Professional Documents
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Describe the three major joint classifications and their characteristics
Functional Classifications:
o Synarthrosis nonmovable bones are directly joined by connective tissue
Amphiarthosis slightly movable
Diarthrosis freely movable
Structural Classifications
o Fibrous - fibrous tissue unites the bones
o Cartilaginous - fibrocartilage connects the bones
o Synovial- (diarthroses) - bones are indirectly joined by a capsule with - moderate to
maximal movement
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Describe the structure and function of the six major types of synovial joints
Pivot joint 1 one surface shaped like a ring, the other is shaped to rotate within the ring.
Movement in horizontal plane around vertical axis. Ligaments around the socket. Permit
rotation around a central axis. (ie. Atlas and axis).
Hinge joint 1 permit flexion and extension only in sagittal plane, joint capsule is thin and lax ,
joined by strong ligament (ie. IP joints of finger and elbow joints).
Saddle joint 2 each surface is convex in one plane and concave in another. permit abduction
and adduction as well as flexion and extension, opposing articular surfaces are shaped like a
saddle. Example: CMC of thumb
Condyloid joint 2 concave surface and convex surface. Sagittal (flex) and frontal (abd).
Example: MP joint of fingers, wrist
Plane joint 3 permit gliding or sliding or rotating movements, opposing surfaces are flat or
almost flat. Small joints with minimal movement. Carpals
Ball and socket joint 3 allow movement in multiple axes and planes. Large joints with
maximal movement. Shoulder, hip.
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Describe the degrees of freedom and planes/axis of movement of joints in the body
i.e. the shoulder has 3 DoF
o Shoulder external/internal rotation
o Adduction/abduction
o Flexion/extension
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Describe the role of ligaments and brainstorm positions that stretch ligaments in the
body (for example flexing the spine stretches the posterior longitudinal ligament)
Extending the spine would flex the anterior longitudinal ligament
Describe the role of cartilage and the types of cartilage in the body
Cartilage is softer than bone(more water, no mineral) but more resilient. Cartilage doesnt
regenerate because its avascular.
Hyaline articular cartilage-articular cartilage (ribs)
o Hyaline cartilage is the thin covering on the end of most bones at joints which
provides a smooth articular surface
Elastic cartilage-ears, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage-intervertebral discs, labrum, menisci
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Describe Wolffs law and how bones can change based upon these principles
States the remodeling of bone is influenced by mechanical stresses (walking, etc.)
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Humerus
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Scapula
Humeral head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular sulcus
aka bicipital groove
Deltoid tuberostiy
Radial groove or spiral groove
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
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Biceps brachii
o Origin:
Short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
o Attachment:
Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm
o Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve
o Action:
Supinates forearm and flexes it (when supinated)
Flexes arm
o Bicipital tendon: the tendon that joins the short and long heads to their attachments
o Bicipital Aponeurosis: the layers of flat tendons, located at the cubital fossa, and seperates
superficial from deep structures
o The aponeurosis reinforces the cubital fossa, and helps to protect the brachial artery and the
median nerve running underneath.
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Brachialis
o Origin:
distal half of anterior surface of humerus
o Attachment:
coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
o Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve
o Action:
Flexes forearm in all positions
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Coracobrachialis
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Origin:
Tip of coracoid process of scapula
Attachment:
Middle third of medial surface of humerus
Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve
Action:
Helps flex and adduct arm
Veins
Cephalic vein*
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Arteries
Subclavian artery*
Axillary artery*
Brachial artery
o Deep Brachial
o Radial artery
o Ulnar artery