Distance is directly proportional to Velocity when time is constant

Two cars leave simultaneously from points A & B (100km apart) & they meet at a point 40 km
from A. What is Va/Vb?
Time is constant so V1/V2=S1/S2=40/60=4/6
A train meets with an accident and moves at (3/4)th its original speed. Due to this, it is 20 min
late. Find the original time for the journey beyond the point of accident?
Method1:

Think about 2 diff. situations, 1st with accident and another w/o accident. As distance in both the
cases is constant
So V1/V2=T2/T1
=>V1/[(3/4)V1]=T1+20/T1
=>43=T1+20/T1

=>T1=60
Method 2:

Velocity decreases by 25% (3/4 of original speed => decrement by 1/4) so time will increase by
33.3% (4/3 of original time => increment by 1/3)
now, 33.3%=20 min
=>100%=60 min
Case 1:

Two bodies are moving in opposite directions at speed V1&V2 respectively. The relative speed is
defined as Vr=V1+V2
Case 2:

Two bodies are moving in same directions at speed V1&V2 respectively. The relative speed is
defined as Vr=|V1V2|
When the train is crossing a moving object, the speed has to be taken as the
relative speed of the train with respect to the object.
The distance to be covered when crossing an object, whenever trains crosses an
object will be equal to: Length of the train + Length of the object

Let,

U= Velocity of the boat in still water

V= Velocity of the stream.
Upstream:

While moving in upstream, distance

covered, S=(UV)T

Downstream:

In case of downstream, distance covered

,S=(U+V)T

For clock problems consider the clock as a circular track of 60km.

Min. hand moves at the speed of 60km/hr (think min. hand as a point on the track) and hour hand
moves at 5km/hr and second hand at the speed of 3600 km/hr.
Relative speed between HOUR hand and MINUTE hand = 55
Time taken by a train of length lmetres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is
equal to the time taken by the train to cover lmetres.
Time taken by a train of length lmetres to pass a stationery object of length bmetres is the
time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres.
Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v
m/s, where u>v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s.
Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v
m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s.
If two trains of length ametres and bmetres are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v
m/s, then:
The time taken by the trains to cross each other =

(a + b)

/(u + v)sec.

If two trains of length ametres and bmetres are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v
m/s, then:
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train =

(a + b)

/(u - v)sec.

If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and
after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then:
(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 kmph and including stoppages, it is 45 kmph. For
how many minutes does the bus stop per hour?
A
9
.

B.10

C.12

D
20
.

Explanation:
Due to stoppages, it covers 9 km less.
9

Time taken to cover 9 km =

x 60

min

= 10 min.

9.
A man on tour travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. The average
speed for the first 320 km of the tour is:
A
35.55 km/hr
.

B.36 km/hr

C.71.11 km/hr

D
71 km/hr
.

Explanation:
160
160
+
64
80
2
320 x
9 km/hr

Total time taken =

Average speed =

hrs.

9
hrs.
2

= 71.11 km/hr.

It takes eight hours for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by train and the rest by car. It takes
20 minutes more, if 200 km is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the speed of the
train to that of the cars is:
A
2:3
.

B
3:2
.

C
3:4
.

D
4:3
.

Explanation:
Let the speed of the train be x km/hr and that of the car be y km/hr.
Then,
And,

120
x
200
x

+
+

480
y
400
y

=8

25
3

Solving (i) and (ii), we get: x = 60 and y = 80.

Ratio of speeds = 60 : 80 = 3 : 4.

1
4
1
+
=
x
y
15
1
2
1
+
=
x
y
24

....(i)
....(ii)

A man covered a certain distance at some speed. Had he moved 3 kmph faster, he would have
taken 40 minutes less. If he had moved 2 kmph slower, he would have taken 40 minutes more.
The distance (in km) is:
A
35
.

B
.

C
.

37

36

2
3

D
40
.

Explanation:
Let distance = x km and usual rate = ykmph.
Then,

x
y

And,

x
=
y+3
x
x
=
y -2
y

40
60
40
60

2y(y + 3) = 9x ....(i)
y(y - 2) = 3x ....(ii)

On dividing (i) by (ii), we get: x = 40.

Two cars pass each other in opposite direction. How long would they take to be 500 km apart?
I. The sum of their speeds is 135 km/hr.
II. The difference of their speed is 25 km/hr.
A
I alone sufficient while II alone not sufficient to answer
.
B
II alone sufficient while I alone not sufficient to answer
.
C
Either I or II alone sufficient to answer
.
D
Both I and II are not sufficient to answer
.
E
Both I and II are necessary to answer
.

Explanation:

I gives, relative speed = 135 km/hr.

500
135

Time taken =

hrs.

II does not give the relative speed.

I alone gives the answer and II is irrelevant.
Correct answer is (A).
Two trains running in opposite directions cross a man standing on the platform in 27 seconds and
17 seconds respectively and they cross each other in 23 seconds. The ratio of their speeds is:
A
1:3
.

B
3:2
.

C
3:4
.

D
None of these
.

Explanation:
Let the speeds of the two trains be x m/sec and y m/sec respectively.
Then, length of the first train = 27xmetres,
and length of the second train = 17ymetres.
27x + 17y/

x+ y = 23

27x + 17y = 23x + 23y

4x = 6y
x

A jogger running at 9 kmph alongside a railway track in 240 metres ahead of the engine of a 120
metres long train running at 45 kmph in the same direction. In how much time will the train pass
the jogger?
A
3.6 sec
.

B
18 sec
.

C
36 sec
.

D
72 sec
.

Explanation:
Speed of train relative to jogger = (45 - 9) km/hr = 36 km/hr.
=

5
18

36 x

m/sec

= 10 m/sec.
Distance to be covered = (240 + 120) m = 360 m.
360
10

Time taken =

= 36 sec.

sec

Two goods train each 500 m long, are running in opposite directions on parallel tracks. Their
speeds are 45 km/hr and 30 km/hr respectively. Find the time taken by the slower train to pass
the driver of the faster one.
A
12 sec
.

B
24 sec
.

C
48 sec
.

D
60 sec
.

Explanation:
Relative speed =

= (45 + 30) km/hr

=

5
18

75 x
125
6

m/sec
m/sec.

We have to find the time taken by the slower train to pass the DRIVER of the faster train and not
the complete train.
So, distance covered = Length of the slower train.
Therefore, Distance covered = 500 m.
Required time =

500 x

= 24 sec.

125

Two stations A and B are 110 km apart on a straight line. One train starts from A at 7 a.m. and
travels towards B at 20 kmph. Another train starts from B at 8 a.m. and travels towards A at a
speed of 25 kmph. At what time will they meet?
A
9 a.m.
.

B
10 a.m.
.

C
10.30 a.m.
.

D
11 a.m.
.

Suppose they meet x hours after 7 a.m.

Distance covered by A in x hours = 20x km.
Distance covered by B in (x - 1) hours = 25(x - 1) km.
20x + 25(x - 1) = 110
45x = 135
x = 3.
So, they meet at 10 a.m.
1. Trigonometry:
In a right angled

OAB, where

BOA = ,

Perpendicular
Hypotenuse

i. sin =

Base
Hypotenuse

ii. cos =

Perpendicular
Base

iii. tan =

1
sin

iv. cosec =

AB
OB

OA
OB

AB
OA

OB
AB

v. sec =

1
cos

OB
OA

vi. cot =

1
tan

OA
AB

2. Trigonometrical Identities:
i.

sin2 + cos2 = 1.

ii.

1 + tan2 = sec2 .

iii.

1 + cot2 = cosec2 .

3. Values of T-ratios:
( /6)

( /4)

( /3)

( /2)

30

45

60

90

1
root2

root3
2

sin

cos

root3
2

1
root2

tan

1
root3

4. Root 2 = 1.414
5. Root 3 = 1.732

root3

not defined

6.
7. Angle of Elevation:

Suppose a man from a point O looks up at an object P, placed above the level of his eye.
Then, the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the
angle of elevation of P as seen from O.
Angle of elevation of P from O =

AOP.

8. Angle of Depression:

Suppose a man from a point O looks down at an object P, placed below the level of his
eye, then the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called
the angle of depression of P as seen from O.

In what ratio must a person mix three kind of tea each of which has a price of 70, 80 and 120
rupees per kg, in such a way that the mixture costs him 100 rupees per kg?
Solution:

Here the prices of tea are 70, 80 and 120 And mean price is 100.
Here, prices LOWER than the mean are 70 and 80. And prices HIGHER than the mean is 120.
Thus possible pairs which can give mean value of 100 is: {70, 120} and {80, 120}
Let us denote tea of Rs. 70 with t70, tea of Rs. 80 with t80 and tea of Rs. 120 with t120
We apply the old alligation rule to ALL (two in this case) the pairs
For the 1st pair (t70, t120)

t70:t120=20:30
Similarly, for the 2st pair (t80, t120)

t80:t120=20:20
t80:t120=20:20
Thus, Final ratio:

t70:t80:t120=20:20:(30+20)
t70:t80:t120=2:2:5
Note:

It's best to simplify the intermediate ratios at the end, else you may get wrong answer.

Here, if we had simplified the ratio to be, t70:t120=2:3 after first pair and t80:t120=1:1 after
second pair.We could have easily gone to calculate ratio to be, t70:t80:t120=2:1:(3+1) or

t70:t80:t120=2:1:4 which is different from the final ratio (t70:t80:t120=2:2:5)

How must a shop owner mix 4 types of rice worth Rs 95, Rs 60, Rs 90 and Rs 50 per kg so that
he can make the mixture of these rice worth Rs 80 per kg?
Solution:

Here the prices of sugars are 50, 60, 90 and 95.

And the mean price is 80.
Here, prices LOWER than the mean are 50 and 60. And prices HIGHER than the mean are 90
and 95.
Thus possible pairs which can give mean value of 80 are: {50, 95} and {60, 90}
Let us denote rice of Rs. 50 with r50, rice of Rs. 60 with r60, rice of Rs. 90 with r90 and rice of
Rs. 90 with r95
We apply the old alligation rule to ALL (two in this case) the pairs
For the 1st pair (r50, r95)

r50:r95=15:30

r50:r95=15:30
Similarly, for the 2st pair (r60, r90)

r60:r90=10:20
r60:r90=10:20
Thus, Final ratio:

r50:r60:r90:r95=15:10:20:30
r50:r60:r90:r95=3:2:4:6

Let the quantity of ingredient to be added = Q liters

Quantity of ingredient in the given mixture = x% of P = x/100 * P
Percentage of ingredient in the final mixture = Quantity of ingredient in final mixture / Total
quantity of final mixture.
Quantity of ingredient in final mixture = [x/100 * P] + Q = [ P*x + 100 * Q] / 100
Total quantity of final mixture = P + Q
y/100 = [[ P*x + 100 * Q] / 100]/[P + Q]
y[P + Q] = [P*x + 100 * Q]
The quantity of ingredient to be added
5) Quantity of ingredient to be added to change the ratio of ingredients in a mixture

In a mixture of x liters, the ratio of milk and water is a : b. If the this ratio is to be c : d, then the
quantity of water to be further added is:
In original mixture
Quantity of milk = x * a/(a + b) liters
Quantity of water = x * b/(a + b) liters
Let quantity of water to be added further be w litres.
Therefor in new mixture:
Quantity of milk = x * a/(a + b) liters Equation(1)
Quantity of water = [x * b/(a + b) ] + w liters Equation (2)
c / d = Equation (1) / Equation (2)
Quantity of water to be added further,
1. Work from Days:
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work =
2. Days from Work:
If A's 1 day's work =

1
,
n

then A can finish the work in n days.

3. Ratio:
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.
If M1 men can do W1 work in D1 days working H1 hours per day and M2 men can do W2
work in D2 days working H2 hours per day (where all men work at the same rate), then
M1 D1 H1 / W1 = M2 D2 H2 / W2

If A can do a piece of work in p days and B can do the same in q days, A and B together can
finish it in pq / (p+q) days
P,Q and R can completely solve a problem together in 4 hrs. P and R together take
15 hrs less than Q working alone. Q works on the problem for first 2 hrs and then P
and R joins him. After another two hours, Q quits. In how many hours is the problem
actually solved ?

1
.
n

Let Q alone can answer the problem in x hours

Then P&R together needs (x-15) hours to solve the problem
In 1 hr, Q can complete 1/x of the question,
In 1 hr, P&R can complete 1/(x-15) of the question
In 1 hr,P,Q and R can complete 1/4th of the question
1/x + 1/(x-15) = 1/4
4(x-15)+4x =x(x-15)
4x - 60 + 4x = x^2 - 15x
x^2 - 23x + 60 = 0
(x-20)(x-3)=0
x = 20 or 3
since (x-15) is positive, x = 20
In 1 hr, Q can complete 1/20 of the question.
In 1 hr, P and R can complete 1/5 of the question
In 1 hr, P, Q and R can complete 1/4 of the question
In the first two hours, 2* 1/20 = 1/10 of the question is completed by Q
P,Q and R work in next 2 hrs and completes 2 * 1/4 = 1/2 of the question
Remaining part = 1 - 1/10 - 1/2 = 2/5
Let P&R work for n hours and completes this part
n = (2/5)/(1/5) = 2
Total time taken to solve the question = 2+2+2 = 6 hours

P, Q and R can do a work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. How many days does it need to
complete the work if P does the work and he is assisted by Q and R on every third day?

A. 10 days

B. 14 days

C. 15 days

D. 9 days

Explanation :
Amount of work P can do in 1 day = 1/20
Amount of work Q can do in 1 day = 1/30

Amount of work R can do in 1 day = 1/60

P is working alone and every third day Q and R is helping him
Work completed in every three days = 2 (1/20) + (1/20 + 1/30 + 1/60) = 1/5
So work completed in 15 days = 5 1/5 = 1
Ie, the work will be done in 15 days

6 men and 8 women can complete a work in 10 days. 26 men and 48 women can finish the same
work in 2 days. 15 men and 20 women can do the same work in - days.

A. 4 days

B. 6 days

C. 2 days

D. 8 days

Explanation :
Let work done by 1 man in 1 day = m and work done by 1 woman in 1 day = b
Work done by 6 men and 8 women in 1 day = 1/10
=> 6m + 8b = 1/10
=> 60m + 80b = 1 --- (1)
Work done by 26 men and 48 women in 1 day = 1/2
=> 26m + 48b =
=> 52m + 96b = 1--- (2)
Solving equation 1 and equation 2. We get m = 1/100 and b = 1/200
Work done by 15 men and 20 women in 1 day
= 15/100 + 20/200 =1/4

=> Time taken by 15 men and 20 women in doing the work = 4 days

A completes 80% of a work in 20 days. Then B also joins and A and B together finish the
remaining work in 3 days. How long does it need for B if he alone completes the work?

A. 37 days

B. 22 days

C. 31 days

D. 22 days

Explanation :
Work done by A in 20 days = 80/100 = 8/10 = 4/5
Work done by A in 1 day = (4/5) / 20 = 4/100 = 1/25 --- (1)
Work done by A and B in 3 days = 20/100 = 1/5 (Because remaining 20% is done in 3 days by A
and B)
Work done by A and B in 1 day = 1/15 ---(2)
Work done by B in 1 day = 1/15 1/25 = 2/75
=> B can complete the work in 75/2 days = 37 days
Father is aged three times more than his son Sunil. After 8 years, he would be two and a half
times of Sunil's age. After further 8 years, how many times would he be of Sunil's age?
A. 4 times
B. 4 times
C. 2 times
D. 3 times
Explanation:
Assume that Sunil's present age = x.
Then father's present age = 3x + x = 4x
After 8 years, father's age = 212 times of Sunils' age
=> (4x+8) = 212(x+8)
=> 4x + 8 = 52(x + 8)

=> 8x + 16 = 5x + 40
=> 3x = 40 - 16 = 24
=> x = 243 = 8
After further 8 years,
Sunil's age = x + 8 + 8 = 8 + 8 + 8 = 24
Father's age = 4x + 8 + 8 = 4 8 + 8 + 8 = 48
Father's age/Sunil's age = 4824 = 2
The present ages of A,B and C are in proportions 4 : 7 : 9. Eight years ago, the sum of their ages
was 56. What are their present ages (in years)?
A. Insufficient data
B. 16, 30, 40
C. 16, 28 40
D. 16, 28, 36
Explanation:
Let's take the present age of A,B and C as 4x, 7x and 9x respectively
(4x - 8) + (7x 8) + (9x 8) = 56
=> 20x = 80
=> x = 4
Hence the present age of A, B and C are 44, 74 and 94 respectively
ie, 16,28 and 36 respectively.
Pi is a mathematical constant which is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It is
denoted by

3.14227
4.1. Properties of Triangle

Sum of the angles of a triangle = 180

Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

The line joining the midpoint of a side of a triangle to the positive vertex is called the
median

The median of a triangle divides the triangle into two triangles with equal areas

Centroid is the point where the three medians of a triangle meet.

Centroid divides each median into segments with a 2:1 ratio

Area of a triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a given triangle is onefourth of the area of the given triangle.

An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal

In an equilateral triangle, all three internal angles are congruent to each other

In an equilateral triangle, all three internal angles are each 60

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with (at least) two equal sides

In isosceles triangle, altitude from vertex bisects the base.

4.2. Properties of Quadrilaterals

4.2.1. Rectangle

The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other

opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel

opposite sides of a rectangle are congruent

opposite angles of a rectangle are congruent

All four angles of a rectangle are right angles

The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent

4.2.2. Square

All four sides of a square are congruent

Opposite sides of a square are parallel

The diagonals of a square are equal

The diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles

All angles of a square are 90 degrees.

A square is a special kind of rectangle where all the sides have equal length

4.2.3 Parallelogram

The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length.

The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent (equal measure).

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of the same area

4.2.4. Rhombus

All the sides of a rhombus are congruent

Opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel.

The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles

Opposite internal angles of a rhombus are congruent (equal in size)

Any two consecutive internal angles of a rhombus are supplementary; i.e. the sum of their
angles = 180 (equal in size)

If each angle of a rhombus is 90, it is a square

4.2.5 Other properties of quadrilaterals

Sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees

If a square and a rhombus lie on the same base, area of the square will be greater than
area of the rhombus (In the special case when each angle of the rhombus is 90, rhombus
is also a square and therefore areas will be equal)

A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.

Of all the parallelogram of given sides, the parallelogram which is a rectangle has the
greatest area.

Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of the same area

A square is a rhombus and a rectangle.

4.3 Sum of Interior Angles of a polygon

Sum of the interior angles of a polygon = 180(n - 2) degrees where n = number of sides
Example 1 : Number of sides of a triangle = 3. Hence, sum of the interior angles of a
triangle = 180(3 - 2) = 180 1 = 180
Example 2 : Number of sides of a quadrilateral = 4. Hence, sum of the interior angles of
any quadrilateral = 180(4 - 2) = 180 2 = 360

The square root of a number is just the number which when multiplied by itself gives the first
number. So 2 is the square root of 4 because 2 * 2 = 4.
Start with the number you want to find the square root of. Let's use 12. There are three steps:
1. Guess
2. Divide
3. Average.
... and then just keep repeating steps 2 and 3.
First, start by guessing a square root value. It helps if your guess is a good one but it will work
even if it is a terrible guess. We will guess that 2 is the square root of 12.
In step two, we divide 12 by our guess of 2 and we get 6.
In step three, we average 6 and 2: (6+2)/2 = 4
Now we repeat step two with the new guess of 4. So 12/4 = 3
Now average 4 and 3: (4+3)/2 = 3.5
Repeat step two: 12/3.5 = 3.43
Average: (3.5 + 3.43)/2 = 3.465
We could keep going forever, getting a better and better approximation but let's stop here to see
how we are doing.
3.465 * 3.465 = 12.006225
That is quite close to 12, so we are doing pretty well.
Cost Price:
The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price:
The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.
Profit or Gain:
If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.

Loss:
If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)
2. Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
3. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
4. Gain Percentage: (Gain %)
Gain x 100
C.P.

Gain % =
5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %)

Loss x 100
C.P.

Loss % =
6. Selling Price: (S.P.)
SP =

(100 + Gain %)
100

x C.P

7. Selling Price: (S.P.)

SP =

(100 - Loss %)
100

x C.P.

8. Cost Price: (C.P.)

C.P. =

100
(100 + Gain %)

x S.P.

100
(100 - Loss %)

x S.P.

9. Cost Price: (C.P.)

C.P. =

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.

12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of
x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by:
Common Loss and Gain %
10

Loss % =

2 =

x
10

2.

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Error
(True Value) - (Error)

Gain % =

x 100

The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%, then
the value of x is:
A
15
.

B
16
.

C
18
.

D
25
.

Explanation:
Let C.P. of each article be Re. 1 C.P. of x articles = Rs. x.
S.P. of x articles = Rs. 20.
Profit = Rs. (20 - x).
20 - x
x
2000 - 100x = 25x
125x = 2000
x = 16.

x 100 = 25

%.

If selling price is doubled, the profit triples. Find the profit percent.
A
.

66

C
.

B
100
.

3
1

105

D
120
.

Explanation:
Let C.P. be Rs. x and S.P. be Rs. y.
Then, 3(y - x) = (2y - x)

y = 2x.

Profit = Rs. (y - x) = Rs. (2x - x) = Rs. x.

x
x

Profit % =

x 100

% = 100%

In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling price
remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit?
A
30%
.

B
70%
.

C
100%
.

D
250%
.

Explanation:
Let C.P.=Rs. 100. Then, Profit = Rs. 320, S.P. = Rs. 420.
New C.P. = 125% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 125
New S.P. = Rs. 420.
Profit = Rs. (420 - 125) = Rs. 295.
Required percentage =

295
x 100
420

1475
21

% = 70% (approximately).

Suresh started a business, investing Rs.18000. After 3 months and 4 months respectively, Rohan
and Sudhir joined him with

capitals of 12000 and 9000. At the end of the year the total profit was Rs.3982. What is the
difference between Rohans and
Sudhirs share in the profit?
A.) 354
C.) 362
: Sudhir
Ratio of their investments
: 9000 8

B.) 370
D.) 121
Suresh
=

18000 12

:
:

Rohan
12000 9

= 6 : 3: 2
The difference between Rohans and Sudhirs share = 1 share
:.i.e. = Rs. 3982 1/11 = Rs.362.

The word percent can be understood as follows:

Per cent for every 100.
If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is:

=[(R/(100+R))100]%

If the price of the commodity decreases by R%, then to maintain the same expenditure by
increasing the consumption is:

=[(R/(100R))100]%
Let the population of the town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum,
then:
1. Population after n years =P[1+(R/100)]n

2. Population n years ago =P/[1+(R/100)]n

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate R% per annum.
Then:
1. Value of the machine after n years =P[1(R/100)]n

2. Value of the machine n years ago =P/[1(R/100)]n

5. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by

=[(R/(100+R))100]%

If A is R% less than B , then B is more than A by

=[(R/(100R))100]%
When a value is increased by 20%, by what percent should it be reduced to get the actual value?
Solution:

(It is equivalent to 1.2 reduced to 1 and we can use % decrease formula)

% decrease=((1.21)/1.2)100=16.66%
When a value is subjected multiple changes, the overall effect of all the changes can be obtained
by multiplying all the individual factors of the changes.

The population of a town increased by 10%, 20% and then decreased by 30%. The
new population is what % of the original?
Solution:

The overall effect =1.11.20.7 (Since 10%, 20% increase and 30% decrease)

=0.924=92.4%.
Two successive discounts of 10% and 20% are equal to a single discount of ___
Solution:

Discount is same as decrease of price.

So, decrease =0.90.8=0.7228% decrease (Since only 72% is remaining)
In an election between two candidates, one got 55% of the total valid votes, 20% of the votes
were invalid.
If the total number of votes was 7500, the number of valid votes that the other candidate got,
was:

A.

2700

B.

2900

C.

3000

D.

3100

Solution:
Option(A) is correct
Number of valid votes = 80% of 7500 = 6000.
Valid votes polled by other candidate = 45% of 6000

=(45/100)6000 = 2700.

If a quantity is increased by a% and then further by b% these percent change given are
equivalent to a single percent change given by

Similarly if there is a successive decrease of a% followed by b% then effective percentage

decrease is

Marked price.
The price which is displayed on the tag of the article is known as marked price.
Generally the SP is less then the marked price (MP) the difference MP SP is known as discount
D

Discount % , D% =
Ratio is a pure number it does not have a unit. The 2 numbers used in ratio are
known as the 'terms' of the ratio. The first term is known as 'antecedent' and the
second term is known as 'consequent'.

Fresh grapes contain 90% water by weight while dried grapes contain 20% water by weight .
What is the weight of dry grapes available from 20 kg of fresh grapes ?
1. 2 kg
2. 2.4 kg
3. 2.5 kg
4. none of these

Solution

Let x kg be weight of dry grapes obtained from 20 kg of fresh grapes then weight of solid
substance in fresh grapes will be same as in dried grapes hence we get

x = 2.5 kg
When processing flower-nectar into honeybees' extract, a considerable amount of water gets
reduced. How much flower-nectar must be processed to yield 1kg of honey, if nectar contains 50
water, and the honey obtained from this nectar contains 15 water?

A.

1.5 kgs

B.

1.7 kgs

C.

3.33 kgs

D.

None of these

Solution:
Option(B) is correct
Flower-nectar contains 50% of non-water part.
In honey this non-water part constitutes 85%(10015).
Therefore 0.5X Amount of flower-nectar = 0.85X Amount of honey = 0.851 kg
Therefore amount of flower-nectar needed

=(0.85/0.5)1

=1.7 kg

30% of the men are more than 25 years old and 80% of the men are less than or equal to 50
years old. 20% of all men play football. If 20% of the men above the age of 50 play football,
what percentage of the football players are less than or equal to 50 years?

A.

15%

B.

20%

C.

80%

D.

70%

Solution:
Option(C) is correct

20% of the men are above the age of 50 years. 20% of these men play football. Therefore,
20% of 20% or 4% of the total men are football players above the age of 50 years.
20\% of the men are football players. Therefore, 16% of the men are football players below the
age of 50 years.
Therefore, the % of men who are football players and below the age of

50=16/20100

A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3. What is the percentage error in the
calculation?
A.

34%

B.

44%

C.

54%

D.

64%

It is not a bad idea to assume some number and then proceed with the given instructions. Let's
assume the number to be 15.
Now, if the student had multiplied it correctly by (53), he/she would have got the result as

=(53)15=25. But instead the student ended up multiplying by =(35) and

got =(35)15=9 as a result.

Here, we can see that error percentage,

% error=(25925)=0.64 or 64%

if(x+yxy=43) and x0, then what percentage (to the nearest integer) of x+3y is x

3y ?
A.

20%

B.

25%

C.

30%

D.

40%

Solution:
Option(D) is correct
Dividing both the numerator and the denominator of the given equation :

x+y/xy=43
x/y+1/x/y1=43
Cross-multiplying this equation yields

3x/y+3=4x/y4
Solving for x/y yields x/y=7
Now, the percentage of x+3y the expression x3y makes is

x3y/x+3y100
Dividing both the numerator and the denominator of the expression by y yields

=x/y3/x/y+3100
=73/7+3100
=40%
A man purchased a bag for Rs.360 and sold it the same day for Rs. 360, allowing the buyer a
credit of 9 years.

If the interest be 712% then the man has gain %?

A.

159

B.

173

C.

243

D.

287

Solution:
Option(C) is correct
Interest rate =152=7.5%.

CP=Rs. 360.
SP=360+intrest on 360 for 9 years
Interest = 3601592100

=Rs. 243.
Gain = Interest =Rs.

243.

A shepherd has 1 million sheep at the beginning of Year 2000. The numbers grow by x during
the year. A famine hits his village in the next year and many of his sheep die. The sheep
population decreases by y during 2001 and at the beginning of 2002 the shepherd finds that he is
left with 1 million sheep. Which of the following is correct?

A.

x>y

B.

y>x

C.

x=y

D.

Cannot be determined

Solution:
Option(A) is correct
Let us assume the value of x to be 10%.
Therefore, the number of sheep in the herd at the beginning of year 2001 (end of 2000) will be 1
million + 10% of 1 million = 1.1 million

In 2001, the numbers decrease by y% and at the end of the year the number sheep in the herd =
1 million.
i.e., 0.1 million sheep have died in 2001.
In terms of the percentage of the number of sheep alive at the beginning of 2001,
it will be (0.1/1.1)100%=9.09%.

From the above illustration it is clear that x>y

A candidate who gets 20% marks fails by 10 marks but another candidate who gets 42%
marks gets 12% more than the passing marks.
Find the maximum marks.

A.

50

B.

100

C.

150

D.

200

Solution:
Option(B) is correct
From the given statement pass percentage is 42%12%=30%
By hypothesis, 30% of x20% of x=10 (marks)
i.e., 10% of x=10
Therefore,

x = 100 marks.

Vikash bought a suitcase with 15% discount on the labelled price. He said the suitcase for
Rs.2880 with 20% profit on the labelled price. At what price did he buy the suitcase? Rs.2040
Rs.2400 Rs.2604 Rs.2640
Answer: A
Solution : Let the labelled price be Rs.x. Then, 120% of x = 2880 Therefore x=(2880100/120) =
2400. C.P = 85% of Rs.2400 = Rs(85/100x2400) =Rs.2040.
A shopkeeper gives a discount of 12, whereas a customer makes cash payment. Let 'p' denotes
the percentage, above the cost price, that the shopkeeper must mark up the price of the articles
['p' is an integer] in order to make a profit of x. Which of the following is the possible value(s)
of x?

A.

54

B.

76

C.

96

D.

32

Solution:
Option(C) is correct
Let the cost price of one article is Rs r then:

Marked price of the article

=r(1+p/100)
Selling price

=r(1+p/100)(112/100)

Profit percentage =x%

=r(1+p/100)(112/100)=r(1+x/100)

x=25(12+x)/22
As, p is an integer, x must be multiple of 22.
All the possible values x, less than 100 are k=10,32,54,76,98
Except option 'C' all the options are possible.
The volume of the sphere Q is (dfrac{37}{64}%)less than the volume of sphere P and the
volume of sphere R is (dfrac{19}{27}%) less than that of sphere Q. By what is the surface area
of sphere R less than the surface area of sphere P?

A.

77.77%

B.

87.5%

C.

75%

D.

67.5%

Solution:
Option(C) is correct
Let the volume of sphere P be 64 parts.
Therefore volume of sphere Q

=6437/64% of 64
=6437=27 parts.
The volume of R

=2719/2727
=2719=8 parts.
Volume ratio:

=P:Q:R=64:27:8
Radius ratio:

=P:Q:R=4:3:2
The surface area will be 16:9:5
Surface area of R is less than the surface area of sphere P

16k4k=12k
Now,

=12k/16k100
=75%
Thus surface area of sphere R is less than the surface area of sphere P by 75%

23. Prasanth bought a car and paid 10 % less than the original price. He sold it with 30% profit
on the price he had paid. What percentage of profit did he earn on the original price?

A. 17%

B. 16%

C. 18%

D. 14%

Explanation :

Let the original price=100

Then the price at which he purchased (CP) =90% of 100=90
Profit=30%
SP=((100+Profit
%)/100)CP=((100+30)/100)90=(130/100)90=139=117
Required %=((117100)/100)100=17%

If a seller reduces the selling price of an item from Rs.400 to Rs.380, his loss increases by 2%.
What is the cost price of the item?

A. 1000

B. 800

C. 1200

D. 1100

Sunil purchases two books at Rs.300 each. He sold one book 10% gain and other at 10% loss.
What is the total loss or gain in percentage?

A. 10% gain

B. 1% loss

C. No loss or no gain

D. 1% gain

A reduction of 10% in the price of a pen enabled a trader to purchase 9 more for Rs.540. What is
the reduced price of the pen?

A. 8

B. 6

C. 5

D. 4

What is the present worth of Rs. 132 due in 2 years at 5% simple interest
per annum
1. 110
2. 120
3. 130
4. 140
Answer And Explanation

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the present worth be Rs.x
Then,S.I.= Rs.(132 - x)
= (x*5*2/100) = 132 - x
= 10x = 13200 - 100x
= 110x = 13200
x= 120
A financier claims to be lending money at simple interest, But he includes
the interest every six months for calculating the principal. If he is
charging an interest of 10%, the effective rate of interest becomes.
1. 10.25%

2. 10%
3. 9.25%
4. 9%
Answer And Explanation

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the sum is 100.
As financier includes interest every six months., then we will calculate SI for 6 months, then
again for six months as below:
SI for first Six Months = (100*10*1)/(100*2) = Rs. 5
Important: now sum will become 100+5 = 105
SI for last Six Months = (105*10*1)/(100*2) = Rs. 5.25
So amount at the end of year will be (100+5+5.25)
= 110.25
Effective rate = 110.25 - 100 = 10.25

If 8men 8hrs per day works for 8days get 45/- then how many men
required if the work is 5hrs per day for10days they get 60/-?