136

21Electrochemistry
Electrodes
c1.

Inanyelectrochemicalcell,thecathodeisalways__________.
(a)thepositiveelectrode
(b)thenegativeelectrode
(c)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesgainselectrons
(d)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesloseselectrons
(e)theelectrodeatwhichoxidationoccurs

d2.

Inanyelectrochemicalcell,theanodeisalways_____.
(a)thepositiveelectrode
(b)thenegativeelectrode
(c)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesgainselectrons
(d)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesloseselectrons
(e)theelectrodeatwhichreductionoccurs

e3.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutelectrodesisfalse?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Thecathodeistheelectrodeatwhichreductionoccurs.
Theanodecanbeeitherpositiveornegative.
Electrodesaresurfacesonwhichoxidationorreductionhalfreactionsoccur.
Electrodesthatdonotreactarecalledinertelectrodes.
Electronsaregainedbysomespeciesattheanode.
TheElectrolysisofMoltenSalts

d4.

Duringtheelectrolysisofmoltensodiumbromide,sodiumionsmove_____.
(a)totheanode,whichispositivelycharged
(b)totheanode,whichisnegativelycharged
(c)tothecathode,whichispositivelycharged
(d)tothecathode,whichisnegativelycharged
(e)throughthewiretothebattery

c5.

Thehalfreactionthatoccursatthecathodeduringtheelectrolysisofmoltensodium
bromideis________________________.
(a)2BrBr2+2e
(c)Na++eNa
(e)2H2O+2e2OH+H2

(b)Br2+2e2Br
(d)NaNa++e

137

a6.

Thehalfreactionthatoccursattheanodeduringtheelectrolysisofmoltensodium
bromideis________________________.
(a)2BrBr2+2e
(c)Na++eNa
(e)2H2O+2e2OH+H2

b7.

Whatproductisformedattheanodewhenmoltensodiumchloride,NaCl,iselectrolyzed
usingaDownscell?
(a)O2

e8.

(c)
(d)
(e)

(c)NaOH

(d)H2

(e)Nametal

Thepalegreengas,Cl2,isliberatedattheanode.
Theanodeisthepositiveelectrodeandthecathodeisthenegativeelectrodefor
thiscell.
Themoltensodiumandgaseouschlorineproductsmustbekeptseparatedto
preventanexplosivereaction.
TheDownscellisexpensivetorunbecauseofthecostofconstruction,of
electricityandofheattomelttheNaCl.
AlthoughproductionofsodiummetalbytheelectrolysisofaqueousNaClismuch
cheaper,theelectrolysisofmoltenNaClisusedbecauseitgivesapurermetal.

Theelectrolysisofmoltenlithiumhydride,LiH,usinginertelectrodesproducesmetallic
lithiumandgaseoushydrogen.Lithiumisproducedatthe(I)___,whichisthe_(II)___
electrode.Electronsflowthroughthewirefromthe(III)___totheotherelectrode.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

e10.

(b)Cl2

WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerninguseoftheDownscellfortheelectrolysis
ofmoltensodiumchlorideisincorrect?
(a)
(b)

e9.

(b)Br2+2e2Br
(d)NaNa++e

(I)___
anode
cathode
cathode
anode
cathode

(II)___
negative
positive
positive
positive
negative

(III)___
anode
anode
cathode
cathode
anode

Theelectrolysisofmoltenlithiumhydrideusinginertelectrodesproducesmetallic
lithiumandgaseoushydrogen.Whatistheoverallcellreaction?
(a)LiHLi+H2
(c)LiH+H+Li+H2

(b)LiH+H2OLi+H2+OH
(d)LiOH+OHLi+H2+O2

Chapter21138

(e)2LiH2Li+H2
b11

Theelectrolysisofmoltenlithiumhydride,LiH,usinginertelectrodesproducesmetallic
lithiumandgaseoushydrogen.Thehydrogenisproducedbythe(I)___halfreaction,
(II)___.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(I)___
reduction
oxidation
reduction
oxidation
autooxidationreduction

(II)______________
+

2H +2e H2(g)
2HH2(g)+2e
2e+H2OH2(g)+O2
2e+2OHH2(g)+2O2
H++HH2(g)

TheElectrolysisofAqueousSaltSolutions
d12.

Inanelectrolyticcell,theelectrodethatactsasasourceofelectronstothesolutionis
calledthe__________;thechemicalchangethatoccursatthiselectrodeiscalled
__________.
(a)anode,oxidation
(b)anode,reduction
(c)cathode,oxidation
(d)cathode,reduction
(e)Cannotanswerunlessweknowthespeciesbeingoxidizedandreduced.

a13.

Whichoneofthefollowingisnotobtainedfromtheelectrolysisofanaqueoussolution
ofNaCl?
(a)Na
(b)NaOH
(c)Cl2
(d)H2
(e)Alloftheprecedingareobtainedfromthiselectrolysis.

b14.

Theelectrolysisofanaqueoussodiumchloridesolutionusinginertelectrodesproduces
gaseouschlorineatoneelectrode.Attheotherelectrodegaseoushydrogenisproduced,
andthesolutionbecomesbasicaroundtheelectrode.Whichofthefollowingisthe
equationforthecathodehalfreactioninthiselectrolyticcell?
(a)2ClCl2+2e
(c)Cl2+2e2Cl
(e)noneofthese

b15.

(b)2H2O+2eH2+2OH
(d)H2+2OH2H2O+2e

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwhatoccursduringtheelectrolysisofmolten
sodiumchlorideisfalse?
(a)

Sodiumisreducedatthecathode.

139

e16.

(b)
Thenetresultistheelectrolysisofwater.
(c)
Chlorideisoxidizedattheanode.
(d)
Hydrogengasandsodiumhydroxideareproducedatthecathode.
(e)
Sodiumisaspectatorion.
WhatreactionoccursattheanodeduringtheelectrolysisofaqueousNa2SO4?
(a)Na++eNa
(c)SO42SO4+2e
(e)2H2OO2+4H++4e

b17.

Considertheelectrolysisofanaqueoussolutionofaluminumfluoride.Whichoneofthe
followingstatementsdescribeswhatwillbeobserved?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

a18.

(b)2H++2eH2
(d)SO42SO2+O2+2e

Almetalisproducedatoneelectrode,andO2andH+producedattheother.
O2andH+areproducedatoneelectrode,andH2andOHproducedattheother.
Almetalisproducedatoneelectrode,andF2producedattheother.
Almetalisproducedatoneelectrode,andH2andOHproducedattheother.
H2andOHareproducedatoneelectrode,andF2producedattheother.

FortheelectrolysisofaqueousKClsolutionusinginertelectrodes,chlorinegasis
evolvedatoneelectrodeandhydrogengasisevolvedattheotherelectrode.Thesolution
aroundtheelectrodeatwhichhydrogengasisevolvedbecomesbasicastheelectrolysis
proceeds.Whichreactionoccursattheanode?
(a)2ClCl2+2e
(b)2H2OO2+4H++4e
(c)Cl2+2e2Cl
(d)2H2O+2eH2+2OH
(e)Noneofthefirstfourresponsesiscorrect.
Faradays Law of Electrolysis

e19.

If1faradayofelectricityispassedthroughanelectrolyticcellcontainingasolutionofa
metalsalt,themetalmaybereducedanddepositedatthecathode.Belowaregiventhe
massesofmetalsthatwouldbedepositedfromdifferentsaltsolutions.Whichoneis
incorrect?
(a)107.9gAgfromAgCl
(b)31.8gCufromCuSO4 (c)63.6gCufromCuCl
(d)65.7gAufromAuCl3 (e)26.0gCrfromCr2(SO4)3

c20.

Howmanycoulombsofchargepassthroughacellif2.40amperesofcurrentarepassed
throughthecellfor85.0minutes?
(a)2.04x102C
(d)2.12x103C

(b)1.33x101C
(e)3.40C

(c)1.22x104C

Chapter21140

d21.

a22.

Howmanyfaradays(F)arepassedthroughacellif6.25amperesofcurrentarepassed
throughthecellfor1.50hours?
(a)4.19F
(b)2.86F
(c)251F
(d)0.350F (e)5.83x103F
Howmanymolesofchromiumwouldbeelectroplatedbypassingacurrentof5.2
amperesthroughasolutionofCr2(SO4)3for45.0minutes?
(a)0.048mol (b)2.9mol

c23.

(d)4.6g

(e)5.5g

(b)1.92g

(c)7.66g

(d)2.76g

(e)3.83g

(b)5.91g

(c)11.8g

(d)7.30g

(e)0.099g

(b)309hr

(c)5.15hr

(d)23.2hr

(e)1.72hr

MoltenAlCl3iselectrolyzedfor5.0hourswithacurrentof0.40ampere.Metallic
aluminumisproducedatoneelectrodeandchlorinegas,Cl2,isproducedattheother.
Howmanygramsofaluminumareproduced?
(a)1.1g

d28.

(c)2.8g

Howlongwouldaconstantcurrentof4.5amperesberequiredtoflowinordertoplate
out15gofchromiumfromachromium(III)sulfatesolution?
(a)268hr

e27.

(b)1.9g

Anaqueoussolutionofnickelacetateiselectrolyzedfor3hourswitha1.8ampere
current.Whatmassofnickelisproduced?
(a)3.28g

c26.

(e)0.073mol

Howmanygramsofmetallicnickelcanbeproducedbytheelectrolysisofaqueous
nickel(II)chloride,NiCl2,witha0.350amperecurrentfor5.00hours?
(a)1.19g

b25.

(d)6.9mol

Anaqueouscopper(II)sulfatesolutioniselectrolyzedfor45minutes.A3.2ampere
currentisused.Whatmassofcopperisproduced?
(a)0.95g

b24.

(c)0.15mol

(b)0.22g

(c)0.44g

(d)0.58g

(e)0.67g

Howmanymolesofoxygen,O2,willbeproducedbytheelectrolysisofwaterwitha
currentof1.5amperesfor6.0hours?
(a)0.014mol
(d)0.084mol

(b)0.34mol
(e)0.0014mol

(c)0.74mol

141

c29.

MoltenAlCl3iselectrolyzedfor5.0hourswithacurrentof0.40ampere.Metallic
aluminumisproducedatoneelectrodeandchlorinegas,Cl2,isproducedattheother.
HowmanylitersofCl2measuredatSTPareproducedattheotherelectrode?
(a)0.56L

b30.

(b)0.902L

(b)48.7mL

(c)1.55L

(d)1.80L

(e)2.16L

(c)348mL

(d)174mL

(e)3.89mL

(b)3.7x104coulombs
(e)4.8x104coulombs

(c)1.7x104coulombs

Howlongwouldaconstantcurrentof18.0amperesberequiredtoflowinorderfor
9000.coulombsofchargetopassthroughacell?
(a)200.s

c34.

(e)1.02L

Calculatethequantityofchargenecessarytoproduce10litersofH2(g)atSTPfrom
theelectrolysisofwater.
(a)8.6x104coulombs
(d)5.3x104coulombs

b33.

(d)0.98L

HowmanymLofchlorinegascanbeobtainedatSTPbytheelectrolysisofmoltenNaCl
usinga0.500amperecurrentfor25.0minutes?
(a)87.0mL

a32.

(c)0.84L

HowmanylitersofF2atSTPcouldbeliberatedfromtheelectrolysisofmoltenNaF
undera2.16amperecurrentfor60.0minutes?
(a)0.774L

a31.

(b)0.63L

(b)500.s

(c)0.002s

(d)50.s

(e)1.6x105s

Howmanyminuteswoulda5.00amperecurrenthavetobeappliedtoplateout
8.00gramsofcoppermetalfromaqueouscopper(II)sulfatesolution?
(a)14.6minutes
(d)124minutes

(b)33.3minutes
(e)188minutes

(c)81.0minutes

c*35. ElementaryfluorineispreparedbyelectrolysisofmoltenKHF2.Howlongwouldittake
toproduce11.0litersofF2atSTPusingacurrentof15.0amperes?Thehalfreaction
isHF2HF+F2+e
(a)3.64hours
(d)2.26hours

(b)8.78hours
(e)2.74hours

(c)1.76hours

e*36. Currentispassedthroughacellwherethehalfreactionthatoccursatthecathodeis
5e+MnO4+8H+Mn2++4H2O.AlltheMnO4ionspresentin

Chapter21142

25.0mLofsolutionhavebeenreducedafteracurrentof0.600amperehaspassedfor
844seconds.WhatwastheoriginalconcentrationofMnO4ions?
(a)7.10x103M
(d)1.47M

(b)1.02x101M
(e)4.20x102M

(c)0.21M

a*37. MoltenAlCl3iselectrolyzedwithacurrentof0.500ampere.Metallicaluminumis
producedatoneelectrodeandchlorinegas,Cl2,isproducedattheother.If0.450litersof
Cl2,measuredatSTP,areproducedatoneelectrode,howmanygramsofaluminum
areproducedattheother?
(a)0.362g

(b)0.373g

(c)0.542g

(d)0.181g

(e)0.893g

Voltaic or Galvanic Cells

c38.

Involtaiccells,suchasthosediagrammedinyourtext,thesaltbridge__________.
(a)isnotnecessaryinorderforthecelltowork
(b)actsasamechanismtoallowmechanicalmixingofthesolutions
(c)allowschargebalancetobemaintainedinthecell
(d)istightlypluggedwithafirmagargelthroughwhichionscannotmove
(e)driveselectronsfromonehalfcelltotheother

a39.

Oxidationoccursatthe_________inavoltaiccellandoxidationoccursatthe
_________ inanelectrolyticcell.
(a)anode,anode
(d)cathode,anode

e40.

(c)anode,cathode

Whichresponsecontainsallthefollowingstatementsthatarecorrect,andnoothers?
I.
II.
III.

Involtaiccellstheflowofelectronsisspontaneous.
Inelectrolyticcellselectronsflowintheexternalcircuit(throughthewire)from
theanodetothecathode.
Involtaiccellsthecathodeisthepositiveelectrode.

(a)I
(d)IIandIII
b41.

(b)cathode,cathode
(e)anode,saltbridge

(b)III
(e)I,II,andIII

(c)IandII

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesaltbridgeinavoltaiccellisfalse?

143

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

c42.

Itallowselectricalcontactbetweenthetwosolutionsinthehalfcells.
Theionsfromthesaltbridgeparticipateinthehalfreactions.
Itpreventsmixingoftheelectrodesolutions.
Itmaintainstheelectricalneutralityineachhalfcell.
Ionsflowintoandoutofthesaltbridge.

Acellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofleadina1.0MPb(NO3)2solutionanda
stripofsilverina1.0MAgNO3solution.Thecircuitiscompletedbyawireandasalt
bridge.Asthecelloperates,thestripofsilvergainsmass(onlysilver),andthe
concentrationofsilverionsinthesolutionaroundthesilverstripdecreases,whilethe
stripofleadlosesmass,andtheconcentrationofleadionsincreasesinthesolution
aroundtheleadstrip.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsthereactionthatoccursatthe
cathodeinthiscell?
(a)Pb2++2ePb
(c)Ag++eAg
(e)noneoftheabove

b43.

(b)PbPb2++2e
(d)AgAg++e

Acellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofleadina1.0MPb(NO3)2solutionanda
stripofsilverina1.0MAgNO3solution.Thecircuitiscompletedbyawireandasalt
bridge.Asthecelloperates,thestripofsilvergainsmass(onlysilver),andthe
concentrationofsilverionsinthesolutionaroundthesilverstripdecreases,whilethe
stripofleadlosesmass,andtheconcentrationofleadionsincreasesinthesolution
aroundtheleadstrip.Whichequationrepresentsthereactionthatoccursatthenegative
electrodeintheabovecell?
(a)Pb2++2ePb
(c)Ag++eAg
(e)noneoftheabove

d44.

(b)PbPb2++2e
(d)AgAg++e

Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcoppermetalin1.0MCuSO4
solutionandastripofaluminumin0.50MAl2(SO4)3solution.Awireandasaltbridge
completethecircuit.Thealuminumstriplosesmass,andtheconcentrationofaluminum
ionsinthesolutionincreases.Thecopperelectrodegainsmass,andtheconcentrationof
copperionsdecreases.Whichofthefollowingareapplicabletothecopperelectrode?
I.Theanode
III.Thepositiveelectrode
V.Thenegativeelectrode

II.Thecathode
IV.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareproduced
VI.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareusedup

Chapter21144

(a)I,III,andV
(b)I,IV,andV
(c)II,IV,andV
(d)II,III,andVI
(e)Noneofthefirstfourresponsescontainsallthecorrectchoicesandnoothers.

b45.

Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcoppermetalin1.0MCuSO4
solutionandastripofaluminumin0.50MAl2(SO4)3solution.Awireandasaltbridge
completethecircuit.Thealuminumstriplosesmass,andtheconcentrationofaluminum
ionsinthesolutionincreases.Thecopperelectrodegainsmass,andtheconcentrationof
copperionsdecreases.Whichofthefollowingareapplicabletotheelectrodeatwhich
oxidationoccurs?
I.Theanode
III.Thepositiveelectrode
V.Thenegativeelectrode

II.Thecathode
IV.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareproduced
VI.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareusedup

(a)I,III,andV
(b)I,IV,andV
(c)II,V,andVI
(d)II,III,andIV
(e)Noneofthefirstfourresponsescontainsallthecorrectchoicesandnoothers.
*****************************************************************************
Atableofstandardelectrodepotentialsisnecessaryformanyofthequestions4394.
*****************************************************************************
Standard Electrode Potentials
e46.

Whichstatementconcerningatableofstandardreductionpotentialsisincorrect?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

c47.

Ontheleftsideofthetablearecations,hydrogenionandelementalnonmetals.
Ontherightsideofthetableareelementalmetals,hydrogenandnonmetalanions.
Fluorine,F2,isthestrongestoxidizingagent.
Thealkalimetals(GroupIA)areamongthestrongestreducingagents.
Themorepositivethereductionpotential,thestrongerthespeciesontheleftacts
asareducingagent.

Whichofthefollowingisthestrongestoxidizingagent?
(a)Mg2+
(b)Mg
(c)F2
(d)F

(e)H+

145

c48.

Whichofthefollowingspeciesisthestrongestoxidizingagent?
(a)Sn2+

b49.

(c)Au+

(d)H2

(e)Au

(b)Ag

(c)Ba2+

(d)F2

(e)Cu

(b)Al

(c)F2

(d)F

(e)K+

(b)Zn2+

(c)F

(d)Na

(e)K+

Whichofthefollowingmetalsismosteasilyoxidized?
(a)Cd

a54.

(b)Mn

Whichofthefollowingistheweakestoxidizingagent?
(a)Cu2+

e53.

(e)Li

Whichofthefollowingistheweakestreducingagent?
(a)Al3+

e52.

(d)Br

Whichofthefollowingisthestrongestreducingagent?
(a)K

d51.

(c)Br2

Whichofthefollowingspeciesisthestrongestreducingagent?
(a)Mn2+

a50.

(b)Sn4+

(b)Cu

(c)Fe

(d)Ni

(e)Zn

WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsabouttheoxidizingstrengthofthegroupIB
metals(Cu,Ag,andAu)istrue?
(a)CuiseasiertooxidizethanAu. (b)AuiseasiertooxidizethanAg.
(c)AgiseasiertooxidizethanCu. (d)AuiseasiertooxidizethanCu.
(e)Nothingcanbedecidedaboutthisfromatableofelectrodepotentials.

d*55. Determinetheorderinwhichthefollowingmetalionsarereducedasincreasingvoltage
isappliedtoelectrolyticcellsinwhichmoltensaltsofthesecationsarepresent.Listthe
firstonereducedfirst,andthelastonereducedlast.
Ag+,Mg2+,Na+,Fe3+
(a)Mg2+,Fe3+,Ag+,Na+
(d)Ag+,Fe3+,Mg2+,Na+
b56.

(b)Na+,Mg2+,Fe3+,Ag+
(e)Na+,Fe3+,Ag+,Mg2+

(c)Fe3+,Mg2+,Na+,Ag+

Atstandardconditions,whichofthefollowingcanoxidizeHgtoHg2+?
(a)Cu2+

(b)Cl2

(c)Ag

(d)Zn2+

(e)Zn

Chapter21146

d57.

Atstandardconditions,whichoneofthefollowingwillreduceNi2+toNibutwillnot
reduceMg2+toMg?
(a)Cd2+

(b)Sn

(c)Ca

(d)Cr

(e)K

Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials

b58.

d59.

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthehalfcellprocessesistrueforthecell,
Cd|Cd2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu?
(a)Cu2+isreducedattheanode.
(b)Cu2+isreducedatthecathode.
(c)Cd2+isreducedattheanode.
(d)Cd2+isreducedatthecathode.
(e)Thespontaneousreactionthatoccursinthiscellisnotaredoxreaction.
Avoltaiccellconsistsofastandardhydrogenelectrodeconnectedbyasaltbridgeanda
wiretoanelectrodeconsistingofastripofCdmetaldippingintoa1Msolutionof
Cd(NO3)2.Whenthecellproducescurrent,theelectronsflowthroughthewirefromthe
_____electrodetothe_____electrode.Inthiscellthe_____electrodeactsasthe
cathode.
(a)Cd,H2,Cd
(d)Cd,H2,H2

d60.

(b)H2,Cd,Cd
(c)H2,Cd,H2
(e)Noneofthefirstfourresponsesarecorrect.

Whichofthefollowingdescribesthenetreactionthatoccursinthecell,
Cd|Cd2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu?
(a)Cu+Cd2+Cu2++Cd
(c)Cu2++Cd2+Cu+Cd
(e)2Cu+Cd2+2Cu++Cd

b61.

(b)Cu+CdCu2++Cd2+
(d)Cu2++CdCu+Cd2+

Whichoneofthefollowingreactionsisspontaneous(inthedirectiongiven)under
standardelectrochemicalconditions?
(a)Pb2++2IPb+I2

(b)Cu2++FeCu+Fe2+

(c)2Au+Pt2+2Au++Pt
(d)Mg2++2BrMg+Br2
(e)2Hg+2Cl+2H+Hg2Cl2+H2
d62.

Whatisthecellpotentialforacellconstructedbyimmersingastripofmanganeseina
1.0 MMnSO4solutionandastripofironina1.0MFeSO4solutionandcompletingthe
circuitbyawireandasaltbridge?
(a)1.62V

(b)+1.62V

(c)0.74V

(d)+0.74V

(e)+1.21V

147

b63.

Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcoppermetalin1.0MCuSO4
solutionandastripofaluminumin0.50MAl2(SO4)3solution.Awireandasaltbridge
completethecircuit.Thealuminumstriplosesmass,andtheconcentrationofaluminum
ionsinthesolutionincreases.Thecopperelectrodegainsmass,andtheconcentrationof
copperionsdecreases.Whatisthecellpotential?
(a)+1.28V
(d)+2.50V

a64.

(c)+2.34V

Whatisthenumericalvalueforthestandardcellpotentialforthefollowingreaction?
2Cr3+(aq)+3Cu(s)2Cr(s)+3Cu2+(aq)
(a)1.08V

a65.

(b)+2.00V
(e)+3.66V

(b)0.40V

(c)0.40V

(d)1.08V

(e)2.52V

Calculatethestandardcellpotentialforthecell,Cd|Cd2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu.
(a)+0.74V

(b)0.74V

(c)+0.06V

(d)0.06V

(e)0.00V

Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions

a66.

Whichofthefollowingisthestrongestoxidizingagentin1Msolutions?
(a)MnO4(inaqueousacidicsolution)
(c)Cu2+(aq)
(e)Li+(aq)

d67.

Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcobaltmetalintoa1.0Msolution
ofCo(NO3)2andconnectingthiselectrodebyawireandsaltbridgetoastripofplatinum
incontactwithasolutionthatis0.50MinFe2(SO4)3and1.0MinFeSO4.Consultthe
tableofstandardelectrodepotentialstodeterminethereactionthatoccurs.Whichofthe
followingistheanodehalfreaction?
(a)Fe3++eFe2+
(c)2H++2eH2
(e)Fe2+Fe3++e

c68.

(b)Ag+(aq)
(d)Ca2+(aq)

(b)Co2++2eCo
(d)CoCo2++2e

Giventhefollowingstandardelectrodepotentials:
HalfReaction___________
O2(g)+4H++4e2H2O
2CO2(g)+2H++2e(COOH)2

E0___
+1.23V
0.49V

Chapter21148

Whichresponsecontainsallthetruestatementsandnoothers?(Assumeallspeciesare
presentunderstandardelectrochemicalconditions.)
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

H2Owillspontaneouslyoxidize(COOH)2toformCO2.
O2(g)willspontaneouslyoxidize(COOH)2toformCO2.
(COOH)2willspontaneouslyreduceO2(g)toformH2O.
H+willspontaneouslyreduce(COOH)2toformCO2.
CO2willspontaneouslyoxidizeH2OtoformO2(g).

(a)II,IV,andV
(d)IandIV

b69.

Sn2++Mg2+Sn4++Mg
Cu2++FeCu+Fe2+
H2O2+Sn4+O2+Sn2++2H+
2Hg+2Cl+2H+Hg2Cl2+H2

(a)IandII
(d)IIandIV

(b)II
(e)anothercombination

(c)I,III,andIV

Whichresponselistsallofthefollowingreactionsthatarespontaneous?
I.
II.
III.
IV.

F2(g)+SO2+2H2O2F+SO42+4H+
Cl2(g)+Sn2+2Cl+Sn4+

2NO(g)+4H2O+3Br2(l)6Br+2NO3+8H+
H2O2+2H++2I2H2O(l)+I2(s)

(a)IandIII
(d)II,III,andIV
e71.

(c)IIandIII

Whichresponseincludesallofthefollowingreactions(andnoothers)thatcanbeused
(inthedirectiongiven)foragalvaniccellunderstandardelectrochemicalconditions?
I.
II.
III.
IV.

e70.

(b)I,III,andIV
(e)IIIandV

(b)IIandIV
(e)I,II,III,andIV

(c)I,II,andIII

Whichresponselistsallofthefollowingreactionsthatarespontaneousunderstandard
electrochemicalconditions?
I.
II.

Cr(s)+3Fe3+3Fe2++Cr3+
2Fe2++Cu2+2Fe3++Cu

149

III.

Li(s)+H+Li++H2(g)

(a)I
(d)IIandIII
d72.

(b)II
(e)IandIII

(c)III

Whichone(s)ofthefollowingreactionsis/arespontaneousunderstandard
electrochemicalconditions?
I.
II.
III.
IV.

2Al3++3Cu2Al+3Cu2+
Sn2++H2Sn+2H+
Hg2++NiHg+Ni2+
O2+4H++2Cd2H2O+2Cd2+

(a)IandII
(d)IIIandIV

(b)III
(e)II,III,andIV

(c)IIandIV

CorrosionProtection
c73.

Ifacopperplatedironcanisscratched,theironbeneathitcorrodesmorerapidlythan
itwouldwithoutthecoating.Ontheotherhand,agalvanizedironcanisnotoxidized
ifitscoatingisscratched.Whichstatementbelowabouttheseprocessesisfalse?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

d74.

Whichstatementconcerningprotectingmetalsagainstcorrosionisfalse?
(a)

cellis

(b)
(c)
(d)

isno

Copperislessactivethaniron.
Zincismoreactivethaniron.
Thezincispreferentiallyreduced.
Zincisactingasasacrificialanode.
Copperislesseasilyoxidizedthaniron.

(e)

Ametalprotectedbyathinlayerofalesseasilyoxidizedmetalwillcorrodeeven
morerapidlyifthelayerisbreachedbecauseanadverseelectrochemical
created.
Ametalmaybedirectlyconnectedtoasacrificialanode(anothermetalthatis
moreactiveandthereforepreferentiallyoxidized).
Somemetalsnaturallyformaprotectivefilmontheirsurface,oftenthemetal
oxide.
Galvanizing(coatingironwiththemoreactivemetal,zinc)isonlyprotectiveas
longasthecoatinglayerremainsintact.Ifthezinccoatingisbroken,there
moreprotection.
Nonmetalcoatingssuchaspaintmaybeusedtopreventcontactwithoxygen.

Chapter21150

b75.

Azincbarweighing3.0kgisattachedtoaburiedironpipetoprotectthepipefrom
corrosion.Anaveragecurrentof0.020Aflowsbetweenthebarandthepipe.Howmany
yearswillberequiredforthezincbartobeentirelyconsumed?(1yr=3.16x107s)
(a)600yr

(b)14.0yr

(c)5.99yr

(d)7.00yr

(e)6.66yr

The Nernst Equation

a 76.

Calculate the reduction potential of the Cu2+/Cu electrode when [Cu2+] = 1.0 x 108 M.
(a) +0.10 V
(d) +0.35 V

e 77.

(b) 0.80 V
(e) 0.88 V

(c) 0.83 V

(b) 0.87 V
(e) 0.98 V

(c) 0.95 V

Calculate Ecell for the reaction below when [Zn2+] = 1.00 M, [H+] = 1.00 x 106 M, and
P H2 = 1.00 atm.
Zn(s) + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2(g)
(a) +0.41 V
(d) +1.12 V

b 81.

(c) 0.76 V

A cell is constructed by immersing a strip of silver in 0.10 M AgNO3 solution and a strip
of lead in 1.0 M Pb(NO3)2 solution. A wire and salt bridge complete the cell. What is the
potential for the cell?
(a) 0.90 V
(d) 0.96 V

a 80.

(b) 0.75 V
(e) 1.00 V

A cell is constructed by immersing a strip of silver in 0.10 M AgNO3 solution and a strip
of lead in 1.0 M Pb(NO3)2 solution. A wire and salt bridge complete the cell. What is the
potential of the silver electrode in the cell?
(a) 0.74 V
(d) 0.86 V

b 79.

(c) +0.34 V

Calculate the reduction potential of the Zn2+/Zn electrode when [Zn2+] = 1.0 x 108 M.
(a) 0.73 V
(d) 0.77 V

a 78.

(b) +0.33 V
(e) +0.37 V

(b) +0.053 V
(e) +0.76 V

(c) 0.64 V

Consider the following reaction: If a galvanic cell utilizes this reaction and the initial
concentrations are [Hg22+] = 0.10 M, [Sn2+] = 0.30 M, and [Sn4+] = 0.20 M, what will
be Ecell under these conditions?
Hg22+(aq) + Sn2+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2Hg(s)

151

(a) 0.57 V
c 82.

(d) 0.66 V

(e) 0.68 V

(b) +0.31 V

(c) 0.22 V

(d) +0.24 V

(e) +0.29 V

Calculate the cell potential of the following voltaic cell.

Zn|Zn2+(1.0 x 104 M)||Cu2+(1.0 x 106 M)|Cu
(a) +0.98 V

c 84.

(c) 0.74 V

What is the cell potential for the reaction below if [Cr2O72] = 0.0010 M, [Cr3+] =
0.150 M, [H+] = 1.00 M, and [Br] = 0.450 M, and some bromine is also present initially?
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6Br 3Br2(l) + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
(a) +0.28 V

c 83.

(b) 0.61 V

(b) +1.10 V

(c) +1.04 V

(d) +1.22 V

(e) +1.16 V

Calculate the cell potential of the following voltaic cell at 25C.

Mg|Mg2+(1.0 x 106 M)||Ag+(1.0 x 102 M)|Ag
(a) +3.17 V

(b) +3.29 V

(c) +3.23 V

(d) +3.11 V

(e) +1.63 V

d 85. Calculate Ecell for the following voltaic cell.

Ag|Ag+(1.0 x 105 M)||Au3+(1.0 x 101 M)|Au
(a) +0.78 V
a 86.

(b) +0.46 V

(c) +0.88 V

(d) +0.98 V

(e) +2.58 V

Calculate the cell potential for the following voltaic cell.

Cr|Cr3+(1.0 x 102 M)||Co2+(1.0 x 105 M)|Co
(a) +0.35 V

(b) +0.91 V

(c) +0.57 V

(d) +0.28 V

(e) 1.13 V

Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations

d 87. Calculate the value of the reaction quotient, Q, if the observed cell voltage is 1.53 V for
the following voltaic cell.
Al|Al3+(x M)||Sn2+(y M)|Sn
(a) 27
a 88.

(c) 13

(d) 0.1

(e) 7 x 1027

Calculate the Cd2+ concentration in the following cell if Ecell = 0.23 V.

Cd(s)|Cd2+(x M)||Ni2+(1.00 M)|Ni
(a) 0.0019 M
(d) 0.015 M

e 89.

(b) 10

(b) 1.4 x 105 M

(e) 0.0086 M

(c) 0.0036 M

Calculate the [H+] for the hydrogen half-cell of the following voltaic cell if the observed
cell voltage is 2.02 V.
Mg|Mg2+(1.00 M)||H+(? M), H2(1.00 atm)|Pt

Chapter21152

(a) 8.0 x 105 M

(d) 8.0 x 103 M
a 90.

(c) 9.8 x 101 M

Calculate the pH for the hydrogen half-cell of the following voltaic cell if the observed
cell voltage is 1.00 V.
Mn|Mn2+(1.00 M)||H+(pH = ?), H2(1.00 atm)|Pt
(a) 3.04

e 91.

(b) 1.1 x 103 M

(e) 1.2 x 106 M

(b) 4.31

(c) 1.52

(d) 3.62

(e) 2.78

A concentration cell is constructed by placing identical iron electrodes in two Fe2+

solutions. The potential of this cell is observed to be 0.047 V. If the more concentrated
Fe2+ solution is 0.10 M, what is the concentration of the other Fe2+ solution?
(a) 1.5 x 102 M
(d) 9.2 x 102 M

(b) 2.8 x 105 M

(e) 2.6 x 103 M

(c) 3.5 x 104 M

d 92. Which of the following statements about a concentration cell is false?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

The concentration decreases in the more concentrated half-cell.

Both half-cells are composed of the same species.
Eo is always zero in a concentration cell.
The spontaneous reaction is always from the more dilute solution to the more
concentrated solution.
The concentration increases in the less concentrated half-cell.
The Relationship of Eto G0 and K

b 93.

What is G0 at 25C for the reaction below? (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)

Cu2+ + Cd Cu + Cd2+
(a) 71.1 kJ
(d) 193 kJ

b 94.

(c) 597 kJ

Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction below when initial concentrations
of Cr3+ and Cu2+ are 1.00 M. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) 2Cr(s) + 3Cu2+(aq)
(a) 232 kJ

b 95.

(b) 143 kJ
(e) +71.1 kJ

(b) 623 kJ

(c) 313 kJ

(d) 232 kJ

(e) 523 kJ

Calculate G0 for the following reaction from its Evalue.

(F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
3Hg2Cl2 + 2Cr 2Cr3+ + 6Hg + 6Cl
(a) 1.12 x 103 kJ
(d) 1.62 x 103 kJ

(b) 585 kJ
(e) 1.78 x 103 kJ

(c) 361 kJ

153

b 96.

What is G0 per mole of dichromate ions for the reduction of dichromate ions, Cr2O72,
to Cr3+ by bromide ions, Br, in acidic solution? (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6Br 3Br2(l) + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
(a) +26.3 kJ

(b) 145 kJ

(c) +145 kJ

(d) 26.3 kJ

(e) 53.6 kJ

d 97. Calculate G for the reaction of the cell below under the stated conditions.
(F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
Zn|Zn2+(1.0 x 108 M)||Cu2+(1.0 x 106 M)|Cu
(a) 163 kJ

(b) 192 kJ

(c) 201 kJ

(d) 212 kJ

(e) 268 kJ

d 98. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25C for the reaction below. Answer is only
approximate. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e and R = 8.314 J/molK)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) 2Cr(s) + 3Cu2+(aq)
(a) 10162
e 99.

(b) 10+56

(c) 10+88

(d) 10109

(e) 1038

The standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) and
AgCl(s) + e Ag(s) + Cl(aq) are 0.7994 and 0.222 volt, respectively.
Calculate Ksp for AgCl at 25C. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e and R = 8.314 J/molK)
(a) 4.7 x 1012
(d) 4.3 x 108

(b) 3.2 x 108

(e) 1.7 x 1010

(c) 6.2 x 109

d 100. Given the standard electrode potentials below, calculate Kc at 25C for the following
reaction. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e and R = 8.314 J/molK)
2Fe3+(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(s)
E0___
3+

2+
Fe (aq) + e
Fe (aq)
+0.771 V
I2(s) + 2e 2I(aq)
+0.535 V
(a) 1.6 x 1012
(d) 9.6 x 107

(b) 1.1 x 108

(e) 9.7 x 103

(c) 1.0 x 104

a 101. The equilibrium constant, at 25C, for the reaction below is 1.34 x 1077. What is E0 for
this reaction?
2Tl + BrO3 + 6H+ 2Tl3+ + Br + 3H2O
(a) 0.76 V

(b) 0.90 V

(c) 0.31 V

(d) 0.22 V

(e) 1.03 V

b 102. The equilibrium constant, at 25C, for the reaction below is 1.99 x 1020. What is E0 for
this reaction?

Chapter21154

NO3 + 3H+ + Cu
(a) 0.090 V

(b) 0.60 V

Cu2+ + HNO2 + H2O

(c) 0.88 V

(d) 1.05 V

(e) 0.21 V

Commercial Voltaic Cells

c 103. Which of the following voltaic cells is incorrectly labeled?
(a)
Leclanche dry cell
primary
(b)
alkaline dry cell
primary
(c)
mercury battery
secondary
(d)
lead storage battery secondary
(e)
nickel-cadmium cell secondary
d 104. Which of the following statements concerning the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is
incorrect?
(a)
(b)
(c)
with a
(d)
(e)

Fuel cells are voltaic cells in which the reactants are continuously supplied to the
cell and the products are continuously removed.
Most of the chemical energy from the formation of HO bonds is converted
directly into electrical energy.
The efficiency of energy conversion of the fuel cell is 60-70% of the theoretical
maximum, about twice the efficiency of burning hydrogen in a heat engine
generator.
The cathode reaction is: H2 + 2OH 2H2O + 2e.
The H2/O2 cell is nonpolluting, only H2O is released.
Secondary Voltaic Cells

c105. Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningtheleadstoragebatteryisincorrect?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

BoththeanodeandthecathodeproducePbSO4.
Automobile12voltbatterieshavesix2voltcellsconnectedinseries.
AllPbSO4producedisconvertedbacktoPbandPbO2duringrechargeofthe
battery.
Batteriescanbetestedbymeasuringthedensityofthebatterysolution.
Leadbatteriesrepresentoneofthemostsuccessfulrecyclingprograms.
Conceptual Questions

106.Metalplatedarticlesarecommoninoursociety.Explainwhychromium,silverand
goldarecommonlyused,whereastherearenopotassiumplatedobjects.
107.

Batterypoweredautomobileshavebeenproposedasawaytoreduceemissions

from
gasolinecombustion.Whataresomeoftheobstaclesthatengineerswillhaveto

155

overcomeinorderforthissuggestiontobecomepractical?
108.

Explainthefollowingobservations:Tinplatedsteelcansareprotectedfrom
oxidation
unlessthelayeroftinisbreached,butzinccoatedobjectsremainprotectedifthezinc
coatingisbroken.
109.

Comparetheactivityseriesfromchapter4tothereductionpotentialtablein
chapter21.
Whatcanyouconclude?
110.

Proposeareasonwhyaleadstoragebatterywouldbemorepronetoshortingout
inthe
wintertime.(Hint:Acoldbatteryhastobecrankedforalongertimeinordertostart
thecar,makingmoreofthehalfreactionproducts.)