Sound Waves and Physics of Music Review With Answers

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The Review Session Sound and Music Sound
Waves and Physics of Music Review with Answers
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Sound and Music Review
The Review Session
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Part A: TRUE/FALSE
1. Which of the following statements are TRUE of sound
waves? Identify all that apply.
a. A sound wave is a mechanical wave.
b. A sound wave is a means of transporting energy
without transporting matter.
c. Sound can travel through a vacuum.
d. A sound wave is a pressure wave; they can be thought
of as fluctuations in pressure with respect to time.
e. A sound wave is a transverse wave.
f. To hear the sound of a tuning fork, the tines of the fork
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must move air from the fork to one's ear.

g. Most (but not all) sound waves are created by a
vibrating object of some type.
h. To be heard, a sound wave must cause a relatively
large displacement of air (for instance, at least a cm or
more) around an observer's ear.
Answer: ABD
a. TRUE - A sound wave transports its energy by means of
particle interaction. A sound wave cannot travel through a
vacuum. This makes sound a mechanical wave.
b. TRUE - Absolutely! Particles do not move from the
source to the ear. Particles vibrate about a position; one
particle impinges on its neighboring particle, setting it in
vibrational motion about its own equilibrium position.
c. FALSE - Only electromagnetic waves can travel through
a vacuum; mechanical waves such as sound waves require
a particle-interaction to transport their energy. There are
no particles in a vacuum.
d. TRUE - As particles move back and forth longitudinally,
there are times when they are very close within a given
region and other times that they are far apart within that
same region. The close proximity of particles produces a
high pressure region known as a compression; the
distancing of particles within a region produces a low
pressure region known as a rarefaction. Over time, a given
region undergoes oscillations in pressure from a high to a
low pressure and finally back to a high pressure.
e. FALSE - Never! Waves are either longitudinal or
transverse. Longitudinal waves are those in which particles
of the medium move in a direction parallel to the energy
transport. And that is exactly how particles of the medium
move as sound passes through it.
f. FALSE - It is the disturbance that moves from the tuning
fork to one's ear. the particles of the medium merely
vibrate back and forth about the same location, never
really moving from that location to another location. This
is true of all waves - they transport energy without
actually transporting matter.
g. FALSE - All sound waves are created by vibrating
objects of some sort.
h. FALSE - Quite surprisingly to many, most sounds which
we are accustomed to hearing are characterized by
particle motion with an amplitude on the order of 1 mm or
less.
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Sound as a: || Mechanical Wave || Sound is a Longitudinal

Wave || Sound is a Pressure Wave ||
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intensity and decibel levels? Identify all that apply.
a. The intensity of a sound wave has units of
Watts/meter.
b. When a sound wave is said to be intense, it means that
the particles are vibrating back and forth at a high
frequency.
c. Intense sounds are characterized by particles of the
medium vibrating back and forth with a relatively large
amplitude.
d. Intense sounds are usually perceived as loud sounds.
e. The ability of an observer to hear a sound wave
depends solely upon the intensity of the sound wave.
f. From the least intense to the most intense, humans
have a rather narrow range of intensity over which
sound waves can be heard.
g. The intensity of sound which corresponds to the
threshold of pain is one trillion times more intense than
the sound which corresponds to the threshold of
hearing.
h. Two sounds which have a ratio of decibel ratings equal
to 2.0. This means that the second sound is twice as
intense as the first sound.
i. Sound A is 20 times more intense than sound B. So if
Sound B is rated at 30 dB, then sound A is rated at 50
dB.
j. Sound C is 1000 times more intense than sound D. So if
sound D is rated at 80 dB, sound C is rated at 110 dB.
k. A machine produces a sound which is rated at 60 dB. If
two of the machines were used at the same time, the
decibel rating would be 120 dB.
l. Intensity of a sound at a given location varies directly
with the distance from that location to the source of
the sound.
m. If the distance from the source of sound is doubled

then the intensity of the sound will be quadrupled.
n. If the distance from the source of sound tripled, then
the intensity of the sound will be increased by a factor
of 6.
Answer: CDGJ
a. FALSE - Intensity is a power/area relationship and as
such the units are typically Watts/meter2. The Watt is a
unit of power and the meter2 is a unit of area.
b. FALSE - Intense sounds are simply sounds which carry
energy outward from the source at a high rate. They are
most commonly sound waves characterized by a high
amplitude of movement. While frequency does effect one's
perception of the loudness of a sound, it does not effect
the intensity of a sound wave.
c. TRUE - An intense sound is the result of a large
vibration of the source of sound that sets particles of the
medium in motion with a high amplitude of movement
about their usual rest position.
d. TRUE - Loudness is more of a subjective response to
sound, dependent in part upon the quality of an observer's
ears. Intensity is an objective characteristic of sound that
can actually be measured in Watts/meter2. However,
intense sounds will always be observed to be louder by an
observer than less intense sounds.
e. FALSE - Not only must the sound be intense enough to
cause an audible disturbance of the mechanisms of the
ear, it also must fall within the human frequency range of
20 Hz to 20000 Hz.
f. FALSE - Humans actually have a phenomenal range of
intensities to which they are sensitive to. The intensity of
the sound at the threshold of pain is one-trillion times
more intense than the sound at the threshold of hearing.
That's quite a range.
g. TRUE - The threshold of pain has an intensity of 1
W/m2 and the threshold of hearing has an intensity of 1.0
x 10-12 W/m2. That's a ratio of one trillion.
h. FALSE - No! Since the decibel scale is based on a
logarithmic function, this is simply not the case.
i. FALSE - Two sounds separated by 20 dB on the decibel
scale have intensity ratios of 100:1. If one sound is 20
times more intense than another sound, then it is 13 dB
higher on the decibel scale [ that comes from 10*log(20)
].
j. TRUE - Always remember that a decibel rating is based

on the logarithmic function. A sound which is 1000 times
(103 times) more intense than another sound is 3 bels or
30 dBels greater on the decibel scale.
k. FALSE - Two machines would produce twice the
intensity; but when converted to the logarithmic scale of
decibels, there decibel rating would differ by 3 dB.
l. FALSE - Intensity varies inversely with distance from the
source. To be more specific, it varies inversely with the
square of the distance.
m. FALSE - If the distance from the source is doubled,
then the intensity is decreased by a factor of four.
n. FALSE - If the distance from the source is tripled, then
the intensity is decreased by a factor of nine.
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3. Which of the following statements are TRUE of the

speed of sound? Identify all that apply.
a. The speed of a sound wave depends upon its frequency
and its wavelength.
b. In general, sound waves travel fastest in solids and
slowest in gases.
c. Sound waves travel fastest in solids (compared to
liquids and gases) because solids are more dense.
d. The fastest which sound can move is when it is moving
through a vacuum.
e. If all other factors are equal, a sound wave will travel
fastest in the most dense materials.
f. A highly elastic material has a strong tendency to return
to its original shape if stressed, stretched, plucked or
somehow disturbed.
g. A more rigid material such as steel has a higher
elasticity and therefore sound tends to move through it
at high speeds.
h. The speed of sound moving through air is largely

dependent upon the frequency and intensity of the
sound wave.
i. A loud shout will move faster through air than a faint
whisper.
j. Sound waves would travel faster on a warm day than a
cool day.
k. The speed of a sound wave would be dependent solely
upon the properties of the medium through which it
moves.
l. A shout in a canyon produces an echo off a cliff located
127 m away. If the echo is heard 0.720 seconds after
the shout, then the speed of sound through the
canyon is 176 m/s.
m. The speed of a wave within a guitar string varies
inversely with the tension in the string.
n. The speed of a wave within a guitar string varies
inversely with the mass per unit length of the string.
o. The speed of a wave within a guitar string will be
doubled if the tension of the string is doubled.
p. An increase in the tension of a guitar string by a factor
of four will increase the speed of a wave in the string
by a factor of two.
q. An increase in the linear mass density of a guitar string
by a factor of four will increase the speed of a wave in
the string by a factor of two.
Answer: BFGJKNP
a. FALSE - The speed of a wave is calculated by the
product of the frequency and wavelength. However, it
does not depend upon the frequency and the wavelength.
An alteration in the frequency or the wavelength will not
alter the speed.
b. TRUE - For the same material, speed is greatest in
materials in which the elastic properties are greatest.
Despite the greater density of solids, the speed is greatest
in solids, followed by liquids, followed by gases.
c. FALSE - Sound waves travel faster in solids because the
particles of a solid have a greater elastic modulus. That is
to say that a disturbance of a particle from its rest position
in a solid leads to a rapid return to its rest position and as
such an ability to rapidly transmit the energy to the next
particle.
d. FALSE - Sound is a mechanical wave which moves due
to particle interaction. There are no particles in a vacuum
so sound can not move through a vacuum.
e. FALSE - Sound waves (like all waves) will travel slower
in more dense materials (assuming all other factors are
equal).
f. TRUE - This is the definition of elasticity. Elasticity is
related to the ability of the particles of a material to return
to their original position if displaced from it.
g. TRUE - A more rigid material is characterized by
particles which quickly return to their original position if
displaced from it. Sound moves fastest in such materials.
h. FALSE - The speed of sound through a material is
dependent upon the properties of the material, not the
characteristics of the wave.
i. FALSE - A loud shout will move at the same speed as a
whisper since the speed of sound is independent of the
characteristics of the sound wave and dependent upon the
properties of the material through it is moving.
j. TRUE - The speed of sound through air is dependent
upon the temperature of the air.
k. TRUE - This is a big principle. Know it.
l. FALSE - Speed is distance traveled per time. For this
case, the sound travels a distance of 254 m (to the cliff
and back) in 0.720 seconds. That computes to 353 m/s.
m. FALSE - For a guitar string, the equation for the speed
of waves is v = SQRT (Ftens/mu). From the equation, it is
evident that an increase in tension will result in an
increase in the speed; they are directly related.
n. TRUE - For a guitar string, the equation for the speed of
waves is v = SQRT (Ftens/mu). From the equation, it is
evident that an increase in mass per unit length (mu) will
result in an decrease in the speed; they are inversely
related.
o. FALSE - The speed of a wave in a guitar string varies
directly with the square root of the tension. If the tension
is doubled, then the speed of sound will increase by a
factor of the square root of two.
p. TRUE - The speed of a wave in a string is directly
related to the square root of the tension in the string. So
the speed will be changed by the square root of whatever
factor the tension is changed.
q. FALSE - An increase in the linear mass density by a
factor of four will decrease the speed by a factor of 2. The
speed is inversely related to the square root of the linear
density.
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frequency of sound and the perception of pitch? Identify
all that apply.
a. A high pitched sound has a low wavelength.
b. A low-pitched sound is a sound whose pressure
fluctuations occur with a low period.
c. If an object vibrates at a relatively high frequency, then
the pitch of the sound will be low.
d. The frequency of a sound will not necessarily be the
same as the frequency of the vibrating object since
sound speed will be altered as the sound is transmitted
from the object to the air and ultimately to your ear.
e. Two different guitar strings are used to produce a
sound. The strings are identical in terms of material,
thickness and the tension to which they are pulled. Yet
string A is shorter than string B. Therefore, string A will
produce a lower pitch.
f. Both low- and high-pitched sounds will travel through
air at the same speed.
g. Doubling the frequency of a sound wave will halve the
wavelength but not alter the speed of the wave.
h. Tripling the frequency of a sound wave will decrease
the wavelength by a factor of 6 and alter the speed of
the wave.
i. Humans can pretty much hear a low-frequency sound
as easily as a high-frequency sound.
j. Ultrasound waves are those sound waves with
frequencies less than 20 Hz.
Answer: AFG
a. TRUE - High pitch corresponds to a sound with high
frequency and therefore low wavelength.
b. FALSE - Low pitched sound have a low frequency.
Frequency is inversely related to period. So low pitched
sounds have a high period. That is, the time for the
vibrations to undergo one complete cycle is large for a low
frequency (or low pitch) sound.
c. FALSE - Pitch is a subjective response of the ear to

sound. Frequency is an objective measure of how often
the sound undergoes an oscillation from high to low
pressure. The two are related in the sense that a sound
with a high frequency will be perceived as a sound with a
high pitch.
d. FALSE - As waves (of any type) are transmitted from
one medium to another, the speed and the wavelength
can be altered, but the frequency will not be changed.
Thus, the frequency of the source is the frequency of the
sound waves which impinge upon the ear.
e. FALSE - The strings are identical in terms of their
properties; this means that waves travel at the same
speed through each. Yet string A is shorter than string B,
so the wavelengths of waves are shortest in string A. As
such, the frequencies are greatest for string A and it is
observed to produce sounds of higher pitch.
f. TRUE - The speed at which waves travel through air is
dependent upon the properties of the air and not the
properties of the wave.
g. TRUE - Frequency and wavelength are inversely related;
doubling one will halve the other. Yet the speed of a wave
is independent of each.
h. FALSE - Tripling the frequency of a sound wave will
make wavelength decrease by a factor of 3 but not alter
the speed of a wave.
i. FALSE - The response of the ear to sound is dependent
in part on the frequency of the sound. A higher pitch
sound of the same intensity is generally heard to be louder
than a lower pitch sound of the same intensity.
j. FALSE - Ultrasound waves are waves which have a
frequency beyond the human range of audible frequencies
- above 20000 Hz.
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Pitch and Frequency
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5. Which of the following statements are TRUE of standing

wave patterns? Identify all that apply.
a. A standing wave pattern is formed as a result of the
interference of two or more waves.
b. When a standing wave pattern is established, there are
portions of the medium which are not disturbed.
c. A standing wave is really not a wave at all; it is a
pattern resulting from the interference of two or more
waves which are traveling through the same medium.
d. A standing wave pattern is a regular and repeating
vibrational pattern established within a medium; it is
always characterized by the presence of nodes and
antinodes.
e. An antinode on a standing wave pattern is a point
which is stationary; it does not undergo any
displacement from its rest position.
f. For every node on a standing wave pattern, there is a
corresponding antinode; there are always the same
number of each.
g. When a standing wave pattern is established in a
medium, there are alternating nodes and antinodes,
equally spaced apart across the medium.
Answer: ABCDG
a. TRUE - Interference results when two (or more) waves
interfere to produce a regular and repeating pattern of
nodes and antinodes. The presence of the nodes standing
still along the medium at the same position is what gives it
its name of "standing" wave.
b. TRUE - Standing wave patterns are characterized by the
presence of nodes - points of no disturbance.
c. TRUE - This is correct. When a standing wave pattern is
being observed, it is an interference pattern - a pattern of
the medium resulting from two or more waves interfering
to produce the very visible pattern.
d. TRUE - This is probably a good definition of a standing
wave pattern.
e. FALSE - Nodes are points which are stationary and
undergoing no displacement. The antinodal positions of a
standing wave pattern undergo oscillation from a
maximum positive displacement to a maximum negative
displacement.
f. FALSE -This would be a true statement for standing
wave patterns formed in closed-end resonance air
columns. Yet for guitar strings and open end air columns,
there is always one more node than antinode.
g. TRUE - This is a good way to describe what is seen in
the pattern.
Useful Web Links
Standing Wave Patterns
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concept of resonance? Identify all that apply.
a. A musical instrument can play any frequency
imaginable.
b. All musical instruments have a natural frequency or set
of natural frequencies at which they will vibrate; each
frequency corresponds to a unique standing wave
pattern.
c. The result of two objects vibrating in resonance with
each other is a vibration of larger amplitude.
d. Objects which share the same natural frequency will
often set each other into vibrational motion when one
is plucked, strummed, hit or otherwise disturbed. This
phenomenon is known as a forced resonance vibration.
e. A vibrating tuning fork can set a second tuning fork into
resonant motion.
f. The resonant frequencies of a musical instrument are
related by whole number ratios.
Answer: BCDE(mostly)F
a. FALSE - An instrument which is truly musical can only
play a specific set of frequencies, each one corresponding
to a standing wave pattern with which that instrument can
vibrate. (Of course, one could make a case that by
modifying properties of the instrument, small adjustments
could be made in the speed at which the waves might
move and thus allow the instrument to produce about any
frequency imaginable.)
b. TRUE - The frequencies at which an instrument would

naturally vibrate are known as its harmonics. Each
frequency corresponds to a unique standing wave pattern.
c. TRUE - Resonance results in a big vibration because two
waves are now interfering in a regular manner to produce
a resultant wave with a large amplitude of vibration.
d. TRUE - This is a good definition of resonance vibrations.
e. TRUE - This can happen provided that the two tuning
forks have the same natural frequency and that they are
somehow connected (for instance by air).
f. TRUE - The frequencies at which an instrument would
naturally vibrate are known as its harmonics. The
frequency of each harmonic is a whole number multiple of
the fundamental frequency. As such, every frequency in
the set of natural frequency is related by whole number
rations.
Useful Web Links
Natural Frequency || Forced Vibration || Resonance
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harmonics and standing wave patterns in guitar strings?
Identify all that apply.
a. The fundamental frequency of a guitar string is the
highest frequency at which the string vibrates.
b. The fundamental frequency of a guitar string
corresponds to the standing wave pattern in which
there is a complete wavelength within the length of the
string.
c. The wavelength for the fundamental frequency of a
guitar string is 2.0 m.
d. The wavelength for the second harmonic played by a
guitar string is two times the wavelength of the first
harmonic.
e. The standing wave pattern for the fundamental played
by a guitar string is characterized by the pattern with
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
the longest possible wavelength.

If the fundamental frequency of a guitar string is 200
Hz, then the frequency of the second harmonic is 400
Hz.
If the frequency of the fifth harmonic of a guitar string
is 1200 Hz, then the fundamental frequency of the
same string is 6000 Hz.
As the frequency of a standing wave pattern is tripled,
its wavelength is tripled.
If the speed of sound in a guitar string is 300 m/s and
the length of the string is 0.60 m, then the
fundamental frequency will be 180 Hz.
As the tension of a guitar string is increased, the
fundamental frequency produced by that string is
decreased.
As the tension of a guitar string is increased by a factor
of 2, the fundamental frequency produced by that
string is decreased by a factor of 2.
As the linear density of a guitar string is increased, the
fundamental frequency produced by the string is
decreased.
As the linear density of a guitar string is increased by a
factor 4, the fundamental frequency produced by the
string is decreased by a factor of 2.
Answer: EFLM
a. FALSE - The fundamental frequency is the lowest
possible frequency which an instrument will play.
b. FALSE - For a guitar string, the standing wave pattern
for the fundamental frequency is one in which there is
one-half wavelength within the length of the string.
c. FALSE - The wavelength for the fundamental frequency
is two times the length of the string (not 2.0 m).
d. FALSE - The wavelength of the second harmonic is onehalf the length of the wavelength of the fundamental (the
frequency of the second harmonic is twice the frequency
of the fundamental).
e. TRUE - The fundamental frequency is the lowest
possible frequency and the longest possible wavelength
with which an instrument will vibrate.
f. TRUE -The frequency of the nth harmonic is n times
larger than the frequency of the fundamental or first
harmonic.
g. FALSE - The frequency of the fundamental would be
240 Hz if the frequency of the fifth harmonic is 1200 Hz.
h. FALSE - If the frequency is tripled, then the wavelength
is one-third as much.
i. FALSE - The fundamental frequency would be 250 Hz.
The wavelength of the fundamental is two times the
length of the string - 1.2 m. And the frequency of the
fundamental is the speed divided by the wavelength of the
fundamental.
j. FALSE - As the tension of a guitar string is increased,
the speed of vibrations in the string is increased and the
frequency will be increased.
k. FALSE - If the tension in a guitar string is increased by
a factor of 2, then the speed of vibrations in the string will
be increased by a factor of the square root of 2 (1.41) and
the frequency will be increased by a factor of 1.41.
l. TRUE - If the linear density of a guitar string is
increased, then the speed of vibrations in the string will be
decreased and the frequency will be decreased.
m. TRUE - If the linear density of a guitar string is
increased by a factor of 4, then the speed of vibrations in
the string will be decreased by a factor of the square root
of 4 (2.0) and the frequency will be decreased by a factor
of 2.
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Guitar Strings
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harmonics and standing wave patterns in air columns?
Identify all that apply.
a. The speed of the waves for the various harmonics of
open-end air columns are whole number multiples of
the speed of the wave for the fundamental frequency.
b. Longer air columns will produce lower frequencies.
c. The pitch of a sound can be increased by shortening
the length of the air resonating inside of an air column.
d. An open end of an air column allows air to vibrate a
maximum amount whereas a closed end forces air
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
particles to behave as nodes.

Open-end air columns have antinodes positioned at
each end while closed-end air columns have nodes
positioned at each end.
Closed-end air columns can only produce oddnumbered harmonics.
Open-end air columns can only produce evennumbered harmonics.
A closed-end air column that can play a fundamental
frequency of 250 Hz cannot play 500 Hz.
An open-end air column that can play a fundamental
frequency of 250 Hz cannot play 750 Hz.
A closed-end air column has a length of 20 cm. The
wavelength of the first harmonic is 5 cm.
An open-end air column has a length of 20 cm. The
wavelength of the first harmonic is 10 cm.
Air column A is a closed-end air column. Air column B is
an open-end air column. Air column A would be
capable of playing lower pitches than air column B.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. An open-end air
column has a length of 40 cm. The fundamental
frequency of this air column is approximately 213 Hz.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. A closed-end air
column has a length of 40 cm. The fundamental
frequency of this air column is approximately 213 Hz.
If an open-end air column has a fundamental frequency
of 250 Hz, then the frequency of the fourth harmonic is
1000 Hz.
If a closed-end air column has a fundamental frequency
of 200 Hz, then the frequency of the fourth harmonic is
800 Hz.
Answer: BCDFHLNO
a. FALSE - It is the frequency (not the speed) of the
various harmonics which are whole number multiples of
the fundamental frequency.
b. TRUE - Assuming that two air columns are of the same
type (both open- or both closed), the standing wave
patterns of the longer air column would have longer
wavelengths and thus lower frequencies and pitch.
c. TRUE - As the length of an air column is shortened, the
wavelengths are decreased and the frequencies are
increased.
d. TRUE - This is exactly the case and is clearly portrayed
in the standing wave patterns which are constructed for
air columns.
e. FALSE - A closed-end air column is an air column with
one end open and one end closed. It is the closed end
which is characterized by a nodal position but the open

end is characterized by an antinode.
f. TRUE - Closed-end air columns produce a first, third,
fifth, seventh, etc. harmonic - all odd numbers.
g. FALSE - Open-end air columns can produce all
harmonics - first, second, third, fourth, etc.
h. TRUE - If a closed-end air column has a fundamental
frequency of 250 Hz, then the other frequencies in the set
of natural frequencies are 750 Hz, 1250 Hz, 1750 Hz, etc.
It can only have odd-numbered harmonics.
i. FALSE - If an open-end air column has a fundamental
frequency of 250 Hz, then the other frequencies in the set
of natural frequencies are 500 Hz, 750 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1250
Hz, etc. An open-end air column can produce all the
harmonics.
j. FALSE - The wavelength of the first harmonic of a
closed-end air column is four times the length of the air
column - 80 cm.
k. FALSE - The wavelength of the first harmonic of an
open-end air column is two times the length of the air
column - 40 cm.
l. TRUE (sort of) - For the same length (the sort of part),
a closed-end air column would have standing waves which
are longer and therefore have frequencies which are
lower.
m. FALSE - If the length of this open-end air column is 40
cm, then the wavelength of the fundamental is 0.80 m.
The frequency of the fundamental is (340 m/s)/(0.8 m) =
425 Hz.
n. TRUE - If the length of this closed-end air column is 40
cm, then the wavelength of the fundamental is 1.60 m.
The frequency of the fundamental is (340 m/s)/(1.6 m) =
213 Hz.
o. TRUE - The frequency of the fourth harmonic is four
times the frequency of the first harmonic.
p. FALSE - A closed-end air column cannot have a fourth
harmonic; there are only odd-numbered frequencies.
Useful Web Links
Open-End Air Columns || Closed-End Air Columns
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interference and beats? Identify all that apply.
a. Beats result when two sounds of slightly different
frequencies interfere.
b. Beats are characterized by a sound whose frequency is
rapidly fluctuating between a high and a low pitch.
c. Two sounds with a frequency ratio of 2:1 would
produce beats with a beat frequency of 2 Hz.
d. Two tuning forks are sounding out at slightly different
frequencies - 252 Hz and 257 Hz. A beat frequency of
5 Hz will be heard.
e. A piano tuner is using a 262 Hz tuning fork in an effort
to tune a piano string. She plucks the string and the
tuning fork and observes a beat frequency of 2 Hz.
Therefore, she must lower the frequency of the piano
string by 2 Hz.
Answer: AD
a. TRUE - This is the number one criteria for the formation
of audible beats.
b. FALSE - Beats are characterized by sounds which are
rapidly oscillating between high and low levels of loudness
due to fluctuations in the amplitude of the resulting wave.
c. FALSE - Two sounds with a frequency difference (not
ratio) of 2 Hz will produce a bear frequency of 2 Hz.
d. TRUE - The beat frequency is the frequency at which
the amplitude of the oscillations increase and decrease.
This beat frequency is always the difference in frequency
of the two sounds which interfere to create the beats.
e. FALSE - She must either lower or increase the
frequency of the piano string by 2 Hz.
Useful Web Links
Interference and Beats
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
Part B: Multiple Choice

10. What type of wave is produced when the particles of
the medium are vibrating to and fro in the same direction
of wave propagation?
a. longitudinal
wave.
b. sound
wave.
c. standing
wave.
d. transverse
wave.
Answer: A
This is the definition of a longitudinal wave. A longitudinal
wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate to
and fro in a direction parallel to the direction of energy
transport.
Useful Web Links
Categories of Waves
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
11. When the particles of a medium are vibrating at right

angles to the direction of energy transport, the type of
wave is described as a _____ wave.
a. longitudinal
b. sound
c. standing
d. transverse
Answer: D
This is the definition of a transverse wave. A transverse
wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate to
and fro in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
energy transport.
Useful Web Links

Categories of Waves
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
12. A transverse wave is traveling through a medium. See

diagram below. The particles of the medium are moving.
a. parallel to the line joining

AD.
b. along the line joining CI.
c. perpendicular to the line

joining AD.
d. at various angles to the

line CI.
e. along the curve CAEJGBI.
Answer: A
In transverse waves, particles of the medium vibrate to
and fro in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
energy transport. In this case, that would be parallel to
the line AD.
Useful Web Links
Categories of Waves
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
13. If the energy in a longitudinal wave travels from south

to north, the particles of the medium ____.
a. move from north to south,

b. vibrate both north and
only.
south.
c. move from east to west,

only.
d. vibrate both east and

west.
Answer: B
In longitudinal waves, particles of the medium vibrate to
and from in a direction parallel to the direction of energy
transport. If the particles only moved north and not back
south, then the particles would be permanently displaced
from their rest position; this is not wavelike.
Useful Web Links

Categories of Waves
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
14. The main factor which effects the speed of a sound

wave is the ____.
a. amplitude of the sound

wave
b. intensity of the sound

wave
c. loudness of the sound

wave
d. properties of the medium
e. pitch of the sound wave
Answer: D
The speed of a wave is dependent upon the properties of
the medium and not the properties of the wave.
Useful Web Links
The Speed of a Wave
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
15. As a wave travels into a medium in which its speed

increases, its wavelength ____.
a. decreases
b. increases
c. remains the same
Answer: B
As a wave crosses a boundary into a new medium, its
speed and wavelength change while its frequency remains
the same. If the speed increases, then the wavelength
must increase as well in order to maintain the same
frequency.
Useful Web Links

The Wave Equation
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
16. As a wave passes across a boundary into a new

medium, which characteristic of the wave would NOT
change?
a. speed
b. frequency
c. wavelength
Answer: B
As a wave crosses a boundary into a new medium, its
speed and wavelength change while its frequency remains
the same. This is true of all waves as they pass from one
medium to another medium.
Useful Web Links

The Speed of a Wave
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
17. The ____ is defined as the number of cycles of a

periodic wave occurring per unit time.
a. wavelength
b. period
c. amplitude
d. frequency
Answer: D
This is a basic definition which you should know and be
able to apply.
Useful Web Links

Frequency and Period of a Wave
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18. Many wave properties are dependent upon other wave

properties. Yet, one wave property is independent of all
other wave properties. Which one of the following
properties of a wave is independent of all the others?
a. wavelength
b. frequency
c. period
d. velocity
Answer: D
The speed (or velocity) of a wave is dependent upon the
properties of the medium through which it moves, not

upon the properties of the wave itself.
Useful Web Links

The Speed of a Wave
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19. Consider the motion of waves in a wire. Waves will

travel fastest in a ____ wire.
a. tight and
heavy
b. tight and
c. loose and
light
heavy
d. loose and
light
Answer: B
The speed of a wave in a wire is given by the equation
v = SQRT (Ftens/mu)
where Ftens is the tension of the wire and a measure of
how tight it is pulled and mu is the linear density of the
wire and a measure of how light it is on a per meter basis.
Tighter wires allow for faster speeds. Light wires allow for
faster speeds.
Useful Web Links

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20. TRUE or FALSE:

The SI unit for frequency is hertz.
a. True

b. False
Answer: A
Know this like the back of your hand (assuming you know
the back of your hand well).
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21. TRUE or FALSE:

Doubling the frequency of a sound source doubles
the speed of the sound waves which it produces.
a. True

b. False
Answer: B
Don't be fooled. Wave speed may equal
frequency*wavelength. Yet doubling the frequency only
halves the wavelength; wave speed remains the same. To
change the wave speed, the medium would have to be
changed.
Useful Web Links

The Wave Equation
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
22. A sound wave has a wavelength of 3.0 m. The

distance between the center of a compression and the
center of the next adjacentrarefactionis ____.
a. 0.75 m.
b. 1.5 m.
c. 3.0 m.
d. 6.0 m.
e. impossible to calculate without knowing frequency.

Answer: B
The wavelength of a wave is measured as the distance
between any two corresponding points on adjacent wave.
For a sound wave, that would be from compression to the
next adjacent compression. If that distance is 3.0 meters,
then the distance from compression to the next adjacent
rarefaction is 1.5 m.
Useful Web Links

Sound is a Pressure Wave
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
23. Which one of the following factors determines the

pitch of a sound?
a. The amplitude of the sound wave
b. The distance of the sound wave from the
source
c. The frequency of the sound wave
d. The phase of different parts of the sound wave
e. The speed of the sound wave
Answer: C
The pitch of a sound wave is related to the frequency of
the sound wave.
Useful Web Links
Pitch and Frequency
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
24. A certain note is produced when a person blows air into

an organ pipe. The manner in which one blows on a organ
pipe (or any pipe) will effect the characteristics of the
sound which is produced. If the person blows slightly
harder, the most probable change will be that the sound
wave will increase in ____.
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c.
pitch
d. speed
e. wavelength
Answer: A
If you put more energy into the wave - i.e., blow harder then the amplitude of the waves will be greater. Energy
and amplitude are related.
Useful Web Links

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25. A vibrating object with a frequency of 200 Hz produces

sound which travels through air at 360 m/s. The number
of meters separating the adjacent compressions in the
sound wave is ____.
a. 0.90
b. 1.8
c. 3.6
d. 7.2
e. 200
Answer: B
Let w=wavelength; then v = w*f. In this problem, it is
given that v=360 m/s and f = 200 Hz. Substitution and
algebra yields w = v/f = 1.8 m. The question asks for the
wavelength - i.e., the distance between adjacent
compressions.
Useful Web Links

The Anatomy of a Wave | The Wave Equation
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#36 | #37 | #38 | #39 | #40 | #41 | #42 | #43 | #44 | #45 | #46 |
#47 | #48 | #49 | #50 | #51 | #52 | #53 | #54 | #55 | #56 | #57 |
#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
26. Consider the diagram below of several circular waves

created at various times and locations. The diagram
illustrates ____.
a.
b.
c. the Doppler
interference diffraction effect.
d.
polarization
Answer: C
The Doppler effect or Doppler shift occurs when a source
of waves is moving with respect to an observer. The
observer observes a different frequency of waves than
that emitted by the source. This is due to the fact that the
waves are compressed together into less space in the
direction in which the source is heading.
Useful Web Links

The Doppler Effect
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 |
#14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 | #29 | #30 | #31 | #32 | #33 | #34 | #35 |
#36 | #37 | #38 | #39 | #40 | #41 | #42 | #43 | #44 | #45 | #46 |
#47 | #48 | #49 | #50 | #51 | #52 | #53 | #54 | #55 | #56 | #57 |
#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
27. In the diagram above, a person positioned at point A

would perceive __________ frequency as the person
positioned at point B.
a. a higher
b. a lower
c. the same
Answer: A
that emitted by the source. If the source and observer are
approaching, then the observed frequency is higher than
the emitted frequency. If the source and observer are
moving away from each other, the observer observes a
lower frequency than the emitted frequency.
Useful Web Links

The Doppler Effect
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13

| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
28. A girl moves away from a source of sound at a

constant speed. Compared to the frequency of the sound
wave produced by the source, the frequency of the sound
wave heard by the girl is ____.
a. lower.
b. higher.
c. the same.
Answer: A
moving away, then the observed frequency is lower than
the emitted frequency.
Useful Web Links

The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
29. An earth-based receiver is detecting electromagnetic

waves from a source in outer space. If the frequency of
the waves are observed to be increasing, then the
distance between the source and the earth is probably
____.
a. decreasing.
b. increasing.
c. remaining the same.
Answer: A
approaching, then the observed frequency is higher than
the emitted frequency. If the source and observer are
approaching, then the distance between them is
decreasing.
Useful Web Links

The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 |
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
30. As two or more waves pass simultaneously through the

same region, ____ can occur.
a. refraction
b. diffraction
c. interference
d. reflection
Answer: C
Interference is the meeting of two or more waves when
passing along the same medium - a basic definition which
you should know and be able to apply.
Useful Web Links

Interference of Waves
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
31. TRUE or FALSE:

If two crests meet while passing through the
same medium, then constructive interference
occurs.
a. True
b. False
Answer: A
Yes! Or when a trough meets a trough or whenever two
waves displaced in the same direction - both up or both
down - meet.
Useful Web Links

Interference of Waves
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13
| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
32. A node is a point along a medium where there is

always ____.
a. a crest meeting
b. a trough meeting
c. constructive
a crest
a trough
interference
d. destructive
interference
e. a double
rarefaction.
Answer: D
A node is a point along the medium of no displacement.
The point is not displaced because destructive interference
occurs at this point.
Useful Web Links

Nodes and Anti-nodes
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
33. TRUE or FALSE:

It is possible that one vibrating object can set
another object into vibration if the natural
frequencies of the two objects are the same.
a. True
b. False
Answer: A
Yes! This is known as resonance. Resonance occurs when a
vibrating object forces another object into vibration at the
same natural frequency. A basic definition of a commonly
discussed phenomenon.
Useful Web Links

Resonance
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
34. An object is vibrating at its natural frequency. Repeated

and periodic vibrations of the same natural frequency
impinge upon the vibrating object and the amplitude of its
vibrations are observed to increase. This phenomenon is
known as ____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
beats fundamental interference overtone resonance
Answer: E
Resonance occurs when a vibrating object forces another
object into vibration at the same natural frequency and
thus increase the amplitude of its vibrations. A basic
definition of a commonly discussed phenomenon.
Useful Web Links
Resonance
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
35. A standing wave experiment is performed to determine

the speed of waves in a rope. The standing wave pattern
shown below is established in the rope. The rope makes
90.0 complete vibrational cycles in exactly one minute.
The speed of the waves is ____ m/s.
a. 3.0
b. 6.0
c. 180
d. 360
e. 540
Answer: B
Ninety vibrations in 60.0 seconds means a frequency of
1.50 Hz. The diagram shows 1.5 waves in 6.0-meters of
rope; thus, the wavelength (w) is 4 meters. Now use the
equation v=f*w to calculate the speed of the wave. Proper
substitution yields 6.0 m/s.
Useful Web Links

The Wave Equation
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
36. Standing waves are produced in a wire by vibrating one

end at a frequency of 100. Hz. The distance between the
2nd and the 5th nodes is 60.0 cm. The wavelength of the
original traveling wave is ____ cm.
a. 50.0
b. 40.0
c. 30.0
d. 20.0
e. 15.0
Answer: B
The frequency is given as 100. Hz and the wavelength can
be found from the other givens. The distance between
adjacent nodes is one-half a wavelength; thus the 60.0-cm
distance from 2nd to 5th node is 1.50 wavelengths. For
this reason, the wavelength is 40.0 cm.
Useful Web Links

Mathematics of Standing Waves
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13

| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
37. Consider the standing wave pattern shown below. A

wave generated at the left end of the medium undergoes
reflection at the fixed end on the right side of the medium.
The number of antinodes in the diagram is
a. 3.0
b. 5.0
c. 6.0
d. 7.0
e. 12
Answer: C
An antinode is a point on the medium which oscillates from
a large + to a large - displacement. Count the number of
these points - there are 6 - but do not count them twice.
Useful Web Links

[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13
| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 | #29 | #30 | #31 | #32 | #33 | #34 | #35 |
#36 | #37 | #38 | #39 | #40 | #41 | #42 | #43 | #44 | #45 | #46 |
#47 | #48 | #49 | #50 | #51 | #52 | #53 | #54 | #55 | #56 | #57 |
#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
38. The standing wave pattern in the diagram above is

representative of the ____ harmonic.
a. third
b. fifth
c. sixth
d. seventh
e. twelfth
Answer: C
If there are six antinodes in the standing wave pattern,
then it is the sixth harmonic.
Useful Web Links

Harmonics and Patterns
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 |
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
39. The distance between successive nodes in any standing

wave pattern is equivalent to ____ wavelengths.
a. 1/4
b. 1/2
c. 3/4
d. 1
e. 2.
Answer: B
Draw a standing wave pattern or look at one which is
already drawn; note that the nodes are positioned onehalf of a wavelength apart. This is true for guitar strings
and for both closed-end and open-end resonance tubes.
Useful Web Links


[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 |
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
40. A vibrating tuning fork is held above a closed-end air

column, forcing the air into resonance. If the sound waves
created by the tuning fork have a wavelength of W, then
the length of the air column could NOT be ____.
a. 1/4 W
b. 2/4 W
c. 3/4 W
d. 5/4 W
e. 7/4 W
Answer: B
Review your diagrams for the standing wave patterns in
closed end air columns; note that resonance occurs when
the length of the air column is 1/4, 3/4, 5/4, 7/4, ... of a
wavelength. Because these possible resonant lengths are
characterized by an odd-numbered numerator, it is said
that closed-end air columns only produce odd harmonics.
Useful Web Links

Closed-End Air Columns
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
41. TRUE or FALSE:

A vibrating tuning fork is held above an air
column, forcing the air into resonance. The
length of the air column is adjusted to obtain
various resonances. The sound waves created by

the tuning fork have a wavelength of W. The
difference between the successive lengths of the
air column at which resonance occurs is 1/2 W.
a. True
b. False
Answer: A
True! Observe the standing wave patterns and the lengthwavelength relationships which we have discussed for both
open- and closed-end tubes. In each case, resonance
occurs at lengths of tubes which are separated by one-half
wavelength; e.g., Closed:.25*W, .75*wW 1.25*W,
1.75*W... Open: .5*W, 1.0*W, 1.5*W, 2.0*W, ...
Useful Web Links

Open-End Air Columns | Closed-End Air Columns
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 |
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
42. TRUE or FALSE:

An organ pipe which is closed at one end will
resonate if its length is equal to one-half of the
wavelength of the sound in the pipe.
a. True
b. False
Answer: B
It will resonate if the length is equal to the one-fourth (or
three-fourths, or five-fourths or ...) the wavelength of the
sound wave.
Useful Web Links

[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 |
#14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
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#58 | #59 | #60 | #61 | #62 | #63 | #64 | #65 | #66 |#67 | #68 |
#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
43. A 20.0-cm long pipe is covered at one end in order to

create a closed-end air column. A vibrating tuning fork is
held near its open end, forcing the air to vibrate in its first
harmonic. The wavelength of the standing wave pattern is
____.
a. 5.0 cm
b. 10.0 cm
c. 20.0 cm
d. 40.0 cm
e. 80.0 cm
Answer: E
This is a closed-end air column. If you draw the standing
wave pattern for the first harmonic, you will notice that
the wavelength is four times the length of the air column.
Thus take the length of 20.0 cm and multiply by 4.
Useful Web Links

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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
44. A stretched string vibrates with a fundamental

frequency of 100. Hz. The frequency of the second
harmonic is ____.
a. 25.0 Hz
b. 50.0 Hz
c. 100. Hz
d. 200. Hz
e. 400. Hz
Answer: D
The frequency of the nth harmonic is n times the frequency
of the first harmonic where n is an integer. Thus, f2 = 2*f1

= 2*100. Hz = 200. Hz.
Useful Web Links

Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics
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45. A 40.0-cm long plastic tube is open at both ends and

resonating in its first harmonic. The wavelength of the
sound which will produce this resonance is ____.
a. 10.0 cm
b. 20.0 cm
c. 40.0 cm
d. 80.0 cm
e. 160 cm
Answer: D
For an open-end air column, the length of the column is
0.5*wavelength. This becomes evident after drawing the
standing wave pattern for this harmonic. Then, plug in
40.0 cm for length and calculate the wavelength.
Useful Web Links

Open-End Air Columns
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#69 | #70 | #71 | #72 | #73 | #74 | #75 ]
46. The diagrams below represent four different standing

wave patterns in air columns of the same length. Which of
the columns is/are vibrating at its/their fundamental
frequency? Include all that apply.
Answer: CD
The fundamental frequency is the lowest possible
frequency for that instrument, and thus the longest
possible wavelength. For open tubes, there would be antinodes on each end and a node in the middle. For closed
end tubes, there would be a node on the closed end, an
anti-node on the open end, and nothing in the middle.
Diagram C is the third harmonic for a closed end tube and
diagram D is the second harmonic for an open-end tube.
Useful Web Links
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47. The diagrams above (Question #46) represent four

different standing wave patterns in air columns of equal
length. Which of the columns will produce the note having
the highest pitch?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. All column produce notes having the same pitch

Answer: D
Just look at the wave patterns and notice that the shortest
wavelength is in diagram D and so it must have the
highest frequency or pitch.
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48. An air column closed at one end filled with air

resonates with a 200.-Hz tuning fork. The resonant length
corresponding to the first harmonic is 42.5 cm. The speed
of the sound must be ____.
a. 85.0 m/s
b. 170.
m/s
c. 340
m/s
d. 470.
m/s
e. 940. m/s
Answer: C
Draw the standing wave pattern for the first harmonic of a
closed-end tube to assist with the length-wavelength
relation. Then, L=0.425 m so w=1.70 m. Since f is given
as 200. Hz, the speed can be calculated as f*w or 200.
Hz*1.70 m. The speed of sound is 340. m/s.
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49.TRUE or FALSE:
A violinist plays a note whose fundamental
frequency is 220 Hz. The third harmonic of that
note is 800 Hz.

a. True
b. False
Answer: B
The frequency of the nth harmonic is n times the frequency
of the first harmonic where n is an integer. Thus, f3 = 3*f1
= 3*220 Hz = 660 Hz.
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50. In order for two sound waves to produce audible beats,

it is essential that the two waves have ____.
a. the same amplitude
b. the same frequency
c. the same number of

overtones
d. slightly different
amplitudes
e. slightly different
frequencies
Answer: E
Beats occur whenever two sound sources emit sounds of
slightly different frequencies. Perhaps you recall the
demonstration in class with the two tuning forks of slightly
different frequencies.
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51. TRUE or FALSE:

Two tuning forks with frequencies of 256 Hz and
258 Hz are sounded at the same time. Beats are
observed; 2 beats will be heard in 2 s.
a. True
b. False
Answer: B
slightly different frequencies. The beat frequency is just
the difference in frequency of the two sources. In this
case, the beat frequency would be 2.0 Hz, which means
that 2 beats would be heard every 1 second or 4 beats
every 2 seconds.
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52. A tuning fork of frequency 384 Hz is sounded at the

same time as a guitar string. Beats are observed; exactly
30 beats are heard in 10.0 s. The frequency of the string
in hertz is ____.
a.
b. 354 or
38.4 414
c. 369 or
399
d. 374 or
394
e. 381 or
387
Answer: E
slightly different frequencies. The beat frequency is just

the difference in frequency of the two sources. In this
case, the beat frequency is given as 3.00 Hz, which means
that the second source must have a frequency of either
3.00 Hz above or 3.00 Hz below the first source - either
381 Hz or 387 Hz.
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Part C: Problem-Solving and

Computational Problems
53. Determine the decibel rating of the following

intensities of sound.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
I = 1.0 x 10-5 W/m2

I = 1.0 x 10-2 W/m2
I = 6.1 x 10-6 W/m2
I = 2.2 x 10-4 W/m2
A sound which is 4 times more intense than the sound
in part d.
in part d.
in part d
A sound which is 100 times more intense than the
sound in part d.
The sound of an orchestra playing a movement
pianissimo at 7.5 x 10-6 W/m2 (very softly)
The sound of an orchestra playing a movement
fortissimo at 2.5 x 10-4 W/m2 (very loudly)
Answers: See below

The equation which relates the intensity of a sound wave
to its decibel level is:

dB = 10 * log( I / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2)
where I = intensity of the sound in units of W/m2. Using
this equation, parts a - d can be computed in
straightforward fashion.
a. dB = 10 * log( 1 x 10-5 W/m2 / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2) = 70.
dB
b. dB = 10 * log( 1 x 10-2 W/m2 / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2) =
100. dB
c. dB = 10 * log( 6.1 x 10-6 W/m2 / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2) =
68 dB
d. dB = 10 * log( 2.2 x 10-4 W/m2 / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2) =
83 dB
e. The intensity is 4 x (2.2 x 10-4 W/m2 ) or 8.8 x 10-4
W/m2 ; so the decibel rating is 89 dB.
f. The intensity is 7 x (2.2 x 10-4 W/m2 ) or 1.54 x 10-3
g. The intensity is 10 x (2.2 x 10-4 W/m2 ) or 2.2 x 10-3
h. The intensity is 100 x (2.2 x 10-4 W/m2 ) or 2.2 x 10-2
i. dB = 10 * log( 7.5 x 10-6 W/m2 / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2) = 69
dB
j. dB = 10 * log( 2.5 x 10-4 W/m2 / 1.0 x 10-12 W/m2) = 84
dB
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54. A machine produces a sound with an intensity of 2.9 x

10-3 W/m2. What would be the decibel rating if four of
these machines occupy the same room?
Answer: 101 dB
Four of these machines would be four times as intense as
one machine - that would be an intensity of 1.16 x 10-2
W/m2 . The decibel rating is
dB = 10 * log( 1.16 x 10-2 W/m2 / 1.00 x 10-12 W/m2) =
101 dB
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55. The sound in the United Center during a Chicago Bulls

basketball game in 1998 was seven times as intense as it
is today. If the decibel rating today is 89 dB, then what
was the intensity rating in 1998?
Answer: 5.56 x 10-3 W/m2
This problem involves finding the intensity level in the
stadium today and then multiplying it by seven. The
conversion from dB to intensity in W/m2 is done using the
usual equation.
dB = 10 * log( I / 1 x 10-12 W/m2)
The decibel level is substituted into the equation and then
each side is divided by 10.
89 dB = 10 * log( I / 1 x 10-12 W/m2)
8.9 = log( I / 1 x 10-12 W/m2)
Now to solve for I, take the invlog of each side of the
equation.
invlog(8.9) = invlog( log( I / 1 x 10-12 W/m2) )
7.94 x 108 = I / 1 x 10-12 W/m2
Now multiply both sides of the equation by 1 x 10-12 W/m2
to solve for I.
7.94 x 10-4 W/m2 = I
Now multiply by 7 since the intensity was seven times
greater.
I = 5.56 x 10-3 W/m2

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56. A sound has an intensity of 8.0 x10-3 W/m2 at a

distance of 2.0 m from its source. What is the intensity at
a distance of ...
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
...
...
...
...
...
4.0 m from the source?

Answers: See below.

This problem tests your understanding of the inverse
square law: the intensity of a sound varies inversely with
the square of the distance from the source of the sound.
I = k (1/R2)
a. As the distance is doubled (4 m is two times 2 m), the
intensity level is reduced by a factor of 4. The new
intensity is 8.0 x10-3 W/m2/ 4 = 2.0 x10-3 W/m2.
b. As the distance is tripled (6 m is three times 2 m), the
c. As the distance is quadrupled (8 m is four times 2 m),
the intensity level is reduced by a factor of 16. The new
d. As the distance is increased by a factor of 12 (24 m is 12
times 2 m), the intensity level is reduced by a factor of
144. The new intensity is 8.0 x10-3 W/m2/ 144 = 1.4
x10-5 W/m2.
e. As the distance is increased by a factor of 23.05 (46.1 m
is 23.05 times 2 m), the intensity level is reduced by a
factor of 531. The new intensity is 8.0 x10-3 W/m2/ 531 =
1.5 x10-5 W/m2.

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57. Ben Stupid is sitting 2.0 m in front of the speakers on

the stage at the Twisted Brother concert. The decibel
rating of the sound heard there is 110 dB. What would be
the decibel rating at a location of ...
a. ... 4.0 m from the speaker?
b. ... 6.0 m from the speaker?
c. ... 20.0 m from the speaker?
Answer: See answers below.
This problem is similar to the last problem in that it tests
your understanding of the inverse square law. There is
however a slight twist. The decibel rating is given and
since the decibel scale is logarithmic, we must first find
the intensity level before we do the division. A decibel
rating of 110 db is equivalent to an intensity level of 1011
times the threshold of hearing (1 x 10-12 W/m2). So the
intensity level at 2.0 m from the speaker is 0.1 W/m2. Now
the inverse square law is applied; the intensity of a sound
varies inversely with the square of the distance from the
source of the sound.
I = k (1/R2)
a. As the distance is doubled (4 m is two times 2 m), the
intensity is 0.1 W/m2/ 4 = 0.025 W/m2 or 2.5 x10-2
W/m2. This converts to a decibel rating of 104 dB.
b. As the distance is tripled (6 m is three times 2 m), the
intensity is 0.1 W/m2/ 9 = 0.011 W/m2 or 1.1 x10-2
W/m2. This converts to a decibel rating of 100.5 dB.
c. As the distance is increased by a factor of 10 (20 m is 10
times 2 m), the intensity level is reduced by a factor of
2
100. The new intensity is 0.1 W/m / 100 = 0.0010

W/m2 or 1.0 x10-3 W/m2.This converts to a decibel
rating of 90 dB.
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58. Use the Doppler equation for a moving source to
calculate the observed frequency for a 250.-Hz source of
sound if it is moving with a speed of ____ . (Assume that
the speed of sound in air is 340. m/s.)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
30. m/s towards the observer.

30. m/s away from the observer.
300. m/s away from the observer.
335 m/s towards the observer.
Answers: See below.

The Doppler equation for determining the observed
frequency for a moving source is:
fobserved = vsound / (vsound vsource) fsource
The + sign is used if the source moves away from the
observer
The - sign is used if the source moves towards the
observer.
If applied to this situation, vsound is 340 m/s and fsource is

250 Hz.
a. fobserved = (340. m/s)/(340. m/s - 30. m/s) (250 Hz) =
(340. m/s)/(310. m/s) (250. Hz) = 274 Hz
b. fobserved = (340. m/s)/(340. m/s + 30. m/s) (250 Hz) =
(340. m/s)/(370. m/s) (250. Hz) = 230. Hz
c. fobserved = (340. m/s)/(340. m/s - 300. m/s) (250 Hz) =

(340. m/s)/(40. m/s) (250. Hz) = 2130 Hz (2125 Hz)
d. fobserved = (340. m/s)/(340. m/s + 300. m/s) (250 Hz)
= (340. m/s)/(640. m/s) (250. Hz) = 133 Hz
e. fobserved = (340. m/s)/(340. m/s - 320. m/s) (250 Hz)
= (340. m/s)/(20. m/s) (250. Hz) = 4250 Hz
f. fobserved = (340. m/s)/(340. m/s - 335 m/s) (250 Hz) =
(340. m/s)/(5 m/s) (250. Hz) = 1.70 x 104 Hz
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59. Shirley Yackin is holding the phone cord in her hand. It

is stretched to a length of 2.4 m and has a mass of 1.8 kg.
If the tension in the phone cord is 2.5 N, then determine
the speed of vibrations within the cord.
Answer: 1.8 m/s
The telephone cord acts as a guitar string. As such the
speed of waves in the cord is given by the equation
v = SQRT(Ftens/ mu)
where Ftens is the tension in the cord in Newtons and mu is
the linear density in kg/m. The tension is given and the
mu value can be calculated:
mu = mass/length = (1.8 kg) / (2.4 m) = 0.75 kg/m
Now substitute mu and Ftens into the equation and solve for
speed:
v = SQRT[(2.5 N) / (0.75 kg/m)] = SQRT(3.33) =1.8 m/s
(1.8257 ... m/s)
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60. (Referring to problem #59.) With what frequency must

Shirley vibrate the cord up and down in order to produce
the second harmonic within the cord?
Answer: 0.763 Hz
If Shirley is producing the second harmonic,
then there will be one full wavelength in the
length of the cord. Since the length of the
cord is 2.4 m, the wavelength is 2.4 m as well (see
diagram at right). With the wavelength and speed
(problem #59) known, the frequency can be calculated.
(Note that the unrounded number from problem #59 is
used i this calculation.)
f = v / lambda = (1.8257 m/s) / (2.4 m) = 0.76 Hz
(0.7607... Hz)
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61. (Referring to problem 60.) If Shirley maintains this

same frequency and wishes to produce the fourth
harmonic, then she will have to alter the speed of the
wave by changing the tension. Assuming the same mass
density as in #59, and the same frequency as in #60, to
what tension must the cord be pulled to produce the
fourth harmonic?
Answer: 0.63 N
In this case, Shirley is changing the
medium. So she is producing the fourth
harmonic in a different medium (different
properties) using the same frequency as
in #60. For the fourth harmonic, there are two full
wavelengths inside the length of the cord (see diagram at
right); so the length of the wave (wavelength) is one-half
the length of the cord - 1.2 m. With frequency and
wavelength known, the speed can be computed:
v = f lambda = (0.7607 Hz) (1.2 m) = 0.91287... m/s.
Now with speed and mu known, the tension can be
calculated from the equation:
v = SQRT(Ftens/ mu)
First, perform algebra to manipulate the equation into a
form with Ftens by itself. This is done by squaring both
sides of the equation and multiplying by mu.
v2 = Ftens/ mu
mu v2 = Ftens
Now substitute and solve:
Ftens = (0.75 kg/m) ( 0.91287... m/s)2 = 0.63 N (0.6250
N)
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62. A guitar string has a mass of 32.4 g and a length of

1.12 m. The string is pulled to a tension of 621 N.
Determine the speed at which vibrations move within the
string.
Answer: 147 m/s
This problem is very similar to question #59. The speed of
waves in the guitar string is given by the equation
v = SQRT(Ftens/ mu)
where Ftens is the tension in the string in Newtons and mu
is the linear density in kg/m. The tension is given and the
mu value can be calculated (one will have to be careful of
units):
mu = mass/length = (0.0324 kg) / (1.12 m) = 0.028928...
kg/m
Now substitute mu and Ftens into the equation and solve for
speed:
v = SQRT [ (621 N)/(0.028928... kg/m) ] = SQRT(21467)
= 147 m/s (146.515... m/s)
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63. (Referring to problem #62.) Stan Dingwaives is playing

this guitar. If Stan leaves the string "open" and uses its
full length to produce the first harmonic, then what
frequency will Stan be playing?
Answer: 65.4 Hz
For the first harmonic, there is
only one-half of a wave inside of
the length of the string. So the
length of the wave is two times longer than the length of
the string (see diagram at right). Thus, the wavelength is
2.24 m. Now with speed and wavelength known, the
frequency can be calculated.
f = v /lambda = (146.515... m/s) / (2.24 m) = 65.4 Hz
(65.4085... Hz)
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64. (Referring to problem #62 and #63.) If Stan wishes to

increase the frequency by a factor of 1.2599, then how far
(in cm) from the end of the string must he "close" the
string (i.e., where must he press his finger down to
change the length and produce the desired frequency)?
Use the same mass density and speed as in problem #62.
Answer: 0.23 m
For the same speed (same properties of the medium),
frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
Increasing the frequency by a factor of 1.2599 will be the
result of decreasing the wavelength by the same factor.
So the new wavelength will be
lambda = (2.24 m) / 1.2599 = 1.78 m
Since the wavelength is twice the effective length of the
string, the string must have an effective length of 0.89 m
or 89 cm. So, Stan must place his finger a distance of 0.23
m or 23 cm (1.12 m - 0.89 m) from the end of the string.
Useful Web Links
Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics || Guitar Strings
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65. A guitar string has a fundamental frequency of 262 Hz.

Determine the frequency of the ...
a. ... second harmonic.
b. ... third harmonic.
c. ... fifth harmonic.

d. ... eighth harmonic.
Answers:
The frequencies of the various harmonics of an instrument
are whole number rations of the fundamental frequency.
The frequency of the second harmonic is two times the
fundamental frequency; the frequency of the third
harmonic is three times the fundamental frequency and so
on. The frequencies of the harmonics can be found
utilizing the formula
fn = n * f 1
a. f2 = 2 * f1 = 2 * 262 Hz = 524 Hz
b. f3 = 3 * f1 = 3 * 262 Hz = 786 Hz
c. f5 = 5 * f1 = 5 * 262 Hz = 1310 Hz
d. f8 =8 * f1 = 8 * 262 Hz = 2.10x 103 Hz
Useful Web Links
Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics || Guitar Strings
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66. Determine the speed of sound through air if the

temperature is ...
a.
b.
c.
d.
...
...
...
...
0 degrees Celsius.
12 degrees Celsius.
25 degrees Celsius.
40 degrees Celsius.
Answers:
There are numerous equations for computing the speed of
sound through air based on the temperature of air. A
common equation found in books is
v = 331 m/s * SQRT (1 + T/273)
where T is the Celsius temperature. The following answers
were found using this equation.
a. v = 331 m/s * SQRT (1 + 0/273) = 331 m/s

b. v = 331 m/s * SQRT (1 + 12/273) = 338 m/s
c. v = 331 m/s * SQRT (1 + 25/273) = 346 m/s
d. v = 331 m/s * SQRT (1 + 40/273) = 354 m/s
An alternative equation which is comonly used is v = 331
m/s + (.60 m/s/C)*T where T is the temperature is
degrees celsius. Using this equation yields nearly the
same same speed values - 331 m/s, 338 m/s, 346 m/s,
and 355 m/s repsectively.
Useful Web Links
The Speed of Sound
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67. A wind chime is an open-end air column. Determine the

fundamental frequencies of a 62.5-cm chime when the
temperature is ... .
a. ... 12 degrees on a cold autumn evening.
b. ... 25 degrees on a summer evening.
c. ... 40 degrees during a hot summer day.
Answers:
The frequency of the
sound produced by a
wind chime is related
to the speed of air in
the wind chime and
the wavelength of the
standing wave
pattern of the
resonating air column. The speed of the wave in air
depends on the properties of air (temperature); these
values were just computed in problem #66. The
wavelength (lambda) of the resonating air column can be
determined using a good diagram accompanied by the
length of the air column. As depicted in the diagram at the
right, the wavelength of the wave for the fundamental

frequency is two times the length of the open-end air
column. So in each of these cases, the wavelength is
2*62.5 cm = 125 cm = 1.25 m. With speed and
wavelength known, the frequency values can be
computed.
a. f1 = v / lambda = (338 m/s) / (1.25 m) = 271 Hz
b. f1 = v / lambda = (346 m/s) / (1.25 m) = 277 Hz
c. f1 = v / lambda = (354 m/s) / (1.25 m) = 284 Hz
Useful Web Links
The Speed of Sound || Open-End Air Columns
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68. An organ pipe has a length of 2.45 m and is open at

both ends. Determine the fundamental frequency of the
pipe if the temperature in the room is 25 degrees Celsius.
Answer: 70.6 Hz
For an open-end air
column, the wavelength
of the fundamental's
standing wave pattern is
two times the length of the air column; this relationship is
depicted in the diagram at the right. So the wavelength of
the wave is 4.90 m. The speed of the sound wave in air is
dependent upon temperature. This speed was calculated
in problem #66; it is 346 m/s. The frequency of the
fundamental can now be calculated:
f1 = v / lambda
f1 = (346 m/s) / (4.90 m) = 70.6 Hz
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69. (Referring to problem #68.) Determine the

fundamental frequency of the pipe if it is closed at one
end.
Answer: 35.3 Hz
The easy way to solve this problem is to recognize that by
changing an open end to a closed end has the effect of
lengthening the wave by a factor of two. If the
wavelength is twice as large, then the frequency is twice
as small. Thus, divide the original answer of 70.6 Hz
(question #68) by 2.
Alternatively, one could repeat

the entire process of recomputing the wavelength from
a diagram of the standing wave
of the fundamental in a closed-end air column. For the
fundamental, the wavelength is four times the length of
the air column. In this case, the wavelength would be 9.80
m. Now divide the speed of the sound wave (346 m/s) by
the wavelength value to obtain the frequency.
Useful Web Links
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70. The auditory canal of the outer ear acts as a closed

end resonator which has a natural frequency of around
3500 Hz. This canal serves to amplify sounds with
frequencies around this value, thus making us more
sensitive to such frequencies. If the speed of waves inside
the canal is 350 m/s, then what is the estimated length of
the canal?
Answer: 2.5 cm
For closed end resonators, the standing wave patterns of
the natural frequencies are characterized by a node at the
closed end and an antinode at the open end. For the first
harmonic (and it must be assumed that the 3500 Hz
corresponds to the first harmonic), the wavelength is four
times the length of the air column. The strategy in this
problem involves determining the wavelength (lambda)
from the speed and the frequency and then determining
the length from the wavelength-length relationship.
lambda = v / f = (350 m/s) / (3500 Hz) = 0.1 m
L = 0.25 * lambda = 0.25 * (0.1 m) = 0.025 m = 2.5 cm
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71. Determine the frequency of the lowest three harmonics

at which a closed-end air column would sound out at 25
degrees Celsius if its length is 135 cm.
Answer: 64.0 Hz, 192 Hz, 320 Hz
The fundamental frequency of a closed-end air column is
characterized by a standing wave pattern in which there is
a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open
end. There is one-fourth of a wavelength present within
the length of the tube; thus, the wavelength is four times

the length. In the case of this air column, the wavelength
of the first harmonic is
lambda1 = 4*135 cm = 540 cm = 5.40 m
The speed of sound waves in air at 25 degree Celsius was
computed in problem #66 to be 346 m/s. The frequency
of the first harmonic can now be calculated from the
speed and the wavelength.
f1 = v / lambda1 = (346 m/s) / (5.40 m) = 64.0 Hz
The next two lowest frequencies are the third and the fifth
harmonics. (Recall the closed-end air columns do not have
even-numbered harmonics.) The frequencies of these
harmonics are multiples of the first harmonic frequency.
f3 = 3 * f1 = 3 * 64.0 Hz = 192 Hz
f5 = 5 * f1 = 5 * 64.0 Hz = 320 Hz
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72. Suppose that a sound is produced in a helium-filled air

column rather than an air-filled air column. By what factor
will this change in medium alter the frequency of the
sound. (GIVEN: vair = 331 m/s; vHe = 970 m/s)
Answer: 2.93
The frequency of a resonating air column is dependent
upon the speed of sound in that air column; the
relationship is a direct relationship. If the air is replaced by
another gas that transmits sound waves with a different
speed, then the frequency will be increased by the same
factor by which the speed is increased. In this problem,
the speed of sound is increased by a factor of
Factor = (970 m/s) / (331 m/s) = 2.93
Thus, the frequency is increased by a factor of 2.93.
Useful Web Links
The Speed of Sound
[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13

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73. An organ pipe is used to produce the lowest note

audible to the human ear - 20.-Hz. If the temperature is
25 C, then how long is the organ pipe? (First decide
whether it will produce this low note as a closed- or as an
open-end air column.)
Answer: 4.3 m
Harmonics produced by closed-end air columns are
characterized by longer wavelengths than the harmonics
of open-end air columns of the same length. Thus, a
closed-end air column produces lower frequencies. For this
reason, we'll assume that the organ pipe in this problem is
a closed-end air column. (Note, your answer will be two
times larger if you assumed this to be an open-end air
column.)
At a temperature of 25C, sound waves travel at 346 m/s
(see problem #66). The frequency and speed can be used
to determine the wavelength (lambda):
lambda = v / f = (346 m/s) / (20. Hz) = 17.3 m
The wavelength of the first harmonic of a closed-end air
column is four times the length of the column; so the
length of the column is one-fourth the wavelength.
L = 0.25 * 17.3 m = 4.3 m
Useful Web Links

Open-End Air Columns || Closed-End Air Columns
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74. Determine the length of an open-end air column which

would produce a 262 Hz frequency on a balmy day when
the temperature is 12 degrees.
Answer: 64.5 cm
The speed of sound waves at 12 C is 338 m/s (see
problem #66). The wavelength (lambda) of a 262 Hz
sound at this temperature is
lambda = v / f = (338 m/s) / (262 Hz) = 1.29 m
For an open-end air column, the wavelength of the first
harmonic is two times the length of the air column. So the
length is one-half the wavelength:
L = 0.5 * 1.29 m = 0.645 m = 64.5 cm
Useful Web Links
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75. A 440.-Hz tuning fork is held above the open end of a

water-filled pop bottle and resonance is heard. The length
of the pop bottle (bottom to top) is 28.2 cm. If the speed
of sound is 345 m/s, then to what height is the pop bottle
filled with water?
Answer: 19.6 cm
The wavelength (lambda) of a 440 Hz sound can be
determine from the wave equation (v = f*lambda)
lambda = v / f = (345 m/s) / (440. Hz) = 0.784 m
For a closed-end air column, the wavelength of the first
harmonic is four times the length of the air column. So the
length is one-fourth the wavelength:
L = 0.25 * 0.784 m = 0.196 m = 19.6 cm
If the pop bottle is 28.2 cm tall, then it should be filled with

8.6 cm of water in order for there to remain 19.6 cm of
air.
Useful Web Links
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[ Questions #1-#9 | Questions #10-#52 | Questions #53-#64 |
Questions #65-#75 ]
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Questions
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#53-#64
#65-#75
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The Physics Classroom

Sound and Music Review

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