APPLIED PHYSICS

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE1-3
Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

Teaching Plan
S#

Topic

No. of
lectures

1.

The Physical Foundation of Electric Circuits Electric Current, Electric Charge

01

2.

Electric Current, Electric Charge

01

3.

Coulombs Law

01

4.

Electric field and Intensity, Electric Potential

02

5.

Electromotive Force (Voltage), Electric Current, Resistance, Conventional Current,

02

6.

AC Signals (Average and RMS Values)

01

7.

Electric and Magnetic Circuits, Ohms Law

01

8.

Simple Resistive Circuits (Series and Parallel),

02

9.

Kirchhoff Laws, the Voltage-Divider Rule, the Current-Divider Rule, Test #1

03

10.

Network Theorems (DC Analysis)

03

11.

RC and RL Circuits

02

Teaching Plan
S#
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

Topic
Capacitance and Capacitors, inductors and inductance
Alternating Current Fundamentals, AC Wave-form, Period and Frequency, Radians and
Angular Frequency, Peak and Instantaneous values, Average and Effective values,
AC voltage and current in Capacitors and Inductors, Average Power
Magnetic Circuits and Transformers: Magnetism, Magnetic Fields, Test #2
Magnetic effects of electric current, Magnetic circuit concepts
Magnetization curves, characteristics of magnetic materials
Faradays and Lenzs Laws
Amperes Law and its Applications, Eddy Currents
Inductance
Induced Current and Their Applications (Transformers, Generators Etc.)
Diode and their characteristics

Transistor, Test # 3

No. of
Lectures
02
03
02
02
02
02
02
02
01
03
01
01

Makes a total of 42 Lectures!

Text and Reference Books

Edward Hughes, Electrical and Electronic Technology:,

Ninth Revised Edition, 2005, Prentice Hall, ISBN:
0131143972
Basic Electrical Engineering by A.E. Fitzgerald, David E.
Higginbotham and Arvin Grabel
University Physics by Freedman and Young (Latest
Edition)
College Physics by Resnick, Halliday and Krane (Latest
Edition)
J. David Irwin and Robert M. Nelms, Basic Engineering
Circuit Analysis, Eighth Edition, 2006, John Wiley &
Sons, ISBN: 0-470-08309-3

But thats not all

Numerous internet resources will be followed

Marks Distribution
Marks Distribution
5

Exam

Attendance

20
60
10

Midterm
Assignments

Test

Interrelationships between EE and other

fields(Science/Engineering)

EEs gather, store and process information for

meteorology (weather prediction science) and do so
by designing and implementing sensors that convert
physical aspects to electrical signals. E.g.
temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction,
satellite imagery.
EEs design and develop electronic surveying
equipment to help Civil Engineers do their jobs.

EEs work with Agricultural Engineers in designing

agricultural sensors, machinery and equipment. E.g.
farm tractors are increasingly more complex
(electronically) with engine management systems
(for more efficient fuel use and least pollutant
production), electronic transmission controls and even
integrated G.P.S. (global positioning systems) as
factory options.

Describe major subfields of EE

Communications systems convey information between

points in electronic forms. Examples: Internet,
satellite television, cellular phone services. A
particular concentration within communications
systems would be R.F. (Radio Frequency) Engineering
Computer systems process and store information.
Most obvious is the PCPersonal Computerbut
computer systems includes electronic processors (or
microprocessors, microcontrollers) that are
embedded in automobiles, home appliances and
in industrial control equipment

Electromagnetics is the study and application of electric

and magnetic fields. Examples: Electrical motorsboth
AC and DC are necessary devices in most industry
and certainly in home appliances; Antennas used for
wireless communications work entirely through
electromagnetic principles.
Electronics is the study and application of materials,
devices, and circuits used in amplifying and switching
electrical signals. Transistors of various kinds are the
singular most common and important electronic
component used for switching and amplification

Photonics is a latest field of science and engineering

study that is based on alternate ways of
manipulating electrons with devices that manipulate
photons. Examples: Light generation by LASERs and
LEDs, transmission of light sources through optical
components, and switching, amplification,
modulating, detecting and steering light by
electrical, acoustical and photon-based devices.
Fiber optic communications is a mix of Photonics and
Communications Systems.

Identify several important reasons to

study EE

To have a broad enough knowledge base so that

you can lead design projects in your (EE) own field.
EEs are increasingly teamed-up with other
peoplescientists and engineers of different fields
in order to design something for that other field.
To be able to operate and maintain electrical
systems such as one for controlling a manufacturing
process.
To be able to communicate with electricalengineering consultants. Even if you are in another
field of engineering or science, you may be called
to work closely with electrical engineers.

My Contact

email: hyder.bux@faculty.muet.edu.pk
My office:
Room# 111, Ground Floor
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
Mehran UET, Jamshoro
Consultation Time
Wednesday and Thursday (9:00 to 14:00)

Webpage
https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/hydermangrio/

APPLIED PHYSICS
LECTURE # 02
Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

Introduction

Electric energy has a number of desirable attributes not

possessed by alternative energy forms
These attributes are the ease with which electrical energy
is converted to and from other forms of energy, the ability
to distribute it over large areas, and the speed with which
it is transported
Information can be transmitted from one place to another
through electrical technology
The effectiveness of long-range communication systems,
data processing systems and control systems is enhanced.

Introduction

Electrical energy is generally NOT useful!

Other types of energy are converted to electrical
energy and then again converted to other energy
as an output
For eg. Motor (Mechanical Energy Electrical
Energy Mechanical Energy)
E.g. 2: information in the sound and picture (sound
energy electrical energy optical energy
(display on CRT/LCD/LED)/acoustic

Introduction

The study of electrical engineering becomes one of

investigating the characteristics and uses of devices
and systems for energy conversion, processing and
transfer
Most instrumentation and controls systems are, in
part, electrical or electronic in nature

Electrical System

Four constituent parts of an Electrical System:

Transmission System

Source

Control

Load

Electrical System

Source: Function of the source is to provide the

energy for electrical system. E.g. Battery, Generator
Load: Function of the load is to absorb the electrical
energy supplied by the source. E.g. Lamps, heaters
Transmission System: Conducts the energy from
the source to the load. E.g. Insulated wire
Control Apparatus: Its function is to control. E.g.
Switch (permits the energy to flow or else interrupts
the flow)

Example

Introduction basic Electrical Circuit

a)

b)

c)

Overview of an Electrical Circuit: must contain three

basic things:
Power supplyusually in the form of a voltage
source
Resistanceformally called a load; where
work is done or energy is used
Closed pathconductors that carry the
electrical energy to the load

Voltage source

Voltage source: the simplest being a

battery. A battery is a device that stores
electrical potential through a chemical
process. The chemical process in the battery
cause electrical charge to flow when given a
circuit or closed path. A typical voltage
source provides a fixed voltage
independent of current demandwithin
reason

Current source

What is current?
Current is the movement of electrical charge.

What is electrical charge?

Electrons that exist in the atoms of materials have a
miniscule (tiny) electrical charge. If some work is
done, these charges may move around or even
accumulate in areas. If the material happens to be
non-conductive, then the charge may accumulate
or concentrate. If the material happens to be
conductive, then the charge will not concentrate or
accumulate, but may move around (nearly) freely. A
current source is similar to a voltage source but
usually provides a fixed current output independent
of voltage changes.

Define voltage, current, and power,

and their units

A voltage source provides a voltage which is proportional

to the energy transferred per unit of charge. That is, WORK
has to be done to make a voltage source be what it is.
Voltage is measured in units of Volts and is equivalent to
Joules per Coulomb. Its notation is the letter v or V. It is
also referred to as E.M.F. or electro-motive force. It is a
potential between two points. You cannot have a voltage at
one pointit is always a voltage measured or calculated
between two points in some circuit. Example: a battery had
some work performed to provide a chemical process that
gives the TWO ends of the batterythe positive and
negative endsa potential between them.

Current is electrical charge in motion. When you have

current moving through a circuit, it has some level of
current flow. Current is measure in Amperes or Amps
(units). Its notation is the letter i or I. When a charge
packet of ONE COULOMB passes by some point in a
circuit, in exactly one second, then the current is
considered to be one ampere, or one amp. Current is
measured or calculated as through a point. That is, it
is not like voltage that has to be a reference between
two points. Electrical current is much as the flow of
water in a pipeit is measure in-line or through a
point

Power is the rate of energy transfer. Because

current is the Rate-of-Flow of charge, and voltage is
a measure of the energy transferred per unit of
charge, then the product of the current and the
voltage is power. Powers notation is the letter p
or P and its units are in Watts.

APPLIED PHYSICS
LECTURE # 04
Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

Electric Charge:

Electric charge has two different signs.

Charges with the same electrical sign

repel each other, and charges with the
opposite electrical signs attract each
other.

Conductors and Insulators

The properties of conductors and insulators
are due to the structure and electrical nature
of atoms.
Atoms consist of positively charged
protons, negatively charged electrons, and
electrically neutral neutrons. The protons
and neutrons are packed tightly together in
a central nucleus.
When atoms of a conductor come together
to form the solid, some of their outermost
(and so most loosely held) electrons
become free to wander about within the
solid, leaving behind positively charged
atoms ( positive ions).We call the mobile
electrons conduction electrons.
There are few (if any) free electrons in a
nonconductor.

Conductors and Insulators

Conductors are materials through which charge can move freely;
examples include metals (such as copper in common lamp wire),
the human body, and tap water.
Nonconductorsalso called insulatorsare materials through
which charge cannot move freely; examples include rubber, plastic,
glass, and chemically pure water.
Semiconductors are materials that are intermediate between
conductors and insulators; examples include silicon and
germanium in computer chips.
Superconductors are materials that are perfect conductors,
allowing charge to move without any hindrance.

Introduction
33

Coulombs law is one of the two laws that are used

to find electric field in static charge distribution
At the end of this lecture, hopefully, youll be able
to find the Electric field and Electric flux density of
any charge distribution

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Definition
34

The force of attraction or repulsion between two

electrically charged bodies is proportional to the
magnitude of their charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
separating them, i.e.
q1q2
F12 2
r12

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Vector Form of Coulomb

35

Force is a vector, having a direction and a

magnitude

q1q2
F
r
2 12
r12
1
F
4

q1q2

r
r 2 12
12

is the permittivity of the material and has the units

C2/N-m2
Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Electric Field
36

The electric field is basically the Force per unit

charge or Newton per Coulomb

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Analysis
37

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Electric field Pictorial representation

38

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Method Coulombs Law Cookbook

39

Step 1: Define an origin

Step 2: Write vector Rs from origin to source
(charge)
Step 3: Write vector Rp from origin to field point
(charge)
Step 4: Find vector from source to point (Rsp)
Step 5: Apply Coulombs law
Step 6: Sum or integrate to find E at point P
Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Step 1: Define an origin

40

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Step 2: Write vector Rs from origin to

source
41

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Step 3: Write vector Rp from origin to

field point
42

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

43

Step 4: Find vector from source to point

(Rsp)

Rsp=Rp-Rs

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Step 5: Apply Coulombs law

44

Apply the Coulombs law with the following formula

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Step 6: Sum or integrate to find E at

point P
45

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

Example, The net force due to two other particles:

Fig. 21-8 (a) Two charged particles of

charges q1 and q2 are fixed in place on
an x axis. (b) The free-body diagram for
particle 1, showing the electrostatic
force on it from particle 2.

Example, The net force due to two other particles, cont.:

Fig. 21-8 (c) Particle 3

included. (d) Free-body
diagram for particle 1.