp.org/).
(2)
SPRING (FP7)
The FP7 SPRING project (Scoping Chinas Environmental Research Excellence and Major Infrastructure: foresight,
potentials and roadmaps) [29] ran a series of EU-China workshops between 2010-2013 to identify the main research
challenges in the areas of climate change, water, atmosphere, biodiversity, soil and natural disasters.
43
2.3.2.2
(1)
China EU Member State Cooperation

Sino-Danish Initiatives
There have been several small Sino-Danish initiatives in water research which have mainly focused on education,
PhD studentships and academic exchanges (Table 18 lists those in the areas of groundwater).
(2)
Sino-Dutch Cooperation
The Joint Scientific Thematic Research Programme (JSTP) is a Sino-Dutch scientific programme for research
collaboration. Between 2009-2013, it funded the Integrated Water Management in Relation to Climate Change and
Sea Level Rise project involving the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW), The Royal Netherlands
Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) and their Chinese
partner organisations (CAS, CASS and MoST) [30]. Both the Chinese and Dutch sides contributed 3 million to the
project.
This programme had four themes:
Predictability of extreme drought and rainfall, especially monsoons and typhoons,
Links between hydrology, morphodynamics and hydrochemistry in relation to policy in the areas of ecology and
sediment management,
Groundwater extraction and management of peat areas,
Management of water-rich areas via information from satellites and sensors.
44
Table 17. EU-China Groundwater and Irrigation Projects [21]

Project Acronym
& Funder
SAFIR4EU
http://www.safir4
eu.org/
EU-funded
Title
Safe and High Quality

Food Protection using
Poor Quality Waters and
Improved Irrigation
Systems and
Management
RECLAIM WATER
(http://www.istworld.org/Project
Details.aspx?Proje
ctId=cdf4c9803a3
64e4b81cf8997d4
1e74b7 )
Water Reclamation
Technologies for safe
artificial groundwater
recharge
Funded by the EU,

DG XII, Program
STD-INCO, and
the Swiss
Government.
Policies for water

savings in the Yellow
River Basin: a DSS
applied to Ningxia and
Shandong
EU-funded
Period
Partners
Chinese Partners
Other Partners
20052009
University of Aarhus (DK) ( Coordinator: F. L. Plauborg),

BRGM (FR), Eawag (CH), Grundfos Bioboosters (DK),
Consorzio di Bonifacia di secondo grado per il Canale
Emiliano Romagnolo (IT), University of Belgrade (CS), Nat.
Agricultural Research Foundation (GR), Polish Academy
of Sciences (PL), NERC (UK), Polish Academy of Sciences
(PL) NERC( UK), University of Copenhagen (DK) SSICA(IT),
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (UK), DHI
(DK).
CAAS, China Agricultural University
NETAFIM Ltd (IL)
20052008
RWTH Aachen (DE) ( Coordinator: T. Melin), BRGM (FR),

DHI (DK), BfG (DE), Eawag (CH), University de Barcelona
(ES), Cranfield University (UK), UNESCO-IHL (NL), RIBO
Technologies BV (NL), Aquafin N.V. (BE), Inst. Za Ekoloski
Inzeniring DOO (SI), TU Berlin (DE), CNR (IT)
Tsinghua University
Mekorot (IL); United Water Int. PTY.

Ltd (AU), Public Utilities Board (SG),
Nat. University of Singapore (SG),
CSIR (ZA), University Nac. Aut. De
Mexico (MX)
University Tecnica de Lisboa (PT) (Coordinato: L.S.

Pereira), CEMAGREF (FR), EPFL (CH), IHE Delft (NL)
Wuhan University of Hydraulic and

Electric Engineering, Ningcia Water
Conservancy Service, Shandong Bojili
Irrigation District, Institute of Water
Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power
Research
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute

(IN)
Central Arid Zone Research Inst. (IN),

Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Cientificas y Tecnicas (AR), Inst. Nac.
de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (AR),
Inst. Nac. de Ciencia Y Tecnica
Hidricas (AR), Environment and
Climate Research Inst. (EG), Haryana
Agricultural University (IN), University
of Cairo (EG), Int. Crops Research Inst.
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (NG)
19982002
Impact of climate
variability on agroecosystems and water
resources in drylands
19972000
Alterra (NL), University degli Studi di Padova (IT), Int.

Institute for Environment and Development (UK)
Ganxu Research Institute of Water

Conservancy, CAS
Improved water and soil

management for
sustainable agriculture
in the Huang-Huai-Hai
rivers plain (North
China)
19941998
Inst. Superior de Agronomia (PT) ( Coordinator: L.S.

Pereira), EPFL (CH), Cranfield University (UK)
Inst. Of Water Conservancy and

Hydroelectric Power Research
45

Development of
methodologies for the
assessment and
management of
groundwater resources
and risks in coastal zone
AsemWaterNet
EU-funded
Multi-stakeholder
platform for ASEM S&T
cooperation on
sustainable water use
19941998
Lab. Nac. de Engenharia Civil (PT) ( Coordinator: J.P.

Lobo-Ferreira), Lab. De. Engenhaia Civil de Macau (PT),
University of Birmingham (UK)
Dalian University of Technology, South

China University of Technology
20052009
BRGM (FR), MTT Agrifood Research Finland (FI), GEUS

(DK), Lab. Nac. De Engenharia Civil (PT) ( Coordinator: J.P.
Lobo Ferreira), Rothamsted Research (UK), Vrije
University (NL), Alterra BV (NL), University of Osnabruck
(DE), WWC (FR)
Hunan Provincial Science and

Technology Department, Research
Centre on Flood and Drought Disaster
Reduction-MWR, Research Centre for
Eco-Environmental Sciences, Centre for
Chinese Agricultural Policy - CAS, Hunan
University, Changjiang Water Resources
Commission
46
Sustainable Water Resources

Research Centre (KR), NCST (VN),
Dep, of Water Resources (TH)
Table 18. Sino-Danish Cooperation Activities in Groundwater [21]

Project
Where
What
Who
When
Funding
Danish Contact
WHATER4COASTS
Laizhou Bay
SV of Beijing
Saline water
instrusion
GEUS, China Geological Survey, Brazilian

Partners
20142016
Danish Programme for Ecoinnovation 2012
Klaus Hinsby, GEUS
Beijing
Master and PhD

education
8 Danish Universities; Danish Ministry of

Higher Education and Science, Graduate
University of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences ( GUCAS)
2010
The participating parties
Hans Gregersen, Aarhus University;

Peter Holm, University of
Copenhagen
Shandong
Groundwater
mapping
COWI, SkyeTEM, Danish Embassy in Beijing;

GEUS (in reference group)
20102011
Danish Ministry of the

Environment
Jens Schultz Hansen, Danish Ministry

of the Environment
China North
Plain
PhD project,
Modellng of the
NCP with RS input
Department of Geography and Geology,

University of Copenhagen; IMWI
20082010
University of Copenhagen, FIVA,

IMWI
Karsten Hgh Jensen, University of

Copenhagen
Department of Geography and Geology,

University of Copenhagen; Beijing Normal
University
2010
Department of Geography and

Geology, University of
Copenhagen;
Karsten Hgh Jensen, KU IGG
Alectia, GRAS, GEUS
20102012
Part of the HYACINTS project,

funded partly by the Danish
Strategic Research Fund, partlly
by Alectia and GRAS
Jens Chr. Refsgaard, GEUS
20112012
The Danish Council for

Technology and Innovation
Miriam Feiberg DHI mfl
Sino-Danish Centre for

Education and Research
(SDC)
Partnership, Danish Ministry
of the Environment/
Shandong Province
Integrating remote sensing
and hydrological modeling
for groundwater resources
assessment and sustainable
use in the North China Plains
Visiting Professor
China
Modelling of North China

Plain
China North
Plain
Innovative Green System

Solutions
China
Prof. Suhua Fu,

Beijing Normal
University
Cooperation with
Peking University,
upgrading existing
hydrological model
etc.
A network project
in Danish Water
Forum; one work
package on
groundwater
management in
China
47
3.
Urban Agriculture
3.1
Introduction
The worlds human population is expected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 from its 2013 level of 7.2 billion [31]. This
growth has major implications on how natural resources are allocated and may be protected for future generations.
An added dynamic to this population expansion is the redistribution of populations towards urbanised areas (both
migration from rural areas and expansion of the existing urban population). China and India have experienced the
most extreme cases of this phenomena and it is estimated that 276 million people in China and 218 million in India
will occupy urban areas by 2030 [31].
China is the worlds most populous nation [31]. In 2013, the population size reached 13.86 billion, or 19.3% of the
worlds total, and its size is expected to reach almost 14 billion by 2025 (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Estimated and predicted population growth in P.R. China (1950 2025) [32]
Since the 1978 Reform and Open Policy (), major changes have been observed in the distribution of Chinas
population as individuals have increasingly migrated from rural areas to urban areas attracted by the higher salaries
and better opportunities for work [32, 33]. The proportions of the population residing in rural and urban areas are
currently approximately equal (Figure 2), but there has been a rapid decline in the annual growth rate of rural
populations since 1973, and a more gradual decline in the annual growth rate of urban populations since 1980-85
48
following the avocation of birth control by the highest political levels [34] and the introduction of birth control as a
state policy following the 12th Party Congress [35] (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Urban-rural population changes in P.R. China between 1950-2025 [32]
The rapid expansion of Chinas urban population has resulted in unprecedented demands for resources such as
water, energy and food in urban areas which have not been observed in other developed countries which have
undergone urbanisation at a more gradual pace.
49
Figure 3. The annual growth rate of urban-rural populations in P.R. China between 1950-2025 [32]
Chinese Food Security Policies
3.2
Food security is a critical issue in China as its population accounts for one fifth of the worlds total but accounts for
only nine percent of the worlds land. To compound matters, it is estimated that the per capita availability of arable
land is less than 40% of the worlds average and the per capita availability of freshwater around 28% of the worlds
average [36].
Ensuring food security in China is a top priority of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and
the last eleven No.1 Documents 13 have focused on agriculture, food security, farmers and rural reform ()
or closely related subjects (e.g. water) (Table 1). For example, the 2014 No.1 Document identified the following
priority areas:
Improve national food security system;
13
The No.1 Document (or No. 1 Central Document) is the first policy document issued by the CPC and the State Council every
year and outlines the top priority of the coming year.
50
Intensify support and protection for agriculture;
Establish a long-term mechanism for sustainable agricultural development;
Deepen rural land system reform;
Establish a new agricultural management system;
Accelerate the innovation of agricultural financial system;
Balance rural and urban development;
Improve rural governance [37].
Table 1. The No.1 Document Themes from 2004 to 2014

Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Theme
Boosting Farmers' Incomes [38]
Strengthening Rural Work and Improving the Overall Production Capacity of Agriculture [38].
Constructing A New Socialist Countryside [38]
Developing Modern Agriculture and Steadily Promoting the Construction of A New Socialist Countryside
[38]
Fortifying the Foundation of Agriculture [38]
Achieving Steady Agricultural Development and Sustained Income Increases for Farmers [38]
Speeding Up Coordinated Development Between Urban and Rural Areas and Further Cementing
Foundation of Agricultural and Rural Area Development [38]
Accelerating Development of Water Conservancy [38]
Underscoring the Importance of Scientific and Technological Innovation for Sustained Agricultural
Growth [39]

Pledging to Accelerate Agricultural Modernization and Rural Development [40]
Underscoring the Importance of Rural Reforms, Developing Modern Agriculture and Maintaining
Agriculture As the Foundation of the National Economy [37]
Whilst Chinas agricultural policies are undergoing high-level reform, its population is also experiencing a period of
dietary transition [41] which is affecting both human health [42, 43] and global food markets [44]. Since 1989, the
consumption of rice has declined with observed increases in the consumption of wheat and animal-derived foods.
Consumption patterns in both rural and urban populations have followed similar trends during this period (Tables 2 -
51
5), although the overall quantities of food consumed by urban populations were higher than in rural areas with
significant differences in the quantities of animal-derived and processed foods consumed (Tables 4 & 5)14.
Table 2. Daily consumption (g.day-1) of plant-derived foods by Chinas rural population between 1989-2004
arranged in order of total size across all years [41]
Food type
Rice
Wheat
Other cereals
Legumes and products
Tubers
Fresh fruit
Vegetables1
1989
362
314
193
44
174
30
86
1991
338
302
196
59
95
22
37
1993
335
303
211
52
98
21
39
1997
312
292
193
49
91
30
34
2000
290
277
154
60
78
30
22
2004
295
377
173
54
47
32
18
Table 3. Daily consumption (g.day-1) of plant-derived foods by Chinas urban population between 1989-2004
arranged in order of total size across all years [41]
Food type
Rice
Wheat
Other cereals
Tubers
Legumes and products
Vegetables15
Fresh fruit
1989
316
242
183
71
88
37
27
1991
336
238
194
59
91
22
22
1993
284
234
169
89
66
26
28
1997
262
239
153
86
67
34
35
2000
237
262
146
91
70
30
30
2004
243
313
152
80
29
36
35
Both the size of Chinas population and its changes in dietary behaviour has led to an increasing dependence on food
produced by foreign countries and food demands from China now have a huge impact on global food markets and
subsequently global food security. For instance, currently China imports 5% of its maize which is roughly equivalent
to a third to a half of all maize traded internationally so changes in demand in China affect the global trade and
production of this crop [44]. A more serious concern is the fact that if China were faced with a crisis in its domestic
grain production, it would require approximately twice the amount of grain traded internationally to support its
population [45].
14
It has been argued that migrant workers moving from rural to urban areas may also have exacerbated these dietary trends. A
study conducted by the Development Research Centre of the State Council suggested that migrant workers who move to urban
areas consumed 119.14 kg more crop per person per year compared to rural residents, but which was also 51.04 kg more than
each urban resident 36. China Economic Times (). Food security: China's food security in globalisation/
. 2013; Available from:
http://www.moa.gov.cn/fwllm/qgxxlb/hn/201311/t20131126_3686389.htm.
15
All vegetables excluding potatoes
52
The increasing dependence on overseas food production has led to high level concerns within China about how to
guard the countrys food security and has led to the introduction of policies aimed at making the country more selfsufficient in certain staple food stuffs [45].
Table 4. Daily consumption (g.day-1) of animal-derived and processed foods by Chinas rural population between
1989-2004 arranged in order of total size across all years [41]
Food type
Pork
Fish
Eggs and products16
Poultry
Other meats17
Animal fat
Cakes
Milk and products18
Sugar
1989
44
22
9
4
4
19
1
1
8
1991
59
21
13
7
5
14
3
2
5
1993
52
20
12
6
6
11
1
1
4
1997
49
25
20
10
6
10
2
1
6
2000
60
25
23
12
6
12
1
2
6
2004
54
28
23
13
11
7
6
6
5
Table 5. Daily consumption (g.day-1) of animal-derived and processed foods by Chinas urban population between
1989-2004 arranged in order of total size across all years [41]
Food type
Pork
Fish
Eggs and products2
Poultry
Other meats3
Milk and products4
Cakes
Animal fat
Sugar
1989
71
27
16
12
7
5
2
15
8
1991
59
22
15
7
6
5
1
12
4
1993
89
28
22
14
12
7
4
9
7
1997
86
35
33
17
16
9
5
9
8
2000
91
30
32
19
15
17
5
12
6
2004
80
35
33
19
25
25
8
4
4
A target of becoming 95% or 90% self-sufficient in food or crop19 production was first proposed in 1996 in China's
White Paper on Food Issues () [46]. It was then announced in 2006 that a target of 1.8
16
Products in which egg is the key ingredient

All processed meats
18
Products containing milk
19
In Chinese, the word food used in the phrase food security is normally translated as , which is a narrower definition of
food than in the English context. In the Chinese context food includes only crops/ grains/cereals, legume/ beans and
tubers/potatoes which is not consistent with any international standard. Only grain production in China can be compared with
17
53

billion hectares20 of land was to be reserved for agricultural use under the 11th Five Year Plan21 in order to achieve
the approximate targets for self-sufficiency proposed [46, 47]. Two years later, the National Food Security and Longterm Planning Framework (2008-2020) () formally set a target of China
becoming more than 95% self-sufficient in food [45] and the estimated figure of 1.8 billion hectares of agricultural
land required to achieve this target was validated by the State Council when it approved and published the National
Land Use Planning Framework (2006-2020) (2006-2020 )22 in 2008 [48].
This target of 95% self-sufficiency in basic food stuffs was reiterated in the 2013 No. 1 Document which stated that
that the target should be achieved by 2020 [11]. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) estimates that the
country is currently less than 90% self-sufficient in grain (although this figure increases to 97% if imported beans are
excluded [49]), whilst self-sufficiency levels for other agricultural products are around 80%. In terms of grain
production alone (excluding imported beans), this deficit is equivalent to 1 billion tonnes a year [50]. The MoA are
confident that their self-sufficiency targets can be achieved over the coming decades and predict that China will
reach a self-sufficiency rate of 101 % in rice by 2020 and 102% by 2035, of 99% in wheat by 2020 and 100% by 2035.
However, self-sufficiency rates of corn/maize are lower as these foods are primarily used as animal feeds and with
the growing demand for meat, the self-sufficiency rate is likely to drop in the coming years from 92% self-sufficient
by 2020 and to 84% by 2035 [45].
There is widespread recognition that these high levels of food self-sufficiency cannot be achieved through the
reservation of 1.8 billion hectares of agricultural land alone. Not least, the country as a whole suffers from a major
deficit in its freshwater resources [36] and more than 0.2 billion hectares of agricultural land already suffers from
annual droughts. There are also shortages in high quality agricultural land, with some of it being re-designated for
other purposes (e.g. urban developments). This problem is particularly acute in the rapidly developing areas around
the Yangtze River and Pearl River Deltas [49]. Xiaoqing Xu23 has publically stated that only 800 million hectares of
arable land is available within China which can supply food without being affected by the drought or flood [44].
the international data of the same name. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO), describes grain as
wheat, rice and coarse food grain (which covers grains such as maize, barley, and sorghum). In China, grain refers mainly to rice,
wheat, and maize (which together formed 98.4% of the total grain production in China in 2011).
20
This figure was derived from estimates of factors such as crop consumption per person, the crop yield per unit, the multiple
cropping index, the food demand forecast and the predicted demand for cultivated land [17].
21
th
The 11 Five-Year operated between 2006 and 2010.
22
The Land Use Planning Frameworks covers four key issues regarding the land use, two of which relate to agriculture. One is
described as primary farmland (land which should not fall below 1.56 billion hectares and its quality should be
improved) and the other is reserved land for cultivation () (of which 1.818 billion hectares was planned to be kept
by 2010, and 1.805 billion hectares by 2020). Primary farmland is defined as the land reserved for cultivation for a certain period
calculated with reference to population and domestic economic demands and the prediction of the construction land use during
certain period. Reserved land for cultivation does not have to be primary farmland, and the primary farmland is protected by
law and its function cannot be shifted [17].
23
Director General of the Research Centre of Rural Economy in Development Research Centre of the State Council of the
Peoples Republic of China.
54
Alternative strategies of improving self-sufficiency are being investigated and there are excellent opportunities for
international collaboration in this area. The fundamental strategy is to improve productivity and yield per unit area
which will require significant modernisation of the Chinese agricultural industry. The Chinese government is using a
variety of approaches to achieve its self-sufficiency targets including the following:
maintaining and supporting innovation in agricultural management (including the control of reserved land
for cultivation [45], improved governance mechanisms, subsidies for farmers to continue farming and the
adoption of large-scale farming and means of operations, rural-urban development towards agricultural
modernization and agricultural product monitoring network [51]);
strengthening the agricultural infrastructure system (particularly improving soil quality, further R&D in
agricultural technologies and farming techniques, and improved distribution and logistics systems) [45];
supporting the development of sustainable agriculture by promoting new technology applications (including,
developing new breeds, enhancing agricultural green production, and the restoration of polluted soils and
water [51] ), accelerating the technology cluster development to build a platform for innovation, improving
food safety, and reducing food waste;
increasing the number of talents in the area of agricultural science and technology [49, 50].
In 2012, the No.1 Document emphasised the importance of innovation in agricultural science and technology in
addition to the need for the training and education of talent [52] in this area of science. In order to improve land
yield, resource efficiency and labour productivity, it specified that technological innovation and agricultural research
should focus on [53]:
The enforcement of basic research, especially in developing the major basic theory and approaches
agriculture, in terms of agricultural genetically modified organisms (), molecular breeding
(), the resistance mechanism of forestry, animal and plant (), high-efficient
utilization of agricultural resources (), agricultural ecological restoration (),
pest control (), bio-safety, food safety () and so on.
Accelerating research in cutting-edge technology to lead agricultural modernisation and achieve major
advancements in domestic innovation in agricultural bio-technology ( ), information
technology (), advanced material technology (), advanced manufacturing technology
(), precision agriculture () and so on.
Major achievements in practical technology are needed to overcome the agricultural technology bottleneck.
This includes improving good quality breeding (), efforts to save costs and lower consumption (
), water- saving irrigation (), agricultural machinery equipment (), new fertilizer
(), disease prevention and control / epidemic control (), product processing, storage and
55
shipping/ transport/ logistics(), circular agriculture (), marine agriculture (),

rural livelihood () and so on.
Nevertheless, the 2014 No.1 Document again focused on increasing domestic agricultural productivity though the
modernisation and reform of Chinas agricultural system but there was a slight revision in terms of official policy
towards international food resources and markets and there was a consideration of how the country could more
efficiently employ international food sources in the medium to long term in order to stabilise the countrys food
supply [50, 54]. Much of the 2014 No.1 document focussed on the establishment of a national food security system,
intensifying the support and conservation system for agriculture, building up long term mechanism for agricultural
sustainability, deepening land reform measures, constructing a new agricultural operation system, accelerating
innovation in rural finance systems, improving the mechanism of integration between urban and rural development
and enhancing rural governance mechanisms [54]. There was a focus on investing in the science and technology for
innovation in agriculture, agricultural infrastructure and equipment, and accelerating the circulation of agricultural
products. There was particular emphasis on the role of developing high quality seeds and improving breeding,
agricultural irrigation and water conservation, agricultural machinery, information technology and a marketing
network and demands for a national seed bank [50]. Obstacles to improving the efficiency of Chinese agricultural
production were identified as the limited transition of modern agricultural practices, the small scale of production
and operation, limited natural resources, changes in supply and demand related to dietary transitions amongst its
citizens and an increase in natural disasters [36]. There was also a strong emphasis on solving the most urgent and
practical issues for farmers to enable them to both maintain their current levels of production in addition to
accelerating agricultural modernisation. This focused on conserving a baseline of good quality arable land and
developing subsidy and incentivisation schemes for grain production. In terms of developing a comprehensive
international agricultural strategy to support its food security, the 2014 No.1 Document described some developing
policies in this area. One of the aims was to improve the framework and conditions for Chinese agricultural
enterprises operating in domestic and international markets [55], but there was also interest in enhancing
international cooperation in the areas of agricultural technology communication and economic cooperation with
organisations such as the FAO and the World Food Programme. This was further supported by the National
Development Plan for the Agriculture Modernization () which aimed to increase the
attractiveness of the Chinese R&D environment for the talents and foreign investment through international science
and technology cooperation on agriculture [29]. One interesting recent development in terms of Chinas agricultural
interest in the international arena is the leasing of agricultural land from third countries. In 2013, the Xinjiang
Production and Construction Corps signed an agreement with the Ukrainian agricultural firm KSG Agro to lease up to
3 million hectares of Ukrainian agricultural land (equivalent to approximately 5% of Ukrainian land) for crop and pig
production over the next 50 years [56, 57]. There are reports of at least two other Chinese companies looking to
follow similarly [57].
56
3.3
Urban Agriculture
In an era of increasing urbanisation and population size, and faced with a population which is undergoing a period of
dietary transition creating demands for high resource value foods, the Chinese government is facing significant
challenges to meet the nutritional needs and food demands of its population. In particular, the process of
urbanisation which is correlated to increased wealth, higher purchasing power, higher consumption rates has led to
a greater demand for processed food, meat, dairy and fish and is exacerbating Chinas food crisis. There are also
issues related to labour shortages as individuals migrate from rural to urban areas.
Urbanisation adds more pressure to the food supply chain and requires changes in the way that food is produced,
stored, processed, distributed and accessed. It has also led to fundamental changes in the pressures facing the
agricultural industry worldwide. The first change is an increasing gap between the supply and demand of food stuffs
of particular importance to urban populations. For example, maize is used largely as animal feed in China and there
is a growing shortage of domestically produced maize with increasing pork production. Moreover, there are even
more obvious shortages in soybeans, edible vegetable oil, sugar and cotton (the self-sufficiency rates are 18%, 40%,
80% and 75% respectively) [50]. The second change is that traditional agricultural production tends to be clustered
around the main production areas so food stuffs need to travel long distances to reach the consumers in the towns
and cities. The third change is the growing attention of consumers on the quality and security of agricultural
products. This is a particular issue for China which has suffered from several high profile food safety issues in recent
years. As a result, there is increased interest in modern urban agriculture (UA) 24 practices from the public and
private sectors, NGO and individuals both in China and abroad. The United Nations has even argued that urban
farming needs to play a bigger role in feeding city populations [59]. The exploitation of urban areas for agriculture is
particularly attractive as these areas normally attract high levels of investment and human capital and provide a
market for high quality and high value produce. Moreover, it has also been argued that urban agriculture contributes
not only to economic development of these areas, but also supports the ecological, environmental and social
development of urban systems [60] and reduces the disparity between rural and urban citizens [61, 62].
Urban agriculture has very different characteristics to traditional forms of agriculture and is more likely to attract
ecological and green agricultural techniques, agro-tourism, highly market-oriented agriculture and cutting edge
science and technology. However, the increased operating costs of urban agriculture resulting from the increased
value of urban land compared to rural and increased labour cost may hinder development. There may also be issues
related to food safety and whether it is safe to cultivate food in urban soils and water.
24
The growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities 58. RUAF. What is urban agriculture? 2013 [cited
2013 18/10]; Available from: http://www.ruaf.org/node/512/%20Urban%20Agriculture%20What%20%26%20Why.
57
3.4
Chinese Policies on Urban Agriculture
Although there has been limited specific mention of urban agriculture in official policy documents, several initiatives
have been mentioned which could be defined as such.
First, the National Development Plan for the Agriculture Modernisation () in 2012
identified peri-urban areas as the most likely candidate areas for the development of modern multi-functional
agriculture which would mean that urban agriculture is leading the modernisation of all the fields of agriculture [63].
Second, the 2012 No.1 Document called for middle25 and large26 sized cities to increase their capacity to supply fresh
food to their inhabitants so as to be more resilient under emergency situations. It also aimed to improve the land
yield, resource efficiency and labour productivity through the innovation of agricultural science and technology [64]
which are key characteristics of urban agriculture. The 2014 No.1 Document further supported this approach when it
demanded that radical approaches be taken to achieve agricultural modernisation by intensifying science and
technology innovation in agriculture, investing in agricultural infrastructure and equipment, and accelerating the
distribution of agricultural products [50, 54].
Third, under the National Development Plan for the Agriculture Modernisation, the cadres evaluation is directly
linked to the main indices of urban and modern agricultural development (such as crop production, farmers income
and cultivated land conservation) and directly affects their career progression [65]. The Rice Bag system for
Provincial Governors ()27 and the Basket responsibility system for Mayors (
)28, are used to ensure that both levels of government are directly responsible for food supplies. Examples of this
system in operation include Beijing and Shanghai. Both cities employ an urban agriculture index which considers
parameters such as the cities:
Self-sufficiency in fresh agricultural products29
Area of reserved arable land
Available emergency food supply capability
Safety and quality of food
Development of urban agriculture areas including pilot areas of multi-functional agriculture, modern
agriculture demonstration area and agricultural cluster areas.
25
26
Water conservation [43]
This refers to the cities with a population scale between 0.2 0.5 million.
This refers to the cities with a population scale 0.5 - 1 million.
27
Provincial governors are required to ensure food security by stabilising crop production and ensuring that food prices are
steadied by balancing the supply and the demand of crops within their own geographical boundaries.
28
Mayors are required to ensure food security by stabilising the non-staple food production and ensuring that food price are
steadied by balancing the supply and the demand of the non-staple food within their own geographical boundaries.
29
It refers to the proportion of the fresh agricultural products production produced within the city in the general fresh
agricultural product production. Fresh agricultural products are recommended to be able to self-supplied to some extent by
each city or town itself.
58
During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (2011 2015), Beijing planned to transform 1370 farms to zero emission farms
with no pollution. Around 500 farms were converted by 2012 and the rest are due to for completion by the end of
2015 [63].
To conclude, urban agriculture has been promoted across China as an approach to address its food security and to
promote international cooperation in S&I and global trade. The provincial and municipal authorities have been given
rights and responsibility to be innovative using local finance to secure its food supply with a range of flexible and
diverse incentives. The clear and divided responsibility between the central government and the local government
may encourage the development of urban agriculture with a shared the common goal, but adopt innovative
approaches according to local conditions.
3.4.1
Chinese Government Incentives for Urban Agriculture
The economic benefits of urban agriculture are less rewarding than those from other industries such as real estate
and property development and it is highly likely that government incentives will be required to develop this form of
farming beyond demonstrator systems. The Chinese government has traditionally supported farmers with high levels
of incentives for grain production [66] but whether they would be willing to extend this to the more niche markets of
urban agriculture is uncertain. Certainly, there have been overarching government reforms which have involved the
public sector responding directly to marketization and supporting innovation [67], but the returns on modern urban
agriculture may be extremely modest [63].
3.4.2
Chinese Public Research Funding Schemes
The major national funding schemes provided by the state are open applications for research and development of
urban agriculture. These agencies include the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), Ministry of Agriculture
(MoA), Ministry of Education (MoE), Ministry of Land and Resources (MoLR), the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (NSFC), Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) , Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), the
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the China Scholarship Council (CSC). Each funding agency funds a range of
programmes of different scale and duration and which are targeted at specific researchers) related to factors such as
age, nationality and professional seniority).
One of the main funders of S&T is the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) whose funding system
consists of three categories of programme: Research Promotion (RP) (), Talent Fostering (TF) (
) and Infrastructure Construction for Basic Research (ICFBR) (). In 2012, the NSFC
allocated 16.476 billion RMB to RP programmes, 0.374 billion RMB to TF and 0.15 billion RMB to ICFBR [68]. As the
majority of NNSFC funding was allocated to its RP Programme, the NSFCs research interests can be captured by
analysing its funding distribution amongst this specific programme.
59
The RP programme is further sectioned into the following schemes: General Programme (), Key
Programme (), Major Programme , Major Research Plan Programme and
International Cooperation Programme [69]. The majority of the funding is awarded to
the General Programme which also supports the highest number of projects (in 2012, 12.48 billion RMB was
awarded to 16,891 General Programme projects (approximately 0.739 million RMB per project with a 19.24 %
success rate)). The other schemes fund a smaller number of projects than the General Programme but with higher
resources per project (in 2012, 18 Major Programmes were awarded a total of 0.322 billion RMB (approximately
17.889 million RMB per project); Key Programmes were awarded approximately 2.913 million RMB per project (with
a 19.45 % success rate) and 355 projects were awarded a total of 0.710 billion RMB under the Major Research Plan
Programme (approximately 2 million RMB per project) [68].
The funding available from the NSFC has been increasing year on year. In the General Programme, the total value of
projects in 2001 was 0.8 billion RMB shared amongst 4435 projects (approximately 0.180 million RMB per project)
[36], and went up to 8.989 billion RMB for 15329 project in 2011 (0.586 million RMB per project) [33], 12.48 billion
RMB for 16891 projects in 2012 (0.739 million RMB per project) [34] and to 12 billion RMB for 16194 projects in
2013 (0.741 million RMB per project) [35]. The proportion of the funds allocated to food science, basic agronomy
and crop science has remained relatively stable from 14.10% in 2011 [70], 14% in 2012 [68] and 14.23% in 2013 [71].
3.5
Urban Agriculture Research Foci in China
Information on the funding allocated specifically to urban agriculture is difficult to obtain as there is no formal
classification of these projects under the main funding schemes aside from agriculture. Nevertheless inferences can
be drawn from identifying the main research centres on urban agriculture and identifying the most active academics
in this area and by examining their main areas of interest. Much of the following information was obtained from
Chinese websites without English translations and would be difficult for non-Chinese speakers to access.
3.5.1
Urban Agriculture Key Laboratories
National and Ministerial Key Laboratories30 are used to deliver cutting-edge research in specific fields of science and
technology. There are two Key Laboratories which focus on urban agriculture in China, one located in the north and
one in the south of the country and which have been running since 2009. The Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture
(North) Ministry of Agriculture (KLUAN, ) is a collaboration between Beijing University of Agriculture
(), China Agricultural University (), and the Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry
30
In order to improve the level and capability of innovation in China, the 2010 No.1 Document explicitly mentioned that the
development of key labs needed to be strengthened. This was reinforced by the Outline of the National Program for Long and
Medium- Term Scientific and Technological Development.
60

Sciences (). The Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture (KLUAS,
) is based within Shanghai Jiaotong University (). Only KLUAS will be described here.
3.5.1.1 Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture (KLUAS)

KLUAS was established from a merger of the Eco-Agricultural Research Centre and the Eco-Agriculture and Food
Safety Laboratory and was sponsored by a partnership between Shanghai Jiaotong University and Chongming County
Peoples Government [72]. It was the first research institution to specialise in basic scientific research and
technological development in the urban agriculture.
Its main research foci are:
Security and control in agricultural products and their habitats

()
Germplasm innovation using high-efficiency production techniques and low carbon technology
()
Mechanisation and intelligent informatisation of urban agriculture

()
Innovation of urban agriculture and urban landscape agriculture

()
Structural theory and strategic planning of urban agriculture

()
Reports from 2013 showed that KLUAS had received 150 million RMB of research funding since it was established in
2008 [73]. Of this funding, 60% originated from public sources at national and ministerial levels (Table 5). The
majority of projects were funded by the NNSFC General Programme and the Shanghai Municipal Government which
clearly shows that both national and municipal level funding sources are important for research in urban agriculture.
General Programmes and Key Programmes, who participated funding the KLUAS, have been all increasing its general
amount and its intensive extent, as to support research and innovation (R&D).
61
3.5.2
NSFC-Funded Urban Agriculture Projects
The following projects were identified using internet searches on Baidu31. No projects were identified when
National Natural Science Foundation of China and Urban Agriculture were entered in English, but two projects
were identified with National Natural Science Foundation of China and Peri Agriculture (Table 6).
Only a few more urban agriculture projects were identified using Chinese search terms. Table 7 shows the results
from when (NSFC) and Urban Agriculturewere entered into Baidu.
Table 5. Funding awarded to KLUAS between 2008 - 2013

Project Category
Number of
projects
The National Basic Research Programme/ 973 Programme

[ 973 ()]
The National High-Tech Research and Development Programme/863 Programme

[ 863 ]
Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest
[]
Key Program sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
[]
General Program sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
[]
948 project
[ 948 ]
Agricultural Achievement Transformation Project from MoA
[]
The National Key Technology R&D Program Project During the 12th Five-Year Plan
[""]
International S&T Cooperation Program of China (ISTCP)
[]
Projects Sponsored by Shanghai Municipal Government
[]
Other funding
31
7
2
2
> 70
1
9
3 (including 2
sub-topics)
1
> 70
~ 10
Baidu was selected as the search engine for this exercise rather than the more internationally-famous Google as it is more
reliable and more commonly used within China where there are issues with access to international websites.
62
Table 6. NSRC-funded urban agriculture projects identified using English search terms
Funding Programme
Project Name
National Science & Technology Pillar
Agricultural safety use technology of heavy metal
Program (2008BADA7B02 - 03)[74]
exceeding soil in suburban (2008 - 2010)
Grant (RMB)
Note
Daoyou Huang as Team Leader. Director of Agricultural Resources and Environment Branch, China
1,000,000
Agricultural Association, Society of Peri - urban Agriculture of Hunan Province in Changsha

(http://sourcedb.cas.cn/sourcedb_isa_cas/yw/expert_e/200905/t20090507_52464.html )
Jianming Cai as Coordinator of Multi stakeholder action planning. Key results are
Agreement has been established among farmers, citizens, experts and policy makers on the
important roles of multi-functional agriculture in peri-urban development.
Explicit attention is given to socio-economic and land-use planning, that includes urban
221' Programme in Beijing[75]
agriculture, by Beijing and local governments.
Urban Agriculture in Beijing
Three pilot projects have been developed, which serve as examples for both farmers and policy
(http://www.ruaf.org/node/495#intro )
makers.
Frequent communication between practitioners, policy makers and researchers via personal
contact, domestic meetings and an international workshop, has been established.
A network on peri-urban agriculture has been established, which is expanding to other cities
N/A
including Shanghai, Chengdu, Lijiang, and Nanjing.
63
Table 7. NSRC-funded urban agriculture projects identified using Chinese search terms
Funding Programme
Project Name
Grant
Note
Available information in Chinese; It took 2 years and was submitted on 28th Dec, 2013.
Beijing Natural Science
Research into the Integration of Urban Agriculture, Ecotourism, and
Foundation Programme/
Cultural Innovation Industry
(http://news.bvca.edu.cn/article/2014-1-
(9122010) [76]
2/article59_13952.html )
Produced a main report, 8 sub-reports, 1 monograph, and 7 research papers; Participants

are
N/A
Available information is n Chinese; Published in in 2009 Participants

are ,,,,,, from
()
200240
: RT-PCR WS18
National Natural Science

Foundation [77]
Mo17 13578599-1 SodScd1
(http://pub.nsfc.gov.cn/pinscn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=199
Brn1 Sod
36&flag=1)
Scd1 Brn1
mRNA
: ,mRNA,
N/A
The Joint Funding
from cooperates with Hernn Ceballos from
CIAT
Programme between
from cooperates with Buba Roman from
CGIAR (
) and National
CIMMYT
Natural Science
Foundation of China in
2013 (
from cooperates with Singh Ravi from
CIMMYT
64
[78](http://www.nsfc.go
v.cn/Portal0/InfoModule
from cooperates with Prasanna Boddupalli M
CIMMYT
from cooperates with Barrios Edmundo ICRAF
_396/52267.htm )
These 9 programmes
from cooperates with Kemp Steve ILRI
have been approved and
sponsored with
19,700,000 RMB in total
from cooperates with Jagadish Krishna IRRI
from China, to conduct
Thomas Reardon from cooperates with Minten Bart
5-year project, from 1st
Jan, 2014 to 31st Dec,
IFPRI
2018.
from cooperates with DIAO XINS HEN

IFPRI
General
Programme
,2012 1 2016 12
2013-1-1-2016-12-31 (2012 )
[]
700,000
65
3.5.3
Chinese Urban Agriculture Experts
The importance of acknowledging senior experts in research proposals cannot be underestimated when applying for
Chinese research grants. Applications which do not cite the evaluators research are unlikely to be approved.
The names and contact details of the primary Chinese experts working in urban agriculture are listed in Table 8.
66
Table 8. Key Urban Agriculture Experts in China
Name
Institution
Title
Director of Agricultural
Resources and
Daoyou
Huang
Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The

Chinese Academy of Science
Environment Branch,
China Agricultural
Association, Society of
Peri - urban Agriculture
of Hunan Province
Contact
Experience
Yuanda Road (Second) # 644, Mapoling, Changsha,

Hunan, China. 410125
Research Interest
He has undertaken more than 40 projects such as

National Natural Science Foundation, Natural
Tel: (86)-731-84615227
Fax: (86)-731-84612685
E-mail: dyhuang@isa.ac.cn
Web:
http://sourcedb.cas.cn/sourcedb_isa_cas/yw/expe
rt_e/200905/t20090507_52464.html
Science Foundation of Hunan Province, National
Majored in the field environment
Science & Technology Pillar Program, Knowledge
conservation and preservation of
Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of
polluted soils.
Sciences, Special fund for the State Environmental

Protection
Datun Rd.11 A, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing,

Jianming
Cai
Department of Urban & Rural Studies,

Institute of Geographic Sciences and
Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
Coordinator of China
Regional Centre of RUAF
Foundation
China. 100101
Tel: +86-10-64889279
Fax: +86-10-64889279
Email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn
Website: http://www.cnruaf.com.cn/
Research areas in soil biology and
Director in Chief, the

Jinshui Wu
Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The
Chinese Academy of Science
Institute of Subtropical
Agriculture, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences
(CAS), China
Yuanda Road (Second) # 644, Mapoling, Changsha,

Hunan, China. 410125
Tel: (86)-731-84615224
Fax: (86)-731-84612685
Email: jswu@isa.ac.cn
Web:http://sourcedb.cas.cn/sourcedb_isa_cas/yw
/expert_e/200905/t20090516_68826.html
67
In recent 5 years, he has taken charge of one issue
biochemistry, soil fertility, and
of National Science Fund for Distinguished Young
resources and environment
Scholars, National Science Foundation of China,
management, with the specialty in
the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese
microbial transformations of
Academy of Sciences and National Key Basic
organic C, N and P, and the impacts
Research Specific Foundation (973 programme),
on rural environment, and soil
respectively.
carbon sequestration on
agricultural systems

Deputy director of a
department ; Professor
Huang Biao
Key Lab. of Soil Environment and

Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil
Science,Chinese Academy of Science
in the Chinese Academy
No.71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, China. 210008
of Sciences and trustee
Emai:bhuang@issas.ac.cn
of Minerology,
Web:http://sourcedb.cas.cn/sourcedb_issas_cas/y
Petrology, and
w/rc/fas/200907/t20090724_2239510.html
Geochemistry Society of
Taking change of 1 project from Chinese Academy

of Sciences, 2 from Minstry of Sciecne and
Technology, 1 from National Natural Science
Foundation of China, and 1 from Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
Soil Geochemistry. Also a member

of Trustee of Mineralogy,
Petrology, and Geochemistry
Society of China
China
State Key Lab. of Soil and Sustainable
Xuezheng
Agriculture, the Institute of Soil Science,
No.71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, China. 210008
Soil resources and information
Shi
the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
xzshi@issas.ac.cn
system
Nanjing of China as a professor.

20072009: "Scaling Effects and Scale Transfer
Methodology in Landscape Patterns and Ecological
Processes", Key Project of Knowledge Innovation
Program by CAS, project coordinator
Deputy director, State
20062010 "Exploitation and Integrated
Land evaluation, land-use/cover
Key Laboratory of Urban
18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing,
Ecological Management in the Loess Hilly Area",
change and environmental effects,
Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional
and Regional Ecology,
China. 100085 Tel: 010-62943840
National Advanced Project of the Eleventh Five-
sustainable land-use planning;
Weiping
Ecology Research Center for Eco-
Research Center for Eco-
Fax:0086-10-62849014
year Plan. Sub-project coordinator
Landscape pattern analysis, design
Chen
Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Environmental Sciences
liding@rcees.ac.cn
2005-2010: Farm Ecosystem management, Its
and bio-diversity
Academy of Sciences, Beijing
(RCEES), Chinese
http://sourcedb.rcees.cas.cn/yw/fs/200906/t2009
Environmental Effect and Agricultural Landscape
conservation;Landscape
Academy of Sciences
0612_1038163.html
Optimization in Chinese Traditional Agricultural
management and non-point source
Area, National Basic Research Program of China.
pollution control
Email:
Web:
(CAS)
Sub-project coordinator
2004-2009: Land use pattern and ecological
processes. Sponsored by the Natural Science
Foundation of China. Project co-coordinator
68
3.5.4
Case studies promoted by the 2014 No.1 Document
The press release used to announce the 2014 No.1 Document was illustrated using several case studies of successful
agriculture projects, including efficient use of urban spaces through the co-location of a photovoltaic power stations
in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province. The solar panels were mounted above a water body allowing aquaculture to
operate beneath [54].
3.5.5
Commercial Investment in Urban Agriculture
Part of the attraction of investing in urban areas is that talents and capital tend to cluster in these areas. Plus there
are market motivations related to the increasing price of food, a growing market demand for high quality of fresh
(and safe) food in cities [79] and the revocation of agricultural tax in 2006 which was aimed at boosting the
agricultural industry and reduce the disparity between the rural and urban areas.
Commercial companies made at least 114 investments in agriculture in general in China between 2006 to the first
half of 2011 [79]. Of this, 1.76 billion USD were invested in 104 cases. In 2010, 0.891 billion USD of investment were
made in 47 cases suggesting that investments in agriculture are on the increase.
Several state-owned companies are investing in research and development in urban agriculture. These include
COFCO () which is state-owned company and the largest supplier of agricultural and food products in
China32 with its own product research and innovation division [80]. China Grain Reserves Corporation (), and
China National Agricultural Development Group Co., LTD () are investing likewise in this area.
3.5.5.1 IEDA and Vertical Farming

IEDA was the first company to invest in research and technology to promote urban horticulture and it has completed
more than 100 projects internationally. Its business service covers planning and design, construction, and supporting
services related to agricultural parks and green houses.
Its current project includes Vertical Hydroponic Cultivation, Vegetable Tree Hanged Potato Tree, Greenhouse Park
and Eco-Restaurant. IEDA also developed the Chinese National Agricultural Science & Technology Demonstration
Park is platform for research achievements demonstration, communication, training and guiding. Technology
promotion and application are its aim.
The company lists its main achievement as:
1) Vertical Cultivation: More than 20 multi-layers vertical hydroponics systems have been installed to enhance
space utilisation.
32
COFCO-branded products includes Fortune Edible Oil, Great Wall Wine, Mengniu Dairy, Lohas Fruit and Vegetable Juice, Le
Conte chocolate, Tunhe tomato products and Joycome meat products.
69
2) LED Artificial Light for Plant Growth: Application of LED in seeding, planting leafy vegetable with LED,
application of LED in tissue culture.
3)
Remote Control: Realise online management and remote monitoring to control the vegetables growth
everywhere, with mobile phones, laptops, PDAs and other terminals, through the network transmission
systems.
4)
Quality Control Technology: Nitrogen Interruption before harvest [81].
5) Energy-saving environmental control technology: Mobile Plant Factory, Product Line of Home Digital Plant
Factory, such as Angel Garden, E-Garden, and the first low-carbon intelligent plant factory in the world [82]
IEDA are currently seeking collaboration opportunities in vertical farming as it aims to develop skyscraper agriculture.
3.5.6
RUAF and Chinese Demonstrator Cities
RUAF () is using Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Wuhan as demonstrator cities for urban
agriculture development. These schemes have largely been funded using municipal level funds.
The population of Beijing is still on the increase but stood at 20.6 million in 2011 in 2007 [75]. This has resulted in a
severe deterioration of its urban environment and a massive loss of farmland. In order to counter these impacts, the
Beijing Municipal Government established the 221 Programme which aimed to better promote urban agriculture
in three main areas:
Maximise utilization of resources and the market
Mobilise the supportive inputs of capital and technology
Facilitate an information platform for sharing agricultural technology and experience
The 221 project was considered a success as it led to dialogue between stakeholder groups, higher productivity
though more intensive farming, the creation of cooperatives to facilitate capacity building and a better
understanding of Beijings urban planning policy.
There have also been significant developments in urban agriculture in Chengdu where a Multi Stakeholder
Policymaking and Action Planning on Urban Agriculture (MPAP) was established. This resulted in the establishment
of models of participatory and multi-stakeholder planning, new models for urban agriculture related development
and support in finding technology assistance.
Whilst RUAF considered these initiatives a success, they have not moved beyond their pilot stages through a lack of
support and financial investment for urban agriculture [83]. However there is a greater government interest in
promoting agricultural tourism with plans for 100 agro-tourism villages and 1000 agricultural leisure parks to be
developed by the end of 12th Five-Year.
70
4. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank those researchers who have participated in the pilot study interviews for giving up
their time and allowing us to ask for their thoughts on how to improve EU-China scientific collaboration.
We are also grateful for the support of the whole DragonSTAR team, particularly Nondas Christofilopoulos, Daoliang
Li and Keqin Dong.
71
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Tackling Societal Challenges

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Tackling Societal Challenges

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Task 3.

3 Tackling Societal Challenges: Interim Report

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Odette Paramor and Sophie Tang

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

A highly fragmented funding system

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

A lack of transparency & information about funded research

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Idiosyncrasies of the Chinese Funding System

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Rivalries between Funders

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Figure 1. Per capita availability of water by province in 1998 [13]

Table 1. Measures of water scarcity [17]

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Mean annual renewable water resources,

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Chinese Water Policies

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

12th Five Year Plan

A reduction in water usage by industry & agriculture

Accelerate the construction of wastewater treatment and recycling pipes.

Improve the water quality of rivers and lakes.

The whole process treatment technology of heavy-polluted industrial wastewater (

A stream refers to Stream Songhua ().

A reservoir refers to Three Gorges Reservoir ().

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

The comprehensively harnessing techniques of heavy-polluted river and eutrophic lakes (

Non-point source pollution control technology ();

Water purification technology applicable to different water resources and quality (

The development of equipment for monitoring and warning ();

The purification of drinking water to improve quality ();

Network leak detection equipment ().

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Watershed Pollution Management and

Beijin and River

College of Environmental Science

Xiaozhen Hu () from Chinese

Integration Research of Lake Eutrophication

The Research and Demonstration of

Hongqiang Hong () from the

Qimin Ma () from Ocean

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

The Key Technology and Engineering

Study on the Framework of Environmental

Zhengli Yang () from

Hanhong Chen from

Qianwu Song () Chinese

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

2011 No.1 Document on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and Development

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

Chinese Funding Schemes

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

DragonSTAR: Task 3.3 Tackling Societal Challenges

The River Catchment Ecological

The Key Technology and Overall

Technology Research and Overall

Project Call Name