January 15, 2016

NASAWeather & Climate

Science Textbooks Out-of-Date

World Statistics Day

Oregon Tech Ranks High

Rural Development Initiatives

Klamath County

Great Leaders

Advertising Agreement

NASA - What's the

Difference Between
Weather and Climate?

Latest three month average temperature and precipitation anomalies

for the United States.
Credits: NOAA

The difference between weather and climate

is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period
of time, and climate is how the atmosphere
"behaves" over relatively long periods of time.
When we talk about climate change, we talk
about changes in long-term averages of daily
weather. Today, children always hear stories
from their parents and grandparents about
how snow was always piled up to their waists
as they trudged off to school. Children today
in most areas of the country haven't experienced those kinds of dreadful snow-packed
winters, except for the Northeastern U.S. in
January 2005. The change in recent winter
snows indicate that the climate has changed
since their parents were young.
If summers seem hotter lately, then the recent
climate may have changed. In various parts of
the world, some people have even noticed that

springtime comes earlier now than it did 30

years ago. An earlier springtime is indicative of
a possible change in the climate.
In addition to long-term climate change, there
are shorter term climate variations. This socalled climate variability can be represented by
periodic or intermittent changes related to El
Nio, La Nia, volcanic eruptions, or other
changes in the Earth system.
What Weather Means
Weather is basically the way the atmosphere
is behaving, mainly with respect to its effects
upon life and human activities. The difference
between weather and climate is that weather
consists of the short-term (minutes to months)
changes in the atmosphere. Most people think
of weather in terms of temperature, humidity,
precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, visibility,
wind, and atmospheric pressure, as in high and
low pressure.
In most places, weather can change from
minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day,
and season-to-season. Climate, however, is
the average of weather over time and space.
An easy way to remember the difference is
that climate is what you expect, like a very hot
summer, and weather is what you get, like a
hot day with pop-up thunderstorms.
Things That Make Up Our Weather
There are really a lot of components to weather. Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud
cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain,
flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms,
steady rains from a cold front or warm front,
excessive heat, heat waves and more.
In order to help people be prepared to face all
of these, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric NWS also issues a lot of notices
2

concerning marine weather for boaters and

others who dwell or are staying near shorelines. They include: Coastal Flood Watches
and Warnings, Flood Watches and Warnings,
High Wind Warnings, Wind Advisories, Gale
Warnings, High Surf Advisories, Heavy Freezing Spray Warnings, Small Craft Advisories,
Marine Weather Statements, Freezing Fog
Advisories, Coastal Flood Watches, Flood
Statements, Coastal Flood Statement.
Who is the National Weather Service?
According to
their mission
statement,
"The National
Weather
Service provides weather,
hydrologic,
and climate
forecasts and
warnings for
the United
States, its
territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas,
for the protection of life and property and the
enhancement of the national economy. NWS
data and products form a national information
database and infrastructure which can be
used by other governmental agencies, the
private sector, the public, and the global
community."
To do their job, the NWS uses radar on the
ground and images from orbiting satellites
with a continual eye on Earth. They use
reports from a large national network of
weather reporting stations, and they launch
balloons in the air to measure air temperature,
air pressure, wind, and humidity. They put all
this data into various computer models to give
them weather forecasts. NWS also broadcasts

all of their weather reports on special NOAA

weather radio, and posts them immediately on
their Interactive Weather Information Network
website at: http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/iwin/
graphicsversion/bigmain.html.
What Climate Means
In short, climate is the description of the longterm pattern of weather in a particular area.
Some scientists define climate as the average
weather for a particular region and time
period, usually
taken over 30years. It's really
an average
pattern of weather for a particular
region.
When scientists
talk about
climate, they're
looking at averages of precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind
velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and
hail storms, and other measures of the weather that occur over a long period in a particular
place. For example, after looking at rain
gauge data, lake and reservoir levels, and
satellite data, scientists can tell if during a
summer, an area was drier than average. If it
continues to be drier than normal over the
course of many summers, than it would likely
indicate a change in the climate.

The Little Applegate Valley

Farms, Forests and a
Splendid Little River.

Administration's (NOAA) National Weather

Service (NWS), the lead forecasting outlet for
the nation's weather, has over 25 different
types of warnings, statements or watches that
they issue. Some of the reports NWS issues
3

are: Flash Flood Watches and Warnings,

Severe Thunderstorm Watches and Warnings,
Blizzard Warnings, Snow Advisories, Winter
Storm Watches and Warnings, Dense Fog
Advisory, Fire Weather Watch, Tornado
Watches and Warnings, Hurricane Watches
and Warnings. They also provide Special
Weather Statements and Short and Long
Term Forecasts.

scientific body in the U.S., determined that the

Earth's surface temperature has risen by about
1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with
accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and stronger evidence that
most of the warming over the last 50 years is
attributable to human activities. Yet, there is
still some debate about the role of natural cycles and processes.

Why Study Climate?

The reason studying climate and a changing
climate is important, is that will affect people
around the world. Rising global temperatures
are expected to raise sea levels, and change
precipitation and other local climate conditions.
Changing regional climate could alter forests,
crop yields, and water supplies. It could also
affect human health, animals, and many types
of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our
National Parks and National Forests may be
permanently altered.

Human activities have altered the chemical

composition of the atmosphere through the
buildup of greenhouse gases primarily
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
The heat-trapping property of these gases is
undisputed although uncertanties exist about
exactly how Earth's climate responds to them.
According to the U.S. Climate Change Science
Program (http://www.climatescience.gov),
factors such as aerosols, land use change and
others may play important roles in climate
change, but their influence is highly uncertain
at the present time.
Who Studies Climate Change?
Modern climate prediction started back in the
late 1700s with Thomas Jefferson and continues to be studied around the world today.

An example of a Monthly Mean Outgoing

Longwave Radiation (OLR) product produced
from NOAA polar-orbiter satellite data, which is
frequently used to study global climate
change.

At the national level, the U.S. Global Change

Research Program coordinates the world's
most extensive research effort on climate
change. In addition, NASA, NOAA, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
other federal agencies are actively engaging
the private sector, states, and localities in
partnerships based on a win-win philosophy
and aimed at addressing the challenge of global warming while, at the same time, strengthening the economy. Many university and private
scientists also study climate change.

Credits: NOAA
The National Academy of Sciences, a lead
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Mark your calendars; October 20, 2020 will be a

day of celebration you should not miss.
Theres a chance you missed this event last fall.
Thanks to Dr. Wolfers for reporting on the
announcement in the International New York
Times on October 20, 2015.

annual World Migratory Bird Day, and their

day only takes one day, while the birds somehow stretch their celebration over two days. By
this measure, you might infer that migratory
birds are 10 times more important than statistics.

Numbers Take a Star Turn on World

Statistics Day

That said, World Migratory Bird Day has to

share attention with U.N. Global Road Safety
Week, while World Statistics Day has no such
weekly competitor, falling as it does between
World Space Week and Disarmament Week.

OCT. 20, 2015

Justin Wolfers @JustinWolfers
That special tingly feeling youre enjoying right
now? Its because today is World Statistics Day.
And what better way to celebrate this special
day than by running the numbers?
This is only the second World Statistics Day.
The first was held five years ago, on Oct. 20,
2010, a date with far greater resonance in
countries where calendar convention puts the
day ahead of the month: 20/10/2010.
The United Nations General Assembly was sufficiently pleased by the fact that 130 member
nations celebrated that inaugural data day that
they followed up with General Assembly resolution 69/282, which decided that henceforth every
Oct. 20 occurring in a year divisible by five
would be a World Statistics Day.
The resolution establishing World Statistics Day
was initially sponsored by 72 member states
later an additional 25 sponsors joined in. Thus,
50.2 percent of the U.N.s 193 member nations
sponsored the resolution, which was eventually
adopted without a vote. While American statisticians including our own Census Bureau
are enthusiastically celebrating World Statistics
Day, it is worth noting that the United States is
the only country with a major economy that did
not sponsor the resolution.

And while statisticians might be feeling excited

about their big day, theyre getting less than
0.3 percent of the recognition bestowed upon
camels, llamas and alpacas, whose achievements will be celebrated all next year in the
International Year of Camelids.
But we statisticians take our recognition where
we can get it. And the Secretary General of the
United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, has issued a
message celebrating World Statistics Day, in
which he lauds the importance of statistics for
economic development. In making that
argument, he cited zero statistics.

Justin Wolfers is a professor of economics and

public policy at the University of Michigan.
Follow him on Twitter at @justinwolfers. The
Upshot provides news, analysis and graphics
about politics, policy and everyday life.

Despite our inaction, World Statistics Day has

joined the exclusive list of 126 U.N.- designated
International Days celebrated this year, suggesting that today is more important than at least
three-fifths of all other days.
The United Nations does not formally rank the
relative importance of these days, but astute
statisticians would note that their quinquennial
celebration is one--fifth as frequent as the

www.southernoregonbusiness.com

Continued on page 6

High School Students Combine Fun and Service

December, 2015

Service Above Self is the motto of the Rotary club and it could well be the motto of Allie
Hanna, a Stayton High School student who
has been involved in five service groups and
just added one more to her list. Allie participated in the RDI designed and delivered Ford
Institute Leadership Program in 2014, and
she took the skills she learned in the training
and applied them to the process of bringing
an Interact group, a youth service club affiliated with Rotary, to her school.
Allie was a part of the second cohort of the
Stayton/Sublimity Ford Institute Leadership
Program, and she found the program to be a
very beneficial learning experience. The
aspects of the training that stuck with her the
most were learning about personality types
through the Myers-Briggs assessment, interpersonal communications (including active
listening), and types of leaders. These topics
helped Allie understand how to work with people who are different than she is and how to
modify her leadership approach to accommodate differences across personality types and
group needs. Leaders sometimes need to be
more authoritative (such as in an emergency),
but leaders often can use other styles depending on the situation. The course curriculum
helps participants determine the right leadership style to use in different situations.
Allie wanted to find an opportunity for herself
and other students to have a hands-on way to
help those in the community, so this fall, with
the help of her advisor, she brought the
Interact Club to Stayton High School. Twentyfive students are already members of the
group, with more students expressing interest
in joining. Interact is open to students ages
1218 and offers both an opportunity to work
in partnership with Rotary and the chance to
make a difference while having fun.

one builds understanding and appreciation for

other cultures. We are currently in the process of planning our local project, and are
also currently carrying out our international
project. The groups project ideas include
creating care packages for the homeless and
a project to benefit the
residents of a senior living facility in Sublimity. Interact members recently got together to make holiday
cards to give to elderly veterans in the area.
Allie is still involved with her leadership
cohort, which is in the process of constructing a
pavilion in Staytons Pioneer Park as a community gathering place for events and celebrations. She is a part of the cohorts Public Relations team, and she is looking forward to seeing what her leadership cohort, and the Stayton
High School Interact Club, will accomplish in
the future.
RDIs programs serve community members of
all ages. Since our formation in 1991, RDI has
been building the capacity of rural leaders to
make the changes they wish to see in their
communities. We partner with the Ford Institute
for Community Building to design the curriculum and deliver the Ford Institute Leadership
Program geared toward helping communities
develop diverse, resourceful, and motivated
leaders. To find out more about how to bring
our award-winning leadership development services to your community, contact RDIs Director
of Leadership Services, Gary Stewart,
email: gstewart@rdiinc.org or phone: 503.537.6904.

Stayton High School Interact members with the holiday

cards they made to give to elderly veterans.

Every Interact club carries out two service

projects a year. According to Allie, Both the
local and international project will benefit our
community in different ways. The local one
will be more direct whereas the international
6

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6 Things Great Leaders Do

Differently
From : Forbes/Leadership JAN 13, 2016
Travis Bradberry ,
CONTRIBUTOR

Great leadership can be a difficult thing to pin

down and understand. You know a great leader
when youre working for one, but even they can
have a hard time articulating what it is that
makes their leadership so effective.
It was recently rumored that Starbucks CEO
Howard Schultz would run for president, but
Schultz shut the idea down almost immediately.

Whats admirable is his desire to be a leader

who serves.
Service isnt just something Schulz gives lip
service to in the press his mission is to create a
company where people are treated with respect
and dignity, and he backs this rhetoric up with
his money and time. Starbucks will spend $250
million over the next 10 years to put benefiteligible employees through college, and Schultz
wakes up every day at 4:00 a.m. to send motivational e-mails to his employees (the email he
wrote recently asking employees to show
empathy for customers who have been affected
by the plummeting stock market is an interesting
example of this).

Its through a leaders actionswhat he or she

does and says on a daily basisthat the
He wrote in an article:
Despite the encouragement of others, I have no essence of great leadership becomes apparent.
intention of entering the presidential fray. Im not
Dream more than others think practical. Expect
done serving at Starbucks.
more than others think possible. Care more than
others think wise. Howard Schultz
Schultz commitment to his company over the
temptation of the limelight is interesting.
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Why Every Science

Textbook Is Now Out of
Date

Arjun Kharpal
News Assistant, CNBC EU News Digital Team

Every single science textbook in the world is

now out of date after four new elements were
added to the periodic table, finally completing
the seventh row.
Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 were added
at the very end of 2015, marking the first time
new atoms have been added to the table since
2011.
The International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) deemed that there
was sufficient evidence
provided by the researchers
to claim the discovery of the
four new elements. It approved the new elements on Dec. 30.
Element 113, which has a temporary working
name of ununtrium and a symbol Uut, was discovered by a Japanese team at the Riken Institute.
Elements 115, 117, and 118, which have the
temporary working names of ununpentium,
ununseptium and ununoctium respectively, were

discovered by Russian and American researchers.

The new elements, which are all man-made, fill
out the seventh row of the periodic table, where
elements are ranked according to their atomic
number -- the number of protons in their nucleus.
"The chemistry community is eager to see its
most cherished table finally being completed
down to the seventh row," Professor Jan Reedijk, president of the Inorganic Chemistry Division
of IUPAC, said in a press release.
"IUPAC has now initiated the process of formalizing names and symbols for these elements
temporarily named as ununtrium, (Uut or
element 113), ununpentium (Uup, element 115),
ununseptium (Uus, element 117), and ununoctium (Uuo, element 118)" said Professor Jan
Reedijk, president of the Inorganic Chemistry
Division of IUPAC.
New elements can be named
after a mythological concept, a
mineral, a place or country, a
property or a scientist.
The proposed names and twoletter symbols will be presented
for public review for five months
after which the IUPAC will make a final decision.
Education giant Pearson said that it would make
any changes to its textbooks.
I remember thinking when I was in high school
that some education was going to prove to be
a waste of time because new discoveries and
inventions were going to change everything we
thought was so. Here is my proof!
Oh, well, Ill read history, because you cant
change history as long as it was told correctly
in the first place. Publisher
8

Earnings Potential Ranking

Lists Oregon Tech Top Public
University in Oregon
Dec 14, 2015
Oregons only polytechnic university places in the top third on all lists, and in the
top 16 percent of all U.S. schools based on
median earnings
A new ranking that evaluates the earning
potential of more than 1,400 four-year colleges
and universities in the U.S. placed Oregon Institute of Technology (Oregon Tech) alumni
among the top of the list as the highest earning
graduates of any Oregon public university.
Analyzed by the
Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, the results are
based on the U.S. Department of Educations College Scorecard data.
The rankings use alumni data to determine
which schools yield the highest salaries, and
provides three different lists to evaluate. The
first focuses purely on alumni earnings ten
years after beginning their studies the second
adjusts for choice of major or program (which
differ substantially for STEM and childhood
education majors at midcareer) and the final
ranking accounts for earnings, choice of major,
students academic preparation and likelihood
of graduate degree attainment.

So, how did Oregon Tech do on all three

lists? Oregons only polytechnic university
placed in the top third on all lists, and in
the top 16 percent of all U.S. schools
based on median earnings. Oregon Tech
tops public Oregon universities on each list,
and is the third highest median salary
of all Oregon colleges and universities.
Rank based on median earnings: 232
Rank based on major-adjusted earnings: 470
Rank based on earnings adjusted for academic

preparation and graduate degree attainment:

443
Median earning of $50,100
Oregon Tech President, Chris Maples is proud
of the new ranking: The average debt a student incurs continues to rise across Oregon
and the U.S., which makes the big picture of
earning potential very important to the students
who we currently serve, and future generations. We pride ourselves on hands-on education, internships, and externships, which provide our students with a greater chance of excelling quicker within their professions upon
graduating.
This ranking comes on the foot tails of the Social
Mobility Index (SMI) from CollegeNET. The Social Mobility Index
measures the extent to
which a college or university educates more
economically disadvantaged students (with
family incomes below
the national median) at
lower tuition, so they
can graduate and obtain good paying jobs, according to its website. The SMI lists Oregon
Tech at #37 out of 931 schools with data collected through sources such as Payscale and the
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.
Other top rankings this year include, U.S. News
and World Report #1 Top Public West Regional
College, #5 Best West Regional College PayScale #18 Annual Return on Investment and Forbes #98 Top Colleges in the West,
#527 Top Colleges in the Nation.
Founded in Klamath Falls in 1947, Oregon Institute of
Technology is the only public 4-year institute of technology
in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon Tech provides degree
programs in engineering and health technologies, management, communication, and applied sciences that prepare students to be effective participants in their professional, public, and international communities through
hands-on learning. Oregon Tech has a full-service, residential campus in Klamath Falls and an urban, industryfocused campus in Wilsonville. Visit www.oit.edu to learn
more about Oregon Institute of Technology.
9

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Klamath County
305 Main St, Ste 224
Klamath Falls, OR 97601
(541) 883-5100
www.klamathcounty.org
Population: 66,910 (2014)
Square Miles: 6,135
Year Established: 1882

Klamath County
The 1890 census cited a population of 2,444.
Since then the county has experienced steady
growth. The 2011 population of 66,580 represented a 0.3% increase from 2010.
Historically, Klamath County's economy has
been based on timber and agriculture. Threefourths of the county is forested however, over
half of it is publicly owned. The large stands of
timber resulted in the development of wood
products industries in the county. In spite of the
high altitude, short growing season, low rain-

fall, and cold winters, agricultural has played

an important role in the local economy. Excellent soil, a network of irrigation, extensive sunshine, and the introduction of cash crops such
as potatoes and feed barley have contributed
to the agricultural industry. However, in recent
years water rights issues have clouded the situation, with agricultural uses being challenged
by tribal and environmental concerns. The
many lakes and mountains, including Crater
Lake National Park, attract tourists and recreational visitors to the county.

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