Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1.
and the overlying Pendopo marine shale provides a regional seal and a
potential oil-prone source rock.
Early Miocene/Baturaja (BRF) and Gumai Formations (GUF): The
carbonate platform buildups of the BRF represent the continuation of the
transgressive phase of the TAF depositional system. The overlying Gumai
shales represent the drowning event and provide a regional marine shale
seal over the entire area. Two transgressive maxima are recognized within
the Gumai separated by a short lived phase of regression (NN5-NN4). This
regressive phase resulted in sub-aerial emergence of the BRF reefs and
subsequent poro-perm enhancement. It also caused widespread deposition
of a basal clastics member in the Centaury area, which probably forms
thief beds to several dry holes drilled for BRF objectives (Merang 1,
Ketaling-2, etc.). In addition, these conduits provided a means for
hydrocarbon migration into overlying ABF sands.
Mid-Late Miocene/Air Benakat (ABF) and Muara Enim Formations
(MEF): The first significant influx of ABF sands is indicative of the major
regional Mid Miocene regression, which results form a large deltaic unit
prograding from the northeast. The ABF is composed mostly of marine
shales and marginal marine sands, which provide reservoirs in East
Ketaling and Tempino Fields. The MEF consists predominantly of abundant
coals and sandstones, with occasional development of tuffs, all
demonstrating continuation of a major regressive cycle.
The appraisal wells drilled after Beta-1 were designed only to penetrate
the three main reservoirs that proved oil in the ABF sands. Hence, the
three well TDed at quite shallow depths of around 700m.
The following lithological summary describes the formations encountered
in the wells as described in cuttings and samples analyses:
Kasai / Muara Enim Fm : Kasai and/or Muara Enim usually encountered
above ABF. These formations encountered from surface to around 100m at
each well, co-incident with an unconformity on the seismic line. The
lithologies are predominantly composed of claystones with blocky
sandstones of varying thicknesses from 1m up to 11m. The claystones in
this formation appear as light grey-yellowish grey in colour and are
generally amorphous, quite sticky, with traces of pyrite and carbonaceous
specks. The sandstones in the Kasai are composed of clear-translucent
quartz grains, which are loose to occasionally consolidated with moderatewell sorting. Grains are fine to medium and are generally quite rounded,
with traces of black carbonaceous material. The sands have been
observed as very fine grained in parts and locally grade to silt.
Air Benakat Fm : Air Benakat formation consist of claystones,
sandstones and siltstones.
The claystones were light grey to light olive grey in colour, generally very
soft and amorphous, with accessory minerals such as pyrite, carbonaceous
material appearing as both specks and micro-laminae. They were
generally quite micaceous with rare pale bluish green chlorite flakes
observed in some beds. Microfossils were present in the formation and the
most recognizable were foraminifera.
The sandstones were predominantly identified as argillaceous sandstone,
which consisted of clear to translucent quartz grains, with some rare offwhite quartz grains, packed into a poor to moderately sorted clast
supported structure. The pore spaces between the grains appeared to
contain argillaceous material with some additional degree of visible
porosity. Grains were generally very fine to medium, with some rare thin
beds of coarser grained sands. These coarser grains, most commonly
appeared as loose particles having being washed free when drilled. The
grains were predominantly sub-angular to sub-rounded and mostly subrounded in shape. Sorting was generally poor to moderate, with occasional
well sorted very fine sandstones appearing in thinly laminated beds. Trace
minerals of glauconite, fossil fragments and debris were also observed.
Siltstones are generally blocky to sub-blocky, friable, soft to firm and
occasionally quite sticky when hydrated. They display poor visible porosity
but good inferred porosity due to water retention. Siltstones also occur as
thinly laminated beds within the shales and claystones, and can
sometimes be quite calcareous. Rare thin coal beds were identified in
Beta-2, appearing as black to dark brownish black in colour with an earthy
luster. They were firm and quite brittle, having a woody texture and a sub
blocky to blocky shape, occasionally splintering into sub-fissile fragments.
Beta-
Beta-300
GR
AO90
Beta-
Beta-
300
Beta-
300
Beta-
GR
AO90
GR
AO90
Beta-
300
Beta-
GR
AO90
R1
4
400
400
400
R1
3
400
Z38
0
R1
0
Z45
0
500
500
500
500
R
7
Z55
0
600
600
600
600
R
6
700
700
700
R
5
R
4
700
R
3
Z65
0
R
1
Figure 1-4 - Beta Field stratigraphic cross section through well logs
1.1.3.Depositional Environment
The depositional facies of Beta Field (Air Benakat Formation) was
interpreted by utilizing conventional core data, cutting samples, log curve
pattern and borehole image log interpretation. To begin, lithofacies were
examined to determine the depositional facies. The lithofacies was
classified into six facies based on rock textures, mineral composition,
sedimentary structures and bioturbation intensity (Figure ).
2.
3.
1.1.5.Play Concept
The ABF play comprises of stacked nearshore marine sands in late
compressional faulted anticlines, sourced vertically from underlying Lahat
(minimally present in Beta) and TAF shales and coals. All wells drilled in
the Centaury PSC have encountered oil shows within the ABF. Specifically
in Beta the ABF sands have demonstrated commercially productive
volumes on the structural highs of the sand formations. Additionally, the
West Berau, East Ketaling and Tempino Fields have proven oil in place
within their ABF sands.
Geophisical Interpretation
This Plan of Development benefits from the regional work detailed in the
section on the History of the Centaury PSC, together with the analysis of
well and seismic data from within the PSC. The predominant source of data
originates in the Beta discovery and appraisal wells.
1.2.1.Seismic Database
Several legacy vintages of 2D seismic cross the Beta Field. While these
provide a gross structural trend, quality is generally poor. There are also
major concerns related to the static solution for these lines. The 2005
vintage seismic data acquired by Omega Carigali gives a regional
Centaury PSC coverage with good quality of seismic data, but it is only 9
lines (approx. 2-3 kms line spacing) over Beta structure that gives limited
interpretation. At late 2010 Omega Carigali. was acquired another 140
kms of 2D Seismic lines which about 7 lines were infill at Beta area. These
are the grey and red lines shown in Figure . Older vintages are shown in
pink.
Geophysics well control was limited to the Beta-1 discovery well and the
three appraisal wells (Beta-2, 3 & 4). The West Berau well (1937) is
situated to the southwest on the same structure but no data is available
for this well. A comprehensive logging suite exists for each of the Beta
wells. However, significant washouts compromise the quality of acoustic
logs and hence the seismic-well tie. A zero-offset VSP was acquired in both
Beta-1 and Beta-3 while the other Beta wells have adequate checkshot
coverage.
Beta-
Beta-
Beta-
Beta-2 was drilled downdip some 500m to the south of the structural crest,
and was found to be 5m deep to prognosis. A checkshot survey was
acquired in the well. A 22ms bulk shift is required to achieve a good tie.
The bulk shift suggests that there are issues with the static solution for the
seismic in this area.
Beta-4 was drilled prior to Beta-3. The main objective was to core the oil
reservoirs encountered in Beta-1. The well came in 10 m updip to
prognosis (~5m higher than Beta-1 instead of 5m deeper). Using the 40
Hz Ricker wavelet, the synthetic seismogram ties well with the seismic
(05PAL015, Figure ).
Beta-4
Beta-
R-10
Beta3
R-10
Beta2
Beta4
Beta1
Beta3
Z-380
R-10
Z-450
Z-650
The shallowest marker picked over the field is the Top Air Benakat
Formation. It is mapped as an angular unconformity within the first 100 ms
of the data. The pick is compromised by low fold at this depth.
Generally the three seismic markers were laterally continuous peaks. The
seismic in crestal area is of slightly lower frequency than the flanks and in
some parts of the survey the surface seismic is degraded by near surface
statics issues. The Z-550 tight sand reflection is higher amplitude and is
laterally more continuous than the other events and formed the basis for
the structural interpretation. R14 (top Intra ABF) and R1 (base ABF) have
continuous peak seismic reflectance, but are not as clear as the Z-550
tight sand. These events are less consistent in their seismic response but a
pick has been established for all. Areas of lowest confidence include the
area to the north of the Beta-1/4 wells (line 05PAL-015) and the crestal
area of line 05PAL-013.
Due to the steep dips and commensurate poor migration of the 2D data,
significant miss-ties are present in the dataset. A pragmatic approach to
these has been adopted: absolute values of dip lines are always honored
above the values on the strike data where a discrepancy occurs.
1.3.3.Attribute Analysis
Although as mention above the calculated tuning thickness is 14m which
is some of the reservoir are below the tuning thickness, the seismic
attribute still can be generate to control the lateral distribution - Appendix
1 static modeling (properties distribution).
The Gamma ray log was chosen due to the log can show the sand package
which is characterized by negative amplitude. Further is the seismic
attributes i.e, amplitude, frequency and phase were crossplotting with GR
log and founded the dominant frequency is the most appropriate attribute
to guide the spread laterally.
Figure 1-14 Cross Correlation Well Log (GR) and Seismic Attribute
(Dominant Frequency)
Beta4
Beta2
Beta1
Beta3
Beta-1 TWT
(s)
Beta-2 TWT
(s)
Beta-3 TWT
(s)
Beta4
Beta3
Hence the final depth structure maps were calculating the average depth
from both methods.
1.3.6.Beta Field Depth Structures
Understanding the layering of Beta structure and thin reservoir, to create
structure maps at reservoir level the depth converted seismic markers and
fault information (polygons) were imported into modelling package and a
3D structural model was generated. By calibrating the seismic markers
with the well data a set of stratigraphic surfaces including all the main
reservoir levels could be generated. It is important to note that the
resulting maps are only valid if the stratigraphy is conformable.
Final depth structure map, as shown Figure to Figure below respectively,
Beta-
Beta-
Beta2
Beta1
Beta3
Beta4
Beta2
Beta1
Beta3
Beta4
Beta2
Beta1
Beta3
Beta4
Beta2
Beta1
Beta3
1.4.
The main reason for this poor recovery is due to failed mechanical core
catcher. Also, the formation is too soft and washed out from the core
chamber while drilling.
There are no other significant obastacles while drilling the Beta wells. All
wells were shallow, and no overpressure or significance temperature
gradient change was observed. The only problem occured while drilling
the wells is the presence of Gumbo as the intra shale facies of Air Benakat.
That swelling clay slower the drilling operation of Beta appraisal wells,
hence it is suggest to improve the mud system use for future drilling will
help resolve the problem.
1.4.4.Beta-3
Beta-3 was drilled to test the sealing capacity of a NNE-SSW fault that
divides the structure. The result of the drilling show that the compartment
between Beta-3 area (Central) and Beta-1,2,4 (West) has a pressure
connection for the reservoirs. It is tested using the MDT and resulted that
the water gradient line up in the same trend between this 2 compartment.
The Beta-3 well intersected the sandstone reservoirs approximately 20m
downdip of the original Beta-1 discovery well. The top of Z-380 and Z-450
were approximately 14-18m downdip from Beta-1 while the Z-650 was
approximately 33m downdip. Of the three major reservoirs, only Z-450
resides above the FWL at depth 445m TVDSS. An excellent correlation
exists between the Beta-1 discovery well and the Beta-2, 4 and 3 appraisal
wells as such that reservoir continuity has been established. Sand
porosities range from 17 to 23 %.
1.5.
mud system to a more saline fluid to help reduce water invasion into the
formation. Nevertheless the cores still drilled too quickly indicating soft
formation which meant the formation had been affected by the fluid
invasion despite higher salinities. In total only two partial cores were
recovered from the run which those samples are not the formation rocks.
In Beta-4, the MSCT tool was run only in the 8-1/2 hole. The MSCT
program called for two runs whereby the first run would attempt to core
the firm formations with the second run attempting what were believed to
be softer formation in the Z450 sands. Unfortunately the recovery on
surface was very poor with only one fully recovered core and 9 partial
fragmented cores obtained. The second MSCT run was cancelled.
1.5.2.Conventional Core
The core description was conducted by PT Corelab Indonesia and the result
was incorporated with the other analysis to support the overall interpretation
of facies, sedimentology and depositional environment.
637.0 649.3 meters
Description: This interval is composed of very fine- to fine-grained sandstone
that is mainly bioturbated and burrowed.
Identified burrows include
Ophiomorpha, and possibly Rosselia, Teichichnus, and Zoophycus. Planar
beds and ripples are locally preserved. Contacts between depositional units
are scoured. The sandstone is tightly cemented with calcite between 644.7
and 645.33 meters. Bioclasts are mainly pelecypods.
Average porosity is 24.59% (range = 8.03 29.83%) and average air
Klinkenberg permeability (Kinf) is 12.2 md (range = 0.003 104 md; median
= 5.65 md). Average grain density is 2.66 g/cc (range 2.63 2.69 g/cc).
628.5 637.0 meters
Description: Core recovery was very poor in this interval. Recovered material
is clay-rich, unlithified, and contains no visible sedimentary structures or
burrows. It does not resemble any other portion of the described cores.
376.52 378.98 meters
Description: This interval is composed mainly of thinly interlaminated shale
and very fine- to fine-grained sandstone.
Medium-grained sandstone
between 377.2 and 377.35 meters is less common. Gradational to scoured
contacts separate depositional units. Interlaminated sandstone and shale are
rippled, with clay drapes, to heavily bioturbated. Bioclasts include pelecypods
and benthic foraminifera. The medium-grained sandstone bed is oil-stained,
bioturbated to cross bedded, with scattered bioclasts and shale rip-up clasts.
Average porosity is 25.33% (range = 20.48 35.27%) and average air
Klinkenberg permeability (Kinf) is 395 md (range = 6.33 4956 md; median
= 45.2 md). Average grain density is 2.64 g/cc (range 2.59 2.69 g/cc).
375.65 376.52 meters
Description: This thin interval is composed medium-grained sandstone that is
oil stained. Unoriented shale rip-up clasts indicate that the sandstone has
been bioturbated. Skeletal fragments include pelecypods. The sandstone is
weakly to moderately lithified, calcareous, and has a scoured basal contact
with underlying sediments.
Average porosity is 30.16% (range = 21.01 34.50%) and average air
Klinkenberg permeability (Kinf) is 561 md (range = 0.548 1351 md; median
= 634 md). Average grain density is 2.68 g/cc (range 2.65 2.70 g/cc).
372.5 375.65 meters
Description: This interval is comprised of argillaceous sandstone that is
bioturbated to rippled, with millimeter-thick sandy laminae and clay drapes.
These sediments are relatively uniform in this interval.