+

PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL

SIMPLE
She studies Russian.
She studied Russian.
She will study Russian.
She would study Russian
if she has enough time.

PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL

SIMPLE
She doesnt study Russian.
She wasnt study Russian.
She wont study Russian.
She wouldnt study
Russian.

PERFECT
She hasnt studied Russian.
She hadnt studied Russian.
She wont have studied Russian.
She wouldnt have studied
Russian.

CONTINUOUS
She isnt studying Russian.
She wasnt studying Russian.
She wont be studying Russian.
She wouldnt be studying
Russian.

PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She hasnt been studying Russian.
She hadnt been studying Russian.
She wont have been studying...
She wouldnt have been studying
Russian.

?
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE

SIMPLE
Does she study Russian?
Did she study Russian?
Will she study Russian?

PERFECT
Has she studied Russian?
Had she studied Russian?
Will she have studied Russian?

CONTINUOUS
Is she studying Russian?
Was she studying Russian?
Will she be studying Russian?

Would she have studied

Russian?

Would she be studying

Russian?

PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Has she been studying Russian?
Had she been studying Russian?
Will she have been studying
Russian?
Would she have been studying
Russian?

CONDITIONAL Would she study Russian?

PERFECT
She has studied Russian.
She had studied Russian.
She will have studied Russian.
She would have studied
Russian.

CONTINUOUS
She is studying Russian.
She was studying Russian.
She will be studying Russian.
She would be studying
Russian.

CONDITIONAL
I
If V-present, V future

If I have time, I will read more.

II

If V-past, V conditional (+ infinitive)

If I had time, I would read more.

III

If V- past perfect, V conditional perfect

If I had had time, I would have read more.

PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She has been studying Russian.
She had been studying Russian.
She will have been studying Russian.
She would have been studying
Russian.

Si tengo tiempo leer

ms.
Si tuviera tiempo leera
ms.
Si hubiera tenido tiempo
hubiera ledo ms.

El hablante lo ve
probable.
El hablante lo ve
probable pero
sin mucha fe.
Ha pasado la
oportunidad.

VERBS & PREPOSITIONS

Some verbs are usually followed by prepositions before the object of the verb. These are called dependent prepositions and they are followed by a
noun or a gerund (ing form).

Hes waiting for a bus.

For is the dependent preposition for wait

We can use other prepositions with wait e.g. He waited at the bus stop but for is the dependent preposition.
Verbs with for

He apologised for being late. You can also apologise to someone

I applied for the job but I didnt get it.
How do you ask for a coffee in Polish?
She spent many years caring for her aged parents.
I cant go out tonight because I have to prepare for my interview
tomorrow.

With from

This spray should protect you from mosquitoes.

Has he recovered from his illness yet?
He won an award because he saved someone from drowning.
I suffer from hay fever.

With in

She believes in ghosts.

Our company specialises in computer software.
You have to work hard if you want to succeed in life.

With of

I dont approve of your language, young man.

Our dog died of old age.
This shampoo smells of bananas.

With on

The film is based on the novel by Boris Pasternak.

If you make so much noise I cant concentrate on my work.
Come on! Were relying on you!
We dont agree on anything but were good friends.

With to

Can I introduce you to my wife?

Please refer to the notes at the end for more information.
Nobody responded to my complaint.

With with

I agree with everything youve said.

My secretary will provide you with more information if you need it.

 PREPOSITION + V ing.
*TO + V (infinitive).
Like, prefer, love, hate, dislike ... + V ing.
Recommend, suggest, ... +
o S + V (infinitive).
o V ing.

PHRASAL VERBS
In English, there are many verbs that consist of two parts: the verb plus either a preposition or an adverb.
The difference between prepositions and adverbs is that prepositions are linked with nouns or pronouns, while adverbs are part of and dependent on the
verb. Below we can see the difference between these two types with the example, live down which can act as a prepositional verb or an adverbial
verb.
Prepositional:
He lives down the street.
Adverbial:
I couldnt live down that incident.
Compound verbs can be transitive or intransitive depending on whether or not they have an object. This will depend on the order of the sentence.
We are not going to concentrate on the different types of compound verbs. For now, its most important to keep in mind that phrasal verbs and
prepositional verbs are verbs and generally have a different meaning than the principal verb that forms them.
For example, the verb give means to put in the possession of another, but when we add the preposition up, the meaning changes. Give up
means *to abandon or to surrender*. Therefore the verbs give and give up are two distinct verbs.

REPORTED SPEECH
STATEMENTS
Cambiamos:
-

los dos puntos por el que

los pronombres

los tiempos verbales

las expresiones de tiempo
las expresiones de lugar

D
Presente
Presente continuo
Presente perfecto
Futuro
Condicional
Pasado
Pasado perfecto

I
Pasado
Pasado continuo
Pasado perfecto
Condicional

D
Can
May
Must

I
Could
Might
Had
to

Should

Pasado perfecto

that??????

D
Here
There
This
These

D
Next
Last
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow

I
There

I
The following
The previous
That day
The day before
The nest day
The following day

That
Those

Louis said: Next month we will move to another house.

Louis said that the following month they would move to another house.
QUESTIONS

- Wh-questons--------- What time is it?, John asked.

Cambios:

John asked what time it was.

- quitar el interrogante.
- no usar orden de interrogacin sino de afirmacin.

- Yes/no-questions-------- Did she buy the car?, Ann asked

Ann asked if she had bought the car.

IMPERATIVE
Cambios: la orden sigue en imperativo

Read five books a year, the father advised.----- The father advised to read five books a year.
Dont run, Martha told me.------ Martha told me not to run.