On-line Load Test for Induction Machine Stator

Inter-turn Fault Detection under Stator Electrical

Asymmetries
Dhaval C. Patel and Mukul C. Chandorkar
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, INDIA.
Email: dhavalpatel@ee.iitb.ac.in, mukul@ee.iitb.ac.in

AbstractThe stator inter-turn faults and stator electrical

asymmetries such as stator resistance and inductance unbalance
generate similar negative sequence current signatures in the
induction machine. Hence the stator inter-turn fault is one of the
most difficult faults to discriminate and detect in an induction
machine. Discrimination of the stator inter-turn fault from stator
electrical asymmetry essentially helps to arrange maintenance
in a proper schedule. In this paper, a simple on-line load test
is proposed to detect the presence of stator inter-turn fault
under stator electric asymmetrical condition of the machine. The
proposed test is based on the observation of steady-state stator
current locus with change in load. The test procedure does not
require additional sensors, training and database, past history of
the machine and speed measurement. It is also applicable to any
unknown machine. This paper presents analytical studies and
experiments on a faulted and electrically asymmetrical motors
to confirm the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed load
test.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Stator inter-turn faults constitute a large percentage of all the
electrical faults in the induction machine [1], [2]. In a stator
inter-turn fault, a short circuit of stator winding turns results in
a large current through the shorted turns. Ultimately, the large
current results in an irreversible damage to the stator winding
and core [1][4]. Hence, detection of stator inter-turn fault
at its incipient stage saves the machine from its catastrophic
failure.
Many techniques have been proposed to detect the stator
inter-turn faults over the last three decades. Techniques based
on the time domain analysis of induction motor currents and
voltages basically analyze their sequence components [5].
However, unbalanced supply voltage and machine inherent
asymmetries can affect the accuracy of these techniques. Some
techniques use the sequence component impedance as a signature of the stator inter-turn faults [6]. These techniques avoid
the errors due to unbalanced voltage and machine electrical
asymmetries but require the data of induction machine before
the occurrence of the fault. The techniques proposed in [7][9]
use the negative as well as the positive sequence components
to detect the stator inter-turn faults. The current vector pattern
of the induction motor is used to detect the stator inter-turn
fault in [7], [8]. These techniques are also affected by the
supply unbalance and machine electrical asymmetries.

978-1-4244-5226-2/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

933

(a)

(b)

Fig. 1. Different stator asymmetrical conditions (a) Stator inter-turn fault (b)
Stator resistance unbalance

Several efforts have been made to overcome the effects

of supply unbalance, machine inherent asymmetries and load
variation [9][13]. Artificial intelligence (AI) and neural network (NN) based techniques are proposed in [10], [11].
These automatic detection techniques require a training period. Hence they cannot be used easily if the machine is
replaced. Stator fault detection based on pendulous oscillation
phenomena is proposed in [12]. This technique discriminates
the stator fault from supply unbalance and machine electrical
asymmetries but requires precise observation of the fault
signature. A discrimination technique of stator inter-turn fault
from stator unbalanced resistance proposed in [13], is based
on the observation of the phase differences between voltages
and currents.
The schematics of stator inter-turn fault and stator electrical
asymmetry in the form of unbalanced stator resistance are
shown in Fig. 1 (a) and (b) respectively. The resistances ,
and shown in Fig. 1 (b) represent the amount by which
the actual stator winding resistances differ from the nominal
value . The growth of inter-turn fault to catastrophic failure
in the machine is much faster than that due to other stator
electrical asymmetries [9]. Hence a technique to discriminate
a stator inter-turn fault from other stator electrical asymmetries
is crucial for mitigation and maintenance.
In this paper, an on-line load test is proposed, which
can discriminate stator inter-turn faults from stator electrical
asymmetries. The test is based on the observation of the

steady-state stator current locus as the load on the induction

motor is changed. In this paper, a mapping of the stator
current locus on the X-Y plane to a point on the polar plot
is defined. The movement of this point with change in load
indicates the presence of a stator inter-turn fault even in the
presence of stator electrical asymmetries. The load test is
proposed based on the detailed steady-state analysis of stator
inter-turn faulted machines and machines with stator electrical
asymmetries, which is validated by experiments on a faulted
and also otherwise stator electrically asymmetrical induction
motor. This test is simple to implement, does not require speed
measurements, does not require past data of the machine and
is free from training and database requirements. This test can
also be used in conjunction with other techniques to make the
diagnosis more effective.
II. S TEADY- STATE A NALYSIS OF I NDUCTION M OTOR WITH
D IFFERENT S TATOR A SYMMETRIES
In this section, a detailed analysis of two different stator
asymmetrical conditions viz. stator inter-turn fault and stator
circuit unbalance is presented. The simplified models of the
stator inter-turn fault are derived in [14] [15]. The models
of the induction machine with stator circuit unbalance are
reported in [16][18]. The analysis presented here is based
on these models.
A. Steady-state Equations
1) Stator Inter-turn Fault: The three-phase star connected
stator circuit of a stator inter-turn faulted induction motor
is shown in Fig. 1 (a). In this figure, a short-circuit of a
few turns on the balanced three-phase stator winding shows
the inter-turn fault. A short-circuit in the stator effectively
introduces an extra winding in the motors winding structure.
For simplification of analysis, the fault is assumed to be
present only in Phase-A. The fault path is resistive, and
the value of the resistance is denoted by . The steadystate sequence component phasor equations of stator inter-turn
faulted motor [15] are listed as follows:
(
)
( )

= ( + ) +
+
3
2
(1)
(
)
( + )

= ( + ) +
+
3
2
(2)
(
)
( )

0 = +
(3)
+

2
(
)
( + )

(4)
0 = +
+
2
2
(
)
( + + ) = + 32 ( + )
(
)
+ 3 ( + ) + + 3 ( )
2

+ 32 ( )

(5)

934

These equations follow the complex notation, where =

1. Here, and are voltage and current phasors respectively. Suffixes and denote positive and negative
sequence phasor components. Suffixes , and denote
quantities pertaining to the stator, the rotor and the fault circuit
respectively. The resistance , and correspond to the
stator, the rotor and the faulted windings respectively. Here,
is the ratio of the number of faulted turns ( ) to the total
number of turns of the phase winding(( ).
)
In
(1)(5), = + 32 , =
( equations
)
+ 32 and = 23 , where and are
the leakage inductances of the stator and the rotor respectively,
is the magnetizing inductance of the machine, and
is the supply frequency. These inductances correspond to the
balanced part of the machine windings, as given in [16]. In
(3) and (4), indicates the slip of the rotor, which is given

by =
, where is the rotor angular speed.
The impedances denoted by , , , and
correspond to the fault loop circuit. The values of these
impedances depend on the amount and the location of the
fault. Winding functions are used to incorporate the positional
effect of the fault in these impedances [15].
2) Stator Circuit Electrical Asymmetries: In a practical
induction machine, the stator circuit electrical asymmetries
are random in nature and hence difficult to model. They are
generally present in the form of unbalanced resistance and
inductance in the three-phase stator circuit.
The stator circuit asymmetry is assumed to be present in
the form of unbalanced stator resistance, the stator inductance
being balanced. The extent of unbalance in stator resistance
is modeled by including , and in the stator circuit
in addition to the nominal balanced stator resistance , as
shown in Fig. 1 (b). Hence the resistance of Phase-A is +
, resistance of Phase-B is + and resistance of Phase-C
is + . The steady-state equations of the induction motor
with unbalanced stator resistance are listed as follows:

( + + ) + + (6)

+ ( + + ) + (7)

0 =
0 =

(
)

+
+
2
+

(8)
(9)

Here, and are the resistances associated with the

unbalanced part, and are given by,

1
( + + ) ,
3(
)
1
1
1
1
( ) ,
3
2
2
2
3
)
(
1
1
1
1
+ ( )
3
2
2
2 3

1 = 2
1

1 1

3
b
Supply

(a)

Data
Aquisitation
&
Processing

1
1

Taps

b
c

a
+

DC
Generator

c
2

Induction
Motor

Fig. 3.

(b)
Fig. 2. Phasor diagrams for different stator asymmetrical conditions (a)
Stator inter-turn fault and (b) Stator resistance unbalance

B. Phasor Diagrams with Balanced Supply Voltage

In this subsection, the steady-state current phasor diagrams
are used to analyze and differentiate between the behavior
of induction motor under the stator inter-turn fault and stator
resistance unbalance conditions. Parameters of the induction
machine used for the analysis are given in Table I. The
stator current phasor diagrams, shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (b)
correspond to a machine with stator inter-turn fault and a
machine with stator resistance unbalance respectively. The
supply voltage is assumed to be balance and hence the negative
sequence voltage is zero. The voltage vectors are scaled down
to fit in the diagrams. In these diagrams, positive sequence
( ), negative sequence ( ) and fault current ( ) phasors
are drawn with the positive sequence voltage phasor ( ) as
a reference. Suffixes 1 and 2 are used for two different values
of the rotor slip.
1) Stator Inter-turn Fault: The phasor diagram of Fig. 2
(a) is drawn using the steady-state equations (1)(5). The fault
path resistance and number of faulted turns are set such that
the fault current remains higher than the rated currents of
the machine in no-load condition. Curved arrows show the
movement of phasors with the increment in slip. From this
phasor diagram the following observations can be made
1) The phase angle deviation for the positive sequence
stator current phasor (1 2 ) is much larger than
that for the negative sequence stator current phasor
(1 2 ) with the given increment in slip.
2) The magnitude of the positive sequence phasor ( ) increases, whereas the magnitude of the negative sequence
phasor ( ) remains almost unchanged with the given
increment in slip.
3) The phase angle of the fault current phasor ( ) changes
with the increment in the rotor slip, whereas the magnitude ( ) remains unchanged.

935

Stator
Winding

Experimental setup

2) Stator Electrical Asymmetries: Fig. 2 (b) shows the

phasor diagram for the induction motor with stator resistance
unbalance and is drawn using the steady-state equations (6)
(9). Here, , and , as shown in Fig. 1 (b), are taken
3 , 0 and 0 respectively to produce stator resistance
unbalance. The following observations are made from this
phasor diagram.
1) The phase angle deviation for the positive (1 2 ) and
the negative sequence (1 2 ) stator current phasors
are of the same amount with a given increment in slip.
2) The magnitude for the positive ( ) and the negative
( ) sequence stator current phasors change approximately of the same proportion with a given increment
in slip.
3) The angular movement of the positive and the negative
sequence phasors are in the same direction.
Remark :
For the stator inter-turn faulted motor, the phase angle between
the positive and the negative sequence current phasors varies
with the change in slip, whereas it remains unchanged for the
induction motor with stator resistance unbalance.
III. E XPERIMENTATION
A. Experimental Setup
To validate the analysis given in the previous section, experimental studies were done on a 415 , 3.8 , 4 pole squirrel
cage induction motor. The schematic of the experimental setup
is shown in Fig. 3. The parameters of the induction motor are
obtained by the laboratory tests and are given in Table I. The
induction motor used for experiments has a 4 pole, 36 coils,
36 slots and double layer winding arrangement short-pitched
by one slot with total 264 turns in each phase. The load can be
changed by loading the dc generator coupled to the induction
motor. The currents and voltages are sensed using the sensing
circuit and processed further using signal conditioning circuits,
analog to digital converters and 32-bit floating point digital
signal processor TMS320VC33.
The induction motor stator winding has several taps on
each phase to create inter-turn faults of different amounts

TABLE I
I NDUCTION MOTOR PARAMETERS

()

1
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(a)

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

()

(b)

()

Fig. 4. Stator current vector loci of induction motor with stator inter-turn
fault (a) Experimental and (b) Simulation
2

where, = + (0). Here, is the angular speed of the

reference frame and (0) is the initial angle of the 0
reference frame.
C. Experimental Results
Fig. 4 shows the experimental and the simulation steadystate stator current vector loci for the stator inter-turn faulted

936

Experimental

1.5

B. Extraction of Fundamental Component

In the laboratory setup, supply voltage distortions cause the
motor to draw currents which are also distorted. For a proper
comparison between the experimental and the simulation results, it is necessary to extract the fundamental component of
measured motor currents.
To extract the fundamental component of the currents, the
distorted line currents are transformed into the synchronous
and anti-synchronous rotating reference frames using transformation matrix given in (10). The rotating reference frame
currents are then filtered by a low pass filter, which gives
positive sequence and negative sequence currents in the form
of dc quantities. These currents are then transformed back into
the stationary reference frame to get the fundamental positive
sequence and the fundamental negative sequence components
of the currents. To reconstruct the unbalanced fundamental
current space phasor, the axis component of the space
phasor is obtained by adding the axis currents of the
positive and negative sequence components, and the same
procedure is followed to obtain the axis component.
The following matrix is used to transform electrical variables from the stationary reference frame to the
rotating 0 reference frame.
)
(
)
(

cos ( + 2
cos cos ( 2
3
3
)
)
2

sin + 2
(10)
K = sin sin 2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2

-0.5

Simulation

1.5

0.5

0.5

()

and at different locations. These taps are also illustrated in

Fig. 3. The taps are provided such that 0, 8, 16 or 24%
of the stator turns can be shorted to create the fault at any
phase. The severity of the fault can be changed by varying
an external resistance between the two taps. Similarly
the stator resistance unbalance can be created by connecting
extra series resistances in one or more phases as shown
in Fig. 3. It is also possible to create both stator inter-turn
fault and stator resistance unbalance simultaneously in this
experimental setup.

Simulation

1.5

0.5

()

415
3.8
4.9
8.1
32.15
32.15
539.7
4
0.013
150.8 /
0.87

()

Line voltage
Rated power
Stator winding resistance
Rotor winding resistance (referred to stator)
Stator leakage inductance
Rotor leakage inductance (referred to stator)
Magnetizing inductance
Number of stator poles
Rotor inertia
Rated speed at 50
No-load current

Experimental

1.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(a)

()

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(b)

()

Fig. 5. Stator current vector loci of induction motor with stator resistance
unblanace (a) Experimental and (b) Simulation

induction motor under different load conditions. The stator

inter-turn fault was created by shorting the taps correspond
to 8 % turns on the stator phase A. The experiments and
simulations were carried out with a 220 , 50 balanced
three-phase ac supply and a resistance of 1.9 connected in
the short-circuit path of the fault (denoted by in Fig. 1 (a)).
As the load increases on the motor, the ellipse formed by the
current vector locus expands and the major axis of the ellipse
moves towards the -axis, as shown by the curved arrows in
Fig. 4 (a) and (b). A close agreement can be observed between
the simulation and experimental results. The movement of the
major axis of elliptical stator current locus indicates the change
in the phase angle difference of positive and negative sequence
stator current components ( ), which confirms the remark
at the end of the previous section.
Similar experiments were also performed for the induction
motor with the stator resistance unbalance under the same
operating conditions as used for the faulted motor experiments.
Fig. 5 shows the corresponding elliptical stator current vector loci, obtained from experiments and simulations, under
different load conditions. The stator resistance unbalance is
produced by connecting a resistor of 3 in series with phase
A (shown in Fig. 1 (b) by ). With increment in the load,
the ellipse expands without the angular movement of its major
axis. The mismatch in the results as observed from Fig. 5 is
due to the small unbalance present in the supply voltage. Also
the fixed position of the major axis confirms the remark at the
end of the previous section.


90

Major Axis

Minor Axis

120

Simulation

Experimental
150

0.6
30

Test-1

0.4

Slip Increment
0.2

180

Ellipse
Fig. 6.

60
0.8

Test-2

Ellipse with positive and negative sequence phasors

210

To represent the changes in the elliptical current locus under

different operating as well as load conditions more clearly, a
mapping from the X-Y plot to the polar plot is required. This
also enables a comparative study of faulted and asymmetrical
induction motors.

330

240

300
270

(a)

IV. G RAPHICAL A NALYSIS OF C URRENT V ECTOR L OCUS

Due to the presence of a negative sequence component, the
stator current vector locus forms an ellipse, whose eccentricity
and inclination angle depend on the stator inter-turn faults or
the stator circuit asymmetries and the operating conditions
of the machine. The eccentricity of current vector elliptical
pattern is determined by the magnitude of the negative sequence and positive sequence components of the currents.
The inclination of the major axis of the ellipse is determined
by the phase angles of the positive and negative sequence
components. The inclination angle of ellipse also depends on
the initial angle (0) in the transformation equation (10). Here
the initial angle (0) is taken to be zero; the axis quantities
are thus aligned with the -phase quantities. Fig. 6 shows an
ellipse with inclination angle . The major and minor axes of
the ellipse are and respectively. The lengths of
and are and respectively [15].
The length of the major and minor axes of the ellipse
directly give the positive ( ) and the negative ( ) sequence
component magnitudes, which are = 12 ( + ) and
= 12 ( ). The relationship of the phase angles of
the positive sequence phasor ( ) and the negative sequence
phasor ( ), and inclination angle () of ellipse is + =
2 + , where is an integer. The eccentricity of ellipse is
= . For a circle, = 1.
V. M APPING OF C URRENT V ECTOR L OCUS ON P OLAR
P LOT
The ellipse formed by the current vector locus is mapped
as a point on the polar plot. On this plot, the eccentricity of
the ellipse () and the inclination angle of the major axis ()
decide the polar coordinates of this point [15].
In the proposed on-line load test, for different loads on the
machine, the points (, ) are plotted on the polar plot. The
precise load variation is not needed to carry out the proposed

937

90
1
120

60

Experimental

0.8

Test-1
150

0.6

Simulation

30
0.4
0.2

180

210

330

Test-2

240

300
270

(b)
Fig. 7. Polar plot representation of current vector loci (a) Stator inter-turn
fault and (b) Stator resistance unbalance

test. The polar coordinates of these points are calculated from

measured steady-state currents, with balanced supply. For a
healthy machine, since the current vector locus is always a
circle for all values of load, the (, ) points remain on the
unit circle in the polar plot. For the machine with electrically
asymmetrical stator, these points lie inside the unit circle, and
are observed to remain stationary with load changes. These
points lie inside the unit circle also for a machine with stator
inter-turn faults. However, these points shift with load changes.
Fig. 7 (a) and (b) show the polar plot mappings of Fig. 4

and 5 respectively, where and indicate experimental and

simulation results respectively. In Fig. 7 (a), the points marked
as Test-1 show the polar plot mapping for stator inter-turn
fault with different loads on the motor. It is observed that the
experimental and the simulation points (, ) on the polar plot
shift in the direction as indicated by the arrow. The simulation
results are obtained using the steady-state equations (1) to (5).
The simulation and experimental results show good agreement.
Similarly, an experiment was also performed with stator interturn fault on phase A along with the stator resistance unbalance
created by connecting an external resistance in phase B, which
is marked as Test-2 in Fig.7 (a). Here, the value of the fault
current limiting resistance is 1.9 and the value of the
external resistance is 3 . The shift in the (, ) point
indicates the presence of the stator inter-turn fault exclusively
even under the stator electric asymmetrical condition of the
induction motor.
In Fig. 7 (b), the points marked as Test-1 show the experiments for induction machine with stator resistance unbalance
produced by connecting resistor of 3 in Phase-A. It is
observed that the simulation points remain stationary, whereas
the experimental points (, ) remain almost stationary with
small deviations in the angle and magnitude with load change.
Simulation results are obtained using equations (6) to (9).
These deviations are due to the supply unbalance and machine
inherent asymmetries, which cannot be modeled. In Fig. 7
(b), the points marked as Test-2 are for the stator resistance
unbalance created by connecting external resistor of 2 in
phase B in addition to that in phase A for Test-1. The
experimental points (, ) on the polar plot remain almost
stationary indicating the absence of stator inter-turn fault in the
machine. Although the stator resistance unbalance considered
for the experimental studies is heavy, the same behavior is
also observed for the machine intrinsic electrical asymmetries
due to manufacturing issues. The load variation from no-load
to 0.25% of the rated load is sufficient to get these points.
In summary, the shifting of (, ) point on the polar plot
mapped from the steady-state current vector locus with load
change indicates the presence of the stator inter-turn fault
in the induction motor. Whereas the stationary position of
the point indicates the presence of only the stator electrical
asymmetries in the induction motor.
VI. C ONCLUSION
A simple on-line load test to detect the presence of stator
inter-turn faults and discriminate them from stator electrical
asymmetrical conditions is proposed in this paper. The test
is based on the observation of the steady-state stator current
vector locus with load change. The proposed on-line load
test is easily implementable, does not require any special
installation for the detection, or past history of the machine,
training or database and speed measurement. This test is
applicable to any unknown machine. The experimental results
and the mathematical analysis show the effectiveness in the
absolute identification of the presence of stator inter-turn
fault even under the stator electric asymmetrical conditions.

938

The discrimination of the stator inter-turn fault from the

stator electric asymmetries is advantageous in arranging for
scheduled maintenance of the machine more effectively. The
test can also be used in conjunction with other methods to
effectively detect stator inter-turn faults.
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