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Passive Elements
Capacitors
Capacitor
Is consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulator (dielectric).
C
Where:
A
d
1 Farad = 1 Coulomb/Volt
q = Cv
icdt
VC
V (t 0)
C
dVC
iC C
dt
Energy
The energy stored in the capacitor is:
1 2
W Cv
2
Where: C - Capacitance
v - Voltage
(a) is ALLOWED
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Problems:
1.
Problems:
2.
Problems:
3.
4.
Problems:
5.
6.
7.
Change in voltage as shown in the figure :
0V 50V between 0 sec. to 1 sec
(0<t<1)
50V (-50V) between 1 sec. to 3 sec ( 1 < t < 3 )
(-50V) 0V between 3 sec. to 4 sec ( 3 < t < 4 )
Recall that:
(a) is ALLOWED
t = 1, V(t) = 50V
0<t<1
V(t) = mt + b
When t = 0, V(t) = 0V
50 = m*1 + 0
m = 50
0 = m*0 + b
Voltage equation
w/ respect to time:
b=0
V(t) = 50t
1<t<3
t = 1;
50 = m*1 + b
t = 3;
-50 = m*3 + b
m = -50
b = 100
V(t) = -50t + 100
3<t<4
t = 3;
-50 = m*3 + b
t = 4;
0 = m*4 + b
m = 50
b = -200
V(t) = 50t - 200
0<t<1
Inductors
Inductor
It is a passive element designed to store energy in
its magnetic field. (Electro magnetic energy)
- It is consists of coil
of conducting wires.
N A
L
l
2
di
VL L
dt
1
iL VL dt it (t 0)
L
Energy
The energy stored in the inductor is:
1 2
W Li
2
Where: L - Inductance
i - current
a) Allowed
b) Not allowable
(an abrupt change is not possible)
Inductors in Series
Inductors in Parallel
Problems:
1.
Problems:
2.
3.
Problems:
4.