Philosophy

Humanism

What
is
the
Philosophy All
About
is a philosophical
and
ethical
stance
that
emphasizes the
value and agency
of human beings,
individually and
collectively, and
generally prefers
critical thinking
and
evidence
(rationalism,
empiricism) over
established
doctrine or faith
(fideism).

What is the
Purpose
in
Education
In
humanism,
learning
is
student
centered
and
personalized,
and
the
educators role
is that of a
facilitator.
Affective
and
cognitive needs
are keys, and
the goal is to
develop
selfactualized
people
in
cooperative,
supportive
environment.

Who was the Their View on the Own View

Proponent
Philosophy
Key proponents
of
humanism
include
Carl
Rogers
and
Abraham
Maslow.

Carl
Roger's
View
(FacilitativeTeaching)
response to student
feeling;

use of student ideas

in on-going
Erasmus (1466- instructional
interactions;
1536),
discussion with
students (dialogue);
praise of students;
congruent teacher
talk (less ritualistic);
tailoring of contents
to the individual
student's frame of
reference
(explanations created
to fit the immediate
needs of the

For
me,
humanism
talks about the
human
processes. Its
main
points
are about how
we think and
how we use
our freedom.

learners); and
smiling with students.

Pragmatism
(Experientiali
sm)

For pragmatists,
only those things
that
are
experienced
or
observed
are
real. Unlike the
Realists
and
Rationalists, they
believe
that
reality
is
constantly
changing
and
that we learn
best
through
applying
our
experiences and
thoughts
to
problems,
as
they arise. The
universe
is
dynamic
and
evolving,
a

Schools should
emphasize the
subject matter
of
social
experience. All
learning
is
dependent
on
the context of
place, time, and
circumstance.
Different
cultural
and
ethnic
groups
learn to work
cooperatively
and contribute
to a democratic
society.
The
ultimate
purpose is the
creation of a
new
social

Pragmatism
is
derived from the
teaching
of
Charles Sanders
Peirce
(18391914)

Thought
must
produce action, rather
than linger in the
mind and lead to
indecisiveness.

For me, it tells

us the saying
that to see is
to believe. It
relies
on
everyday
life
Learners must adapt or experience.
John
Dewey to each other and to I think this is
more common
(1859-1952)
their environment.
as of today
applied
that we always
pragmatist
need to follow.
philosophy in his
Just like what
progressive
learning
approaches.
means,
you
wont do the
wrong
thing
twice.

Idealism

"becoming" view
of
the
world.
There
is
no
absolute
and
unchanging
truth, but rather,
truth
is
what
works.

order. Character
development is
based
on
making
group
decisions
in
light
of
consequences.

Idealism
is
a
philosophical
approach
that
has as its central
tenet that ideas
are the only true
reality, the only
thing
worth
knowing. In a
search for truth,
beauty,
and
justice that is
enduring
and
everlasting; the
focus
is
on
conscious
reasoning in the
mind.

In idealism, the
aim
of
education is to
discover
and
develop
each
individual's
abilities and full
moral
excellence
in
order to better
serve
society.
The
curricular
emphasis
is
subject matter
of
mind:
literature,
history,
philosophy, and

Plato, father of
Idealism,
espoused
this
view about 400
years BC, in his
famous
book, The
Republic.

Plato believed that

there are two worlds.
The
first
is
the
spiritual or mental
world,
which
is
eternal, permanent,
orderly, regular, and
universal. There is
also the world of
appearance,
the
world
experienced
through sight, touch,
smell,
taste,
and
sound
that
is
changing, imperfect,
and disorderly. This
division
is
often
referred to as the

For
me,
idealism
is
next
to
perfection.
Ideal replaces
the
word
perfection
because
no
such thing that
is perfect in
this world as
the
law
of
equilibrium
tells us. Ideal
things
only
depend
on
what is perfect
to a specific

religion.
Introspection,
intuition,
insight,
and
whole-part logic
are
used
to
bring
to
consciousness
the forms or
concepts which
are latent in the
mind.
Rationalism

Using reason and

logic
as
the
reliable basis for
testing
any
claims of truth,
seeking objective
knowledge about
reality,
making
judgments
and
drawing
conclusions
about
it.
Although
rationalism must

Learning takes
an endogenous
approach; that
is,
our
knowledge
of
the
world is
innate, and so
is
something
with which we
are born. From
this
perspective,
learning is the
process
by

duality of mind and person

body.
group.

Ren Descartes
(15961650)

French
philosopher
Nicholas
Malebranche

Methods
of
Investigation
Systematic
Doubt
The
One
Foundation
of
All Knowledge
Spirit-Body
Dualism
Sensory
Information:
Viewing
through God

or

For me, to be
rational means
to
be
reasonable. All
you say must
have a basis or
logic behind it.

Essentialism

ultimately
rely
on
sense
perceptions, but
it
must
also
couple
sense
perceptions with
logic
and
evidence. There
is no place for
personal bias or
emotion
in
rationalism,
although
emotion
and
rationalism
are
not
mutually
exclusive,
each
has its place.
Is the view that
things
have
essences
(the
attribute, or set
of
attributes,
that make an
object
or
substance what
it fundamentally

which
we
reveal
to
ourselves
the
knowledge that
we
already
have,
which
occurs through
processes such
as
logical
deduction and
rational
discourse.

(16381715)

Essentialists
believe
that
there
is
a
common core of
knowledge that
needs
to
be
transmitted to
students in a
systematic,

William
Bagley Bagley described the
(18741946)
right of students to a
well-educated
and
culturally
James
D. knowledgeable
Koerner (1959), teacher. Secondly, he
discussed
the
importance
of
H. G. Rickover
teaching the ideals of
(1959),

German
philosopher
Gottfried
Willhelm Leibniz
(16461716)

Bodily
Movement: God
causing all
Physical Motion
God and Evil

Monads in an
Infinitely
Divisible Plenum
Dominant Monad
Souls and
Parallalism

I believe that
all
are
essential,
meaning they
have purpose
why they are
created. They
have role to
fulfil and their

Existentialism

is). Thus, for any

specific kind of
entity, there is a
set
of
characteristics
(or properties or
traits),
all
of
which any entity
of that kind must
have. A member
of a specific kind
of entity may
possess
other
characteristics
but these neither
establish
nor
preclude
its
membership.

disciplined way.
The emphasis in
this
conservative
perspective
is
on
intellectual
and
moral
standards that
schools should
teach. The core
of
the
curriculum
is
essential
knowledge and
skills
and
academic rigor.

community to each existence

is
Paul Copperman group of students. very crucial .
Lastly, Bagley wrote
(1978), and
of the importance of
Theodore Sizer accuracy,
thoroughness
and
(1985)
effort on part of the
student
in
the
classroom.

The nature of
reality
for
Existentialists is
subjective,
and
lies within the

Related
to
education, the
subject matter
of existentialist
classrooms

Soren
Kierkegaard
(1813-1855), a
Danish minister
and philosopher,

His
(Soren All I can say is
Kierkegaard) was a that it talks
Christian orientation.
about how or
why we exist
the
first
Another
group
of in

individual.
The
physical
world
has no inherent
meaning outside
of
human
existence.
Individual choice
and
individual
standards rather
than
external
standards
are
central.
We
define ourselves
in relationship to
that existence by
the choices we
make.

Naturalism

Naturalism
concept

should
be
a
matter
of
personal choice.
Teachers
view
the individual as
an entity within
a social context
in which the
learner
must
confront others'
views to clarify
his or her own.
Character
development
emphasizes
individual
responsibility
for decisions.

is considered to
be the founder
of
existentialism.

existentialists, largely
European,
believes
that
we
must
recognize
the
finiteness of our lives
on this small and
fragile planet, rather
than
believing
in
salvation
through
God. Our existence is
not guaranteed in an
afterlife, so there is
tension about life and
the
certainty
of
death, of hope or
despair.

is a Naturalism as a Voltaire (1694- Voltaires

that philosophy
of 1778), the pen was

place. It is a
basic thought
that we really
exist but we
are not here
forever.

naturalism Naturalism
is
called what came as

firmly
believes
that
ultimate
reality lies in the
nature of the
matter. Matter is
considered to be
supreme
and
mind
is
the
functioning
of
the brain that is
made
up
of
matter.
The
whole universe is
governed by laws
of nature and
they
are
changeable. Its
through
our
sense that we
are able to get
the
real
knowledge. The
senses works like
real gateways of
knowledge
and
exploration is the
method
that

education was name

of
developed
in Francois-Marie
the
18th Arouet
century. It is
based on the
assumption that
nature
represents the
wholeness
of
reality. Nature,
itself, is a total
system
that
contains
and
explains
all
existence
including
human
beings
and
human
nature
Education must
conform to the
natural
processes
of
growth
and
mental
development.

materialism and this

meant that matter
was
composed
of
atoms operating in a
cause-effect
way.
Even
modern
naturalists look with
disdain at the ancient
materialism because
it was rather crude.
But some modern
philosophers call their
naturalism
"modern
materialism" but do
not mean the same
as the ancient views.

it is. No other
factors
contribute on
its arrival or
existence.
Basically,
anything that
exists without
the
human
knowledge
is
natural.

Behaviourism

helps in studying
nature
Behaviorism
is
linked
with
empiricism,
which
stresses
scientific
information and
observation,
rather
than
subjective
or
metaphysical
realities.
Behaviorists
search for laws
that
govern
human behavior,
like
scientists
who
look
for
pattern
sin
empirical events.
Change
in
behavior must be
observable;
internal thought
processes
are
not considered.

The teacher can

help
students
learn
by
conditioning
them
through
identifying the
desired
behaviors
in
measurable,
observable
terms,
recording these
behaviors
and
their
frequencies,
identifying
appropriate
reinforcers
for
each
desired
behavior,
and
providing
the
reinforcer
as
soon
as
the
student displays
the behavior.

Ivan Pavlov

B.F.
Skinner
(1904-1990)
and James B.
Watson (18781958).

Pavlov,
using
the
reinforcement of a
bell sound when food
was presented to a
dog and finding the
sound alone would
make a dog salivate
after
several
presentations of the
conditioned stimulus,
was the beginning of
behaviourist
approaches.

I think it talks
about more on
the
characteristic
of a being. You
will know it by
observation,
and able to
distinguish
what a being
really is.

Progressivism

Progressivism is
the educational
philosophy of the
liberal and it is
grounded in the
pure
philosophy
of
pragmatism. As
an outgrowth of
pragmatic
thought,
progressivism is
completely
different from all
other educational
theories. This is
because it wasn't
arrived
at
through
theoretical
speculation.

This educational John

Dewey
philosophy
1920s
through
stresses
that the mid-1950s
students should
test ideas by
active
experimentation
. Learning is
rooted in the
questions
of
learners
that
arise
through
experiencing
the world. It is
active,
not
passive.
The
learner
is
a
problem solver
and thinker who
make meaning
through his or

One
of
Deweys
tenets was that the
school
should
improve the way of
life of our citizens
through experiencing
freedom
and
democracy in schools.
Shared
decision
making, planning of
teachers
with
students,
studentselected topics are all
aspects. Books are
tools,
rather
than
authority.

Education
should be a
process of ongoing growth,
not
just
a
preparation for
becoming
an
adult.
An
obvious
example
of
progressivism
would be our
class. We are
in groups a lot
and
we
actively learn
through
discussion. We
Progressivisms
believe that education talk about how
should focus on the what we read
be
whole child, rather can

Reconstruct
-ionism
or
Critical
Theory

Social
reconstructionis
m is a philosophy
that emphasizes
the addressing of
social questions
and a quest to
create a better
society
and
worldwide
democracy.
Reconstructionist
educators focus
on a curriculum
that
highlights
social reform as
the
aim
of

her
individual
experience
in
the physical and
cultural context.
Effective
teacher provide
experiences so
that
students
can learn by
doing.
Curriculum
focuses
on
student
experience and
taking
social
action on real
problems, such
as
violence,
hunger,
international
terrorism,
inflation,
and
inequality.
Strategies
for
dealing
with
controversial
issues inquiry,

than on the content incorporated

or the teacher.
into our future
careers.

Theodore
Brameld (19041987) was the
founder of social
reconstructionis
m

Brameld
recognized
the
potential
for
either
human
annihilation through
technology
and
human cruelty or the
capacity to create a
beneficent
society
using technology and
human compassion.

Counts recognized
George Counts that education was
(1889-1974)
the means of
preparing people for
creating this new
social order.

It talks about
mostly
in
changing
the
society.
Reconstructioni
sts thinks that
the community
must
be
change
in
order to have
a better life.

education.

dialogue,
and
multiple
Freire
perspectives are Paulo
the
focus. (1921-1997)
Communitybased learning
and
bringing
the world into
the
classroom
are
also
strategies.

Humans must learn

to resist oppression
and not become its
victims, nor oppress
others. To do so
requires dialog and
critical consciousness,
the development of
awareness
to
overcome domination
and oppression.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

363 P. CASAL STREET, QUIAPO, MANILA

COLLEGE OF ARTS
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

SUBMITTED BY:
MENDOZA, ALLAN LLOYD C.
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. NAZARIO L. CEBREROS
May 18, 2015