STEVEN E.

WARREN
MD, DPA, FABFp, FABHPM, FAPWCA, CIME
The following are just some of the areas of health for
which cocoa has been studied, with the approximate
n an era of exploding scientific investigation into

I
number of studies in this area:
the effects of diet on human health, cocoa has been
singled out for its promising health benefits. The cacao Antioxidant properties (more than 200 studies)
bean, which is borne of the Theobroma cacao tree and Cardiovascular health (more than 770 studies)
which forms the basis of cocoa and chocolate products, Diabetes (approx. 30 studies)
is the focus of more than 1,200 published studies to date, Brain health (more than 60 studies)
with other research unpublished and many more studies Mood (more than a dozen studies)
underway. Moreover, a large percentage of these studies Cancer/cell protective properties (more than 70 studies)
are human studies, and the vast majority have been positive Inflammation (approx. 40 studies)
in their findings-both additional elements of validation for Obesity (approx. two dozen studies)
cocoa as a health-promoting food. Skin health (more than 30 studies)

How Much Chocolate Should You Eat?

Recent studies on cacao have concluded that health benefits
were obtained by consuming dark chocolate foods containing
600-900 mg of flavonoids on a regular daily basis. Flavonoids
are just one of the classes of antioxidant compounds found in
abundance in cacao.
All of the recent studies on cocao have concluded that health
benefits were obtained by consuming high flavonoid enriched
dark chocolate foods containing at a minimum of 600-1100
mg of flavonoids. The high flavonoid chocolate foods had to
be consumed at least three times a day to maintain blood
levels of the nutrients which provide the outstanding results.
Cocoa is a mixture of flavonols, flavanols, vitamins. minerals.•
theobromine, tryptophan, and other bioactive nutrients
which synergically maximizes one's health and prevents
diseases and illnesses.
COCOA AND CHOCOLATE:
WHAT THE SCIENCE SHOWS
Inside this brochure are just a few of the hundreds of studies focusing on cocoa to highlight the
convincing scientific evidence demonstrating that cocoa and chocolate can be an important
component of a healthy lifestyle.

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· ANTIOXIDANT/OXIDATIM liAR HEALTH

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KEY BENEFITS KEY BENEFITS

• Free radical damage is linked to more than 100
conditions ranging from heart disease and arthritis
dementia and diabetes
• Many of chocolate's benefits are based around its various
ingredients to fight free radicals and minimize the effects
of aging
• Cocoa contains twice the antioxidants of red wine and
three times that of green tea
• Cocoa's ORAC score (measures antioxidants) is about
10 times that of spinach
• The cacao bean contains various antioxidant
compounds, including catechins and flavanols
SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
"Theobrome cacao L is known to have potential
cardiovascular and cancer chemopreventive activities
because of its high content of phenolic phytochemicals
their antioxidant capacities."
J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 2. Protective Activity of Theobroma cacao L.
Phenolic Extract on AMLl2 and MLP29 Liver Cells by Preventing Apoptosis and
Inducing Autophagy.
• The protective effects of cocoa on the heart and
to vascular system are probably its most well-documented
• Cocoa's antioxidants neutralize free radicals, minimize
oxidative stress and relieve inflammation
• Cocoa can stimulate the production of nitric oxide,
which relaxes blood vessels
• Research shows that cocoa can improve platelet function,
decrease blood clotting and control blood sugar/insulin levels
SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
"The acute ingestion of both solid dark chocolate and liquid
cocoa improved endothelial function and lowered blood
pressure in overweight adults."
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):58-63. Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion
and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial.
"Diets rich in flavanols reverse vascular dysfunction
and in diabetes, highlighting therapeutic potentials in
cardiovascular disease."
J Am Coli Cardiol. 2008 Jun 3;51(22):2141-9. Sustained benefits in vascular
function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a
double-masked, randomized, controlled trial.

"Cocoa flavonoids have shown a powerful antioxidant "Dark chocolate imjuces coronary vasodilation, improves
activity providing protection against oxidation and helping coronary vascular function, and decreases platelet adhesion
prevent oxidative stress-related diseases." 2 hours after consumption."
J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Feb 4. Cocoa flavonoids up-regulate antioxidant enzyme Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2376-82. Dark chocolate improves coronary
activity via the ERK1,'2 pathway to protect against oxidative stress-induced vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity.
apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

IMMUNE FUNCTION

KEY BENEFITS KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa appears to enhance the function of specific immune cells • Cocoa can help repair exercise-induced muscle damage,
enhance energy metabolism and improve cardiovascular
• Cocoa appears to have some antimicrobial properties and lung function

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Studies in this line suggest that high-dose cocoa intake "The results of this study suggest that chocolate milk is an
in young rats favours the T helper 7 (Th7) response and effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts."
increases intestinal gamma delta T lymphocyte count."
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Feb;16(1):78-91. Chocolate milk as a post-
Br J Nutr. 2009 Apr;101(7):931-40. Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator. exercise recovery aid.
 MOOD INFLAMMATION

KEY BENEFITS KEY BENEFITS

." Chocolate positively improves blood flow to the brain, • A growing body of research associates chronic
thereby affecting mental function, cognition and mood inflammation with a number of diseases

• Several chemicals in cocoa enhance mood, decrease • Cocoa flavanols inhibit activity of inflammation
depression and moderate emotional response messengers such as leukotrienes

• Flavonoids are inhibitors of the COX-l and COX-2

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT enzymes, which contribute to inflammation
"In this socioeconomically homogenous male cohort,
chocolate preference in old age was associated with better SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
health, optimism and better psychological well-being."
"Epicatechin or other flavonoids [in cocoa] were found to
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;62(2):247-53. Chocolate, well-beinq and health
among elderly men.
suppress lipid peroxidation in LDL induced by [the pro-
inflammatory enzyme] myeloperoxidase."
Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1 Suppl):304S-312S. Cocoa polyphenols and
inflammatory mediators.

'ABETES~ ~ "In a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies, we and

I
others have observed that cocoa can be an anti-inflammatory
KEY BENEFITS modulator. "
J Med Food. 2009 Feb;12(l):1-7. Cocoa flavanols and procyanidins can modulate
• Numerous studies indicate that dark chocolate has the lipopolysaccharide activation of polymorphonuclear cells in vitro.
a very favorable effect on blood sugar levels and the
symptoms of diabetes "Our findings suggest that regular consumption of small
doses of dark chocolate may reduce inflammation."
• Cocoa polyphenols protect blood vessels from scarring
J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):1939-45. Regular consumption of dark chocolate is
by excess glucose and insulin associated with low serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in a healthy
Italian population.
• Minimizes symptoms of neuropathy

• Protects from cardiovascular symptoms related to

blood-glucose abnormalities

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
,.~CER/CELL PRO
"Dietary supplementation with [cocoa] can dose-dependently
KEY BENEFITS
prevent the development of hyperglycemia ... The dietary
intake of food or drinks produced from cacao beans might be • Recent years have revealed the potential of chocolate's
beneficial in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus." primary compounds to protect the cell and fight cancer
Nutrition. 2007 Apr;23(4):351-5. Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor • Cocoa's primary nutrients help minimize damage to
proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice.
cell DNA

• Cocoa's primary nutrients stimulate the activity of

detoxification enzymes and induce apoptosis (death) of
problematic cells

• Cocoa decreases inflammation, a key contributor to

KEY BENEFITS cancer formation

• Cholesterol is implicated in various for~s of

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
cardiovascular disease and stroke
"Due to their high concentration of catechins and
• Cocoa can minimize the oxidation of harmful cholesterol
procyanidins, cocoa and chocolate products may have
• Cocoa appears to slow the absorption of cholesterol in beneficial health effects against oxidative stress and
the intestinal tract chronic inflammation, risk factors for cancer."
Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(5):573-9. Cancer protective properties of cocoa: a review
SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT of the epidemiologic evidence.

"Results indicate that regular consumption of chocolate as "A significant reduction in the incidence of prostate tumors
part of a low-fat diet may support cardiovascular health by was also observed ... In conclusion, [cocoa] protected from
lowering cholesterol and improving blood pressure." prostate carcinogenesis."
J Nutr. 2008 Apr;138(4):725-31 Daily consumption of a dark chocolate Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008 Feb;17(1):54-61. Protective effect of Acticoa
containing flavanols and added sterol esters affects cardiovascular risk factors powder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on prostate carcinogenesis in Wistar-
in a normotensive population with elevated cholesterol. Unilever rats.
 SKIN

KEY BENEFITS KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa slows free radical damage in gum tissues and slows the • Cocoa polyphenols protect the skin from UV radiation
· activity of the bacteria most responsible for tooth decay
• These polyphenols likely minimize inflammation in skin tissue

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
"Consuming a cocoa-enriched diet could diminish
"Our study demonstrated that regular consumption of a
periodontitis-induced oxidative stress, which, in turn, might
chocolate rich in flavanols confers significant photoprotection
suppress the progression of periodontitis."
and can thus be effective at protecting human skin from
J Periodontol. 2009 Nov;80(1l):1799-808. Preventive effects of a cocoa-
harmful UV effects."
enriched diet on gingival oxidative stress in experimental periodontitis.
J Cosmet Dermatol. 2009 Sep;8(3):169-73. Eating chocolate can significantly
"CBHE is highly effective in reducing mutans streptococci counts protect the skin from UV light.

and plaque deposition when used as a mouth rinse by children."

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008 Jun;26(2):67-70. Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect
on plaque acc mulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children.

KEY BENEFITS
• Cocoa polyphenols minimize free radical damage and minimize
KEY BENEFITS inflammation (which contributes to stroke and dementia)

• Cocoa's antioxidant properties protect the eye's • Cocoa improves blood flow to the brain for improved
sensitive tissue and nerves cognitive performance

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Our findings suggest that [cocoa procyanidins] inhibit "The prospect of increasing cerebral perfusion [blood flow]
diabetes-induced cataract formation possibly by virtue of its with cocoa flavanols is extremely promising."
antioxidative activity." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S210-4. Cocoa flavanols and brain perfusion.
Exp Bioi Med (Maywood). 2004 Jan;229(l):33-9. Ingestion of proanthocyanidins
derived from cacao inhibits diabetes-induced cataract formation in rats.

KEY BEN EFITS

KEY BENEFITS
• Like the heart and blood vessels, dark chocolate can
• Obesity is a huge and growing problem in the United States protect the brain from conditions related to high blood
pressure, clots and free radical damage
• Cocoa may regulate genes that control weight gain
• The antioxidants in cocoa protect brain cells, blood
• It also appears to suppress appetite and stabilize blood t ,

vessels and tissue

sugar levels
• Increased blood flow also improves mental cognition
• Cocoa may influence brain chemicals to reduce cravings
and performance

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
"Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity by
"Our data suggest a promising role for regular cocoa
modulating lipid metabolism, especially by decreasing fatty acid
flavano/'s consumption in the treatment of cerebrovascular
synthesis and transport systems, and enhancement of part of the
ischemic syndromes, including dementias and stroke."
thermogenesis mechanism in liver and white adipose tissue."
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008 Apr;4(2):433-40. Cerebral blood flow response
Nutritioh. 2005 May;21(5):594-60l. Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-
to flavanol-rich cocoa in healthy elderly humans.
induced obesity by regulating the expression of genes for fatty acid metabolism.

"Our results show that cocoa extract and epicatechin may

"Satiety and fullness were significantly increased after
exert a [brain and nerve] protective action by reducing [free
[ingesting] chocolate milk."
radical] production."
Br J Nutr. 2007 Mar;97(3):579-83. Increased satiety after intake of a chocolate
milk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference in Eur J Nutr. 2009 Feb;48(1):54-61. Neuroprotective effect of cocoa flavonoids on
subsequent ad libitum lunch intake. in vitro oxidative stress.
 obal Research Focuses on Cocoa
~ are just a few of the dozens of scientific journals that have published research on the health benefits
qliCaO, cocoa and chocolate:

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology

Journal of Periodontology
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
International Journal of Obesity
International Journal of Cardiology
American Journal of Hypertension
British Journal of Nutrition
Free Radical Biology and Medicine
European Journal Of Cancer Prevention

'lbe follOwing are prominent universities and research institutions that have funded independent research on cacao, cocoa and chocolate:

¥ale UniY~rsity Cancer Research Center of Hawaii University of California, Davis

Oxford University University of Washington Hokkaido University, Japan
jJniversity of Illinois Innsbruck Medical University, Austria University of Oulu, Finland
University of Nottingham Georgetown University University of Florence, Italy
Harvard UniVersity University of Barcelona St George's Hospital Medical School, London
Heinr:ft;b-He1he-University, Duesseldorf, London University University of Miami
Germany Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston University of Vienna
Tokyo Medical and Dental University Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston University of West Virginia
mdiaha University Purdue University St. John's University

"tt these observations [regarding cocoa epicatechin] predict the future; then we can say
without blushing that they are among the most important observations in the history of
medicine ... Epicatechin could potentially get rid of 4 of the 5 most common diseases in the
western world. How important does that make epicatechin? I would say very importent."
Norman Hollenberg, PhD, MD, Harvard University

Cocoa's Benefits: At a Glance

Dozens of studies demonstrate that cacao, cocoa and high-quality dark chocolate foods can support human health in a variety
of ways. This chart gives a visual representation of the areas of health for which cocoa may be beneficial:

Other benefits:
Mood---~ • Lessen inflammatory
response
Eye/visual • Combat oxidative stress
health • Help relieve diabetic
symptoms
• Increase energy/physical
stamina
• Aid Immune function
• Cellular protection

Cardiovascular
health

Weight control
 obal Research Focuses on Cocoa
~ are just a few of the dozens of scientific journals that have published research on the health benefits
qliCaO, cocoa and chocolate:

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology

Journal of Periodontology
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
International Journal of Obesity
International Journal of Cardiology
American Journal of Hypertension
British Journal of Nutrition
Free Radical Biology and Medicine
European Journal Of Cancer Prevention

'lbe follOwing are prominent universities and research institutions that have funded independent research on cacao, cocoa and chocolate:

¥ale UniY~rsity Cancer Research Center of Hawaii University of California, Davis

Oxford University University of Washington Hokkaido University, Japan
jJniversity of Illinois Innsbruck Medical University, Austria University of Oulu, Finland
University of Nottingham Georgetown University University of Florence, Italy
Harvard UniVersity University of Barcelona St George's Hospital Medical School, London
Heinr:ft;b-He1he-University, Duesseldorf, London University University of Miami
Germany Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston University of Vienna
Tokyo Medical and Dental University Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston University of West Virginia
mdiaha University Purdue University St. John's University

"tt these observations [regarding cocoa epicatechin] predict the future; then we can say
without blushing that they are among the most important observations in the history of
medicine ... Epicatechin could potentially get rid of 4 of the 5 most common diseases in the
western world. How important does that make epicatechin? I would say very importent."
Norman Hollenberg, PhD, MD, Harvard University

Cocoa's Benefits: At a Glance

Dozens of studies demonstrate that cacao, cocoa and high-quality dark chocolate foods can support human health in a variety
of ways. This chart gives a visual representation of the areas of health for which cocoa may be beneficial:

Other benefits:
Mood---~ • Lessen inflammatory
response
Eye/visual • Combat oxidative stress
health • Help relieve diabetic
symptoms
• Increase energy/physical
stamina
• Aid Immune function
• Cellular protection

Cardiovascular
health

Weight control
Additional References
Akita. M.. et al. Effects of cacao liquor polyphenols on cardiovascular and Hirao, C et al. Cocoa Showed Antibacterial Effects on Periopathogenic Bacteria,
autonomic nervous functions in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Basic and Clinical Second International Conference on Polyphenols and Health. 2005 BA 9.
Pharmacology and Toxicology. December 2008. 103(6):581-7. Janszky I.' et al. Chocolate consumption and mortality following a first acute
Allen. R.. Carson. L.. Kwik-Uribe. C. Evans. E. Daily consumption of a dark myocardial Infarction: the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. J Intern Med.
chocolate containing flavanols and added sterol esters affects cardiovascular 2009 Sep;266(3):248-57.
risk factors in a normotensive population with elevated cholesterol. Journal of Jourdain C, et al. In-vitro effects of polyphenols from cocoa and beta-sitosterol
Nutrition. April 2008; 138(4): 725-731. on the growth of human prostate cancer and normal cells. Eur J Cancer Prevo
Arlorio M. et al. Protective Activity of Theobroma cacao L. Phenolic Extract on 2006 Aug;15(4):353-61.
AML12 and MLP29 Liver Cells by Preventing Apoptosis and Inducing Autophagy. Keen, C et al. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health AJCN 81:1.298S-303.
J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 2.
Lamuela-Raventos et al. Review:Health Effects of Cocoa Flaonoids Food Science
Baba S. et al. Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa and Technology International 11:159-176.
powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma
HDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):709- Lee, K., et al. Cocoa Procyanidins Inhibit Expression and Activation of MMP-
17. 2 In Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Direct Inhibition of MEK and MT1-MMP
Activities. Cardiovascular Research. July 2008; 79(1):34-41.
Bailleux, N et al. The Book of Chocolate Flammarion, 2004.
Martin MA. et al. Cocoa flavonoids up-regulate antioxidant enzyme activity via
Balzer, J, et al. J Am Coli Cardiel, 2008; 51:2141-2149. Sustained Benefits in the ERKl/2 pathway to protect against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in
Vascular Function Through Flavanol-Containing Cocoa in Medicated Diabetic HepG2 cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Feb 4.
Patients. A Double-Masked, Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Maskarinec G. Cancer protective properties of cocoa: a review of the
Bayard V, et al. Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide- epidemiologic evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(5):573-9.
dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and
cancer in Panama. Int J Med Sci. 2007 Jan 27;4(1):53-8. Monagas M,.et al. Effect of cocoa powder on the modulation of inflammatory
biomarkers In patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr.
Borenstein, A. A Community-Based Study of Aging and Dementia the Japanese 2009 Nov;90(5):1144-50.
American Community of Seattle and King County KAME Project 2002.
Neilson AP, et al. Influence of Chocolate Matrix Composition on Cocoa Flavan-
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Crews, w.. Harrison. D.. Wright. J. A double-blind. placebo-controlled. 2009 Sep 25.
randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables Nemecz, G. The Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate US Pharmacist 29:2
associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health:
clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Nurk E, et al. J Nutr. 2009 Jan;139(1):120-7. Intake of flavonoid-rich wine. tea. and
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. April 2008; 87(4): 872-880. chocolate by elderly men and women is associated with better cognitive test
performance.
D'Archivio M, et al. Modulatory effects of polyphenols on apoptosis induction:
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Feb 28. cacao theobroma cacao extract reduces mutagenicity induced by benzo[a]
pyrene through inhibition of CYP1A activity in vitro.
Desch S, et al. Effect of Cocoa Products on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2009 Nov 12. Paetsch. Pet al. 2-Phenylethylamine-induced changes in catecholamine receptor
dnsity: Implications for antidepressant drug action Neurochem Res 18:9 1015-
Engler, M and Engler, M. The vasculoprotective effects of flavonoid-rich cocoa 1022. '
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Raudenbush, B. Chocolate May Boost Brain Power. Wheeling Jesuit University.
Engler. M et al. Flavonoid-Rich Dark Chocolate Improves Endothelial Function Publication pending. Ma, 2006.
and Increases Plasma Epicatechin Concentrations in Health Adults JACN, 23:5
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Hypertens. 2006 Aug;24(8):1575-80. Nutr 24:173-200.
Fraga C. Cocoa, diabetes, and hypertension:should we eat more chocolate? Shiina Y, et al. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Jan 24;131(3):424-9. Acute effect of oral
AJCN 81: 3, 541-542. flavonoid-rich dark chocolate intake on coronary circulation. as compared with
non-flavonoid white chocolate, by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in
Fujimoto, Y, Yonemura, T., Sakuma, S. SteariC acid potently modulates the healthy adults.
activity of cyclooxygenase-1, but not cyclooxygenase-2, in the form of its CoA
ester. Prostaglandins. Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. January 2008; Srikanth RK. Shashikiran ND, Subba Reddy vv. Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect on
78(1): 81-84. plaque accumulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children. J
Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008 Jun;26(2):67-70.
Grassi, et al. Cocoa Reduces Blood Pressure and Insulin Resistance and Improves
Endothelial Vasodilatation in Hypertensives Hypertension 46: 398-405. Williams. R et al. Flavonoids:Antioxidants of Signalling Molecules Free Rad Bio
Med 36:7. 838-849.
Gustavsson C, et al. Cocoa Butter and Safflower Oil Elicit Different Effects on
Hepatic Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism in Rats. Lipids. 2009 Oct 6. Wolfe, D and Shazzie. Naked Chocolate; Maul Brothers Publishing. 2005.
Hamed MS, et al. Dark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive protein Youdim. K et al. Flavonoids and the brain: interactions at the blood-brain barrier
and lipid profile: a pilot study. South Med J. 2008 Dec;101(12):1203-8. Erratum in: and their physiological effects on the central nervous system Free Rad Bioi Med
South Med J. 2009 Mar;102(3):332. Anand, Singla. 37:11.1683-1693.
Heiss C, et al. Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intake Zhu, Q et al. Inhibitory Effects of Cocoa Flavanols and Procyanidin Oligomers on
of high-flavanol cocoa drink over 1 week. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Free Radical Induced Erythrocyte Hemolysis Experimental Biology and Medicine
Feb;49(2):74-80. 227: 321-329.

STEVEN E. WARREN no, OPA, FABFp, FABHPM, FAPWCA, CIME

Dr. Warren has extensive experience in family medicine and ran a frontier medicine practice for years. He is board
certified in family medicine as well as in hospice and palliative medicine. He is also a Fellow of the American
Professional Wound Care Association and is involved in wound care research. He is the founder of the Foundation
for Flavonoid Research and the owner of Aging Well, a nutritional supplement company. He is very interested
in improving quality of life through nutrition and fitness. He hosts a national health television show, Health
Matters with Dr. Steve, and he is a contributor to Life Made Simple TV. He has been featured in three PBS
specials, and he is currently the medical director of numerous nursing homes. He is married with seven children.

To order additional copies call 877.225.3521 or visit www.healthychocolatetools.com

© 2009 Sound Concepts. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated into any
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OR THE USE OF MEDICATIONS, WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF YOUR MEDICAL CARE PROVIDER. FDA regulations prohibit the
use of therapeutic or medical claims in conjunction with the sale of any product not approved by the FDA.

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