Memory in infants:

Recognizing
mother
Conjugate
reinforcement
Influenced by :
context effect
spacing effect

1. The lifespan
development of
memory

Memory in children:
1. Children working memory
2. Their long-term memory
3. Their memory strategies
4. Their eye witness testimony
5. The relationship between childrens
intelligence & the accuracy of their
eyewitness testimony
6. Most people cannot recall events occurred
prior to the age of 2 or 3. Children have poor
source monitoring. Eg: they recall that they
had performed a task that someone else had
Memory in Elderly people:
Working memory in elderly
people
Can use imagery appropriately
Long-term memory in elderly
people (1)prospective memory;
(2) implicit memory;
(3) explicit recognition memory;
(4) explicit recall memory
Explanation for age differences in
memory
(1) Neurocognotive changes;
(2) Difficulty paying attention;
(3) Less effective use of memory
strategies;
(4)
The contextual-cues
hypothesis;
(5) Cognitive slowing
(6) Working memory remains
intact (lengkap) for some
tasks, but it is limited if the
task is complicated or if it
requires manipulation of
information.

Individual Differences :
childrens intellectual
abilities and
eyewitness testimony
Compared to other in their
age group, children with
intellectual abilities tend
to recall fewer items on
an eyewitness-testimony
task
They also make more
errors following
misleading questions
Childrens eyewitness
reports can be
trustworthy, but
young childrens
reports may be
unreliable when
they
Language
in Infant:

Metamemory in Children:
1. Childrens understanding on how memory
works
2. Childrens awareness that effort is
necessary
3. Childrens judgement about their memory
performance
4. Childrens metamemory: the relationship
between metamemory and memory
performance
5. As the children grow older, their

2. The lifespan
development of
Metamemory

Metamemory in Elderly People:

1. Beliefs about memory tasks
2. Memory monitoring on item-by-item basis. On
some tasks, elderly adults are more likely to
overestimate their overall performance.
3. Awareness of memory problems

Dementia ( a medical disorder that

includes memory problems and other
cognitive problems like having difficulty
in estimating memory abilities)

Language in children:
Speech perception During Infancy
children
Languagemaster
comprehension
during
How
pragmatics
orinfancy
the social rules of language?
(1)Recognizing important words
(2)Understanding
Words
the correcpondence between sound and sight
(3)Appreciating
semantic
concepts
Morphology: morphemes are
basic units of meaning which include endings such as s &
3. The development of
Language
production during Infancy
-ed
language
Adults
Infants
Syntaxlanguage
- refers totothe
grammatical rules
that govern how words can be combined into
Infants
cannot
leanr
vocabulary
by
only
watching
DVD in which spoken words are linked with
sentences
appropriate
Pragmatics objects
focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to

Chapter 13