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Unit.5
ECONOMICS ASPECTS
Introduction. Terms commonly used in system operation. Diversity factor, load factor, plant
capacity factor, plant use factor, plant utilization factor and loss factor, load duration curve.
Firm power: Firm power is the power intended always to be available even
under emergency conditions.
Cold reserve: Cold reserve is the reserve generating capacity that is available
for service but not in operation.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
1.
Connected load: The sum of continues ratings of all the equipments which are
connected to the supply system is called connected load.
It is the sum of the continuous ratings of the load consuming
apparatus connected to the system.
Ex: The connected loads in the premises of a consumer are shown in Figure below
2.
3.
Ex: The lighting installation has 10 bulbs each of rated 100 w and at no time of the day
more than 7 lights are switched on. Fine demand factor for this lighting installation.
Connected load = 10 x 100 =1000W
Maximum demand = 7 x 100 =700W
Demand factor = 700 /1000 = 0.70 =70%
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
4.
5.
Load factor: It is defined as the ratio of average load to the maximum demand
during a given period.
It is always less than 1 because average demand is less than maximum
demand
That is
Vinayaka.B.G, Asst.Professor, Dept of E&E, BIET, Davanagere
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
6.
8.
Diversity factor: The diversity factor is thus defined as the ratio of sum of
individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on power station.
Mathematically it is defined as
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
9.
Plant Capacity factor: This is the ratio of actual energy produced to the
maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a given
period.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
For reducing the cost utilization factor must be very close to unity.
11. Plant use factor: It is the ratio of energy (kWh or units) Produced to the
product of plant capacity the number of hours for which the plant was in
operation.
Example: A plant having installed capacity (or plant rated capacity) of 20MW
produces output of 7 X 106 kWh and remains in operation for 2080 hours inn
year then
7 X 106
= 0 .168 = 16.8%
20000 X 2080
12. Loss factor: It is defined as average power loss to the peak load power loss
during a specified period of time.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Note:
1.
Where
E ------> Energy produced
C --------> Plant capacity
t ---------> hours in that period that is it should be 24 or (30X24) or (8760)
2.
Where
E ------> Energy produced
C --------> Plant capacity
t ---------> hours of operation here is not 24 or (30X24) or (8760)
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
60 x 106
8760
6849.31 kW
849.31kW
20 MW
6849310
20000000
0.3424
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1681920 MWh
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=
= 20.89 MW
=
= 0.2089
= 20.89%
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22000
41950
0.5244
52.44%
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
= 750 MW
=10 MW
Domestic light
= 50 MW
i) diversity factor
5 X105
8760
570.78 MW
= 0.57078 = 57.078%
Vinayaka.B.G, Asst.Professor, Dept of E&E, BIET, Davanagere
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
OR
Given data:
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Maximum demand on
power station
= 20,000 KW
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ii)
iii)
iv)
Solution:
Stand by station:
87.35 x 106
3000
29116.66 kW
= 0.2426 = 24.26%
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
87.35 x 106
50000 x 8760
0.1994 = 19.94%
Base load station:
Given data: Annual base load station output = 101.0 x 106 kWhr
Plant capacity = 400 MW = 400,000 kW
Peak load= max load= 400MW = 400,000 kW
Hours of use = 8760 hrs
Because in base load station maximum demand equal to plant capacity
(400MW) and it operates throughout year i.e 8760 hours
101.0 x 106
8760
11529.68 kW
= 0.0288 = 2.88%
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
101.0 x 106
400000 x 8760
0.0288 = 2.88%
Note :
Use this formula to find load factor directly
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Max. Demand
= 400 MW
Load factor
= 60% = 0.6
Capacity factor
= 45% = 0.45
Reserve capacity
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Alternate method:
Max. Demand
= 400 MW
Load factor
= 60% = 0.6
Reserve capacity
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Given data:.
Max. Demand
= 400 MW
Load factor
= 60% = 0.6
Capacity factor
= 45% = 0.45
Reserve capacity
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Find
i) Annual energy production.
ii) Reserve capacity over and above peak load.
iii) Hours during which the plant is not in service per year
Solution:
DEC 11, 8 M
Given data:
Max. Demand
= 20 MW
Load factor
= 70% = 0.7
Capacity factor
= 50% = 0.5
Use factor
= 60% = 0.6
122640 MWh
0.5 X 8760
28 MW
Vinayaka.B.G, Asst.Professor, Dept of E&E, BIET, Davanagere
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Reserve capacity
28 20
8 MW
Hours during which the plant is not in service per year = 8760 7300
= 1430 hours
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Solution:
Given data:.
Max. Demand
Load factor
= 20 MW
= 60% = 0.6
= 48% = 0.48
= 80% = 0.8
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Reserve capacity
25 20
5 MW
The maximum energy that could have been produced daily if the plant
were running all the time is given by
= installed capacity X hours in day
= 25 X 24
= 600 MWh
The maximum energy that could have been produced if the plant when
running according to operating schedule is given by
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Maximum demand
Diversity factor of
Demand
group
factor
(kW)
1) Residential
15,000
1.25
0.7
2) Commercial
25,000
1.2
0.9
3)Industrial
50,000
1.3
0.98
Maximum demand
ii)
Solution:
Given data:
i)
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ii)
Note :
1. To find the connected load on power station if demand factor and diversity
factors both are given then
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Load
Demand factor
Diversity factor
Tfr 1
10
0.65
1.5
Tfr 2
12
0.6
3.5
Tfr 3
15
0.7
1.5
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Transformer 2:
Residential loads = 50 kW;
Transformer 3:
Residential loads = 50 kW;
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Solution:
i)
ii)
Given :
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Type of load
(kW)
1) Residential
1000
20
1.2
2) Commercial
2000
25
1.1
10,000
80
1.25
3)Industrial
Solution:
JUNE 09, 12 M
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
1. LOAD CURVE
A load curve (or load graph) is a graphical representation of variation of load
with respect to time in chronological order.
It is a graphical record showing the power demands for every instant during
a certain time interval.
If the load curve plotted for 24 hours in a day it is called daily load curve.
If the load curve plotted for hours in a month it is called monthly load curve
If the load curve plotted for hours in a year (8760 hrs) it is called yearly load
curve.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The peak (highest point) of the load curve indicates the maximum demand
of the power station.
The ratio of area under load curve to the total area of rectangle in which it is
contained gives the load factor.
Load curves give full information about the incoming and help to decide the
installed capacity of the power station and to decide the economical sizes of
various generating units.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
It gives the total number of units generated for a given max. demand or upto
a given demand.
If the energy (kWh) and demand are plotted as percentage quantity the load
curve is called peak percentage load curve.
Importance of energy load curve:
It helps for estimating base load/peak load on a station
This curve helps for variation between rate of water in flow in hydro power
station & that of electrical load.
Vinayaka.B.G, Asst.Professor, Dept of E&E, BIET, Davanagere
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
60 watts
5 A.M to 6 P.M
no load
6 P.M to 7 P.M
240 watts
7 P.M to 9 P.M
360 watts
9 A.M to Midnight
180 watts
Plot the load curve and hence determine the maximum load,
load factor, average load and electrical energy consumption
during the day
Solution:
DEC 11, 7 M
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ii)
iii)
Average demand
iv)
Load factor
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Consumer 1
Consumer 2
Consumer 3
No load
200 W
No load
8 A.M to 2P.M
600 W
No load
200 W
2 P.M to 4P.M
200 W
1000 W
1200 W
4 P.M to 10P.M
800 W
No load
No load
No load
200W
200 W
DEC 10, 8M
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
50kW
Between 10 AM and 6 PM
LOAD B
30kW
Between 6 PM and 10 PM
LOAD C
20kW
Between 4 PM and 10 AM
Diversity factor
ii)
iii)
Load factor
Solution:
JUNE 10, 8M
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Units generated per day = (20 x 10) +(50 x 6) +(70 x2) +(50 x 4) +(20 x 2)
= 880 kWh
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
68
8 12
12- 16
Load in MW
20
40
60
16- 20 20 -24
20
50
24 -6
20
Plot the load curve & load duration curve, also calculate energy
generated per day.
Solution:
Load curve
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
0 - 6
6 - 8
8 - 12
12 14
14 - 18
48
60
52
40
84
Load (MW)
18- 22 22 24
96
48
i)
ii)
Solution:
Load curve
JUNE 11, 10 M
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
i)
ii)
iii)
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Installed capacity
Maximum demand
v) Utilization factor
JAN 09, 10 M
Solution:
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
ii)
load
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
12 - 5 am
5- 9 am
9 6 pm
6pm- 10pm
10pm 12 pm
Load(MW)
20
40
80
100
20
DEC 08, 8 M