DESIGNOF

STEELSTRUCTURES

D i
DesignofCompressionMember
fC
i M b
Astructuralmembercarryingaxialoreccentric
compressiveloadiscalledcompressionmember.
l
ll
b

 Typesofcompressionmember:
TheverticalcompressionmemberinRCCbuildingis
p
g
termedascolumn,whereasforsteelstructureitiscalled
stanchion.
Thecompressionmemberinrooftrussorbracingiscalled
as strut
asstrut.
p
p
p
Theprinciplecompressionmemberinacraneiscalled
boom.

Boom

 Modeoffailureofcolumn:
Crushing

Buckling

Mixed
of both
ofboth

Crushingfailure:
g
Thistypeoffailureoccurinshortcolumn
yp
Suchmemberhasacriticalloadcausematerialfailure.
Bucklingfailure: Thistypeoffailureoccurinlongcolumn
Suchmemberhasacriticalloadwhichcauseelastic
instabilityduetowhichthememberfail.
Mixedmodeoffailure:
Mixed mode of failure: Theabovetwofailureoccurinthe
The above two failure occur in the
extremecases.Forallintermediatevalueofslenderness
ratio the column fail due to combined effect. Most of the
ratiothecolumnfailduetocombinedeffect.Mostofthe
practicalcolumnfailinthismode.

Effective length (leff ):

Effectivelength(l
) : Itisthelengthbetweentwoadjacent
It is the length between two adjacent
Pointofzeromoments.Thuslengthdependuponendcondition.

From,IS800:1984,Clause5.2.2
Whereaccurateframeanalysisisnotdone,theeffective
Where
accurate frame analysis is not done the effective
lengthofacompressionmemberinagivenplanemaybe
DeterminedbytheproceduregiveninAppendixC.
ete
ed by t e p ocedu e g e
ppe d C.
However,inmostcasestheeffectivelengthinthegiven
planeassessedonthebasisofTable5.2,wouldbeadequate.
EffectivelengthasgiveninTable5.2mayalsobeadopted
wherecolumnsdirectlyformpartofframedstructures.

=
K +K
K

=
K +K
c

Kc FlexuralRigidityofcolumn
Flexural Rigidity of column
Kb FlexuralRigidityofbeam.

Bucklingfailure:EulersTheory
Assumptions Made in Eulers Theory:
Thecolumnisinitiallystraight(itisnotcrooked)
Th
l
i i iti ll t i ht (it i
t
k d)
Theloadactingpassesthroughcenterline(axial
compression)
Theslendernessofcolumnishigh(Longcolumn)
Thecrosssectionofcolumnissolid,withconstant
sectionthroughoutheightofcolumn
Thecolumnmaterialishomogeneous,isotropic,and
elastic
l i
Theboundaryconditionsareideallymet

Frommomentcurvaturerelation:

d 2y
M
=
2
EI
dx
y

M = Py
CriticalLoad(Pc ) =

EI
2

2
eff

Criticalstress(c)

f cc , or ,

Pc
EI
E
=
=
=
2
A
Al eff
2
2

slenderness.Ratio( ) =

leff
r

Columndesignformula
MerchantRankinformula

1
=
n
f

1
+
n
f cc

(f

n
cc

cc

1
n
f y
f
f

y
n
y

n = 1.4

InWSMmethodofdesign
S
et od o des g
Axialcompressionstrength(ac)=0.6f
For different grade of steel ac is given in
Fordifferentgradeofsteel,
Table 5.1

#AbuiltupcolumnconsistsoftwoISMC400@49.4Kg/m
Andtwoplatesofsize500x10mm.thecleardistance
Betweenbacktobackofchannelsis200mm.oneplate
Isconnectedtoeachflangeside.Determinethesafeload
d
h fl
d
h
f l d
Carrycapacityofthesectioniftheeffectivelengthofthe
Column is 5 m
Columnis5m.
Sol:
Sol:

Properties of ISMC 400:

PropertiesofISMC400:

400

Thicknessofweb(tw)=8.6mm
100
Thickness of flange (tf)=15.3mm
Thicknessofflange(t
) 15 3 mm
Crosssectionareaofthesection(Ast)=6293mm2
MomentofinertiaalongXXaxis(Ixx)=150828x103 mm4
MomentofinertiaalongYYaxis(Iyy)=5048x103 mm4

Forbuiltupsection:
200

I xx = 2 150828 103 + 2 500 103 + 500 10 2052

12
= 721.989 106 mm 4

I yy = 2 5048 10 3 + 2 6.293 10 3 124 .2 2 + 2

1
10 500 3
12

= 421 .576 10 6 mm 4 = I min

Minimumradiusofgyration:
I min
421.576 10 6
rmin =
=
A
2 6.293 103 + 2 500 10
= 136.62mm

Slenderness Ratio ( ):
SlendernessRatio(
) :
=

leff
rmin

5000
=
= 36.59
136.62

From IS 800 : 1984, Table 5.1,Pg

FromIS800:1984,Table
5.1, Pg 39

ac

= 141 . 046 MPa

Safeloadforthesection(P)

P = A ac = 2 6.293 103 + 2 500 10 141.046 N

= 3185.665KN

 Bendingstress:
Ifcompressionflangeisrestrainedlaterallyagainst
bucklingthenpermissiblecompressiveortensile
bendingstressis(Clause6.2.1,Pg 55)

bc / bt = 0.66 f y
Forunrestrainedcompressionflange(Clause6.2.3)

bc

= 0 . 66

(f

f cb f
n
cb

+ f

y
n
y

fcb Elasticcriticalstressinbending(Clause6.2.4)
f bc

C2
= K 1 (X K 2Y )
C1

 = K 1t f
Where,
Y =

26 . 5 10

= Y

r y

5
2

MPa

1 + 1
20

t w , or , t

D
or

r D
y

MPa

Coefficient ( K1 ) = f ( ) C ,C respectivelythelesserandgreater
1
2
A1
distancesfromthesectionneutral
=
axistotheextremefibers.
i t th
t
fib
A2

A1 Totalareaofbothflangesatthepointofleastbendingmoment.
A2 Totalareaofbothflangesatthepointofmaximumbending
moment.

Coefficien t ( K 2 ) = f ( )

I yy , cf
I yy , f

Iyy,cf Momentofinertiaofthecompressionflangealone.
Iyy,f Momentofinertiaofthebothflangesaboutitsown
Moment of inertia of the both flanges abo t its o n
axisparalleltotheyyaxisofthegirder,.

Bendingcompressionstrength=bc
For different grade of steel, bc is given in
Fordifferentgradeofsteel,
Table 6.1A to F

 CombinedAxialCompressionandBending:
FromIS800:1984,Clause 7.1.1,Pg 90
j
p
g
Memberssubjectedtoaxialcompressionandbending
shallbeproportionedtosatisfythefollowing
requirements:
C my bcy , cal
ac , cal
C mx bcx , cal
+
+
1 .0
ac , cal
ac

ac , cal
bcy
1
1
bcx

0 . 6 f ccx
0 . 6 f ccy

Cm = 0.85

SwayframeorNonswaywithendsarerestrained
againstrotation.
i t t ti

= 0.6 0.4 0.4

= 1.0
= M min

Nonswayandnotsubjecttotransverseloading

Nonswaywithendsareunrestrainedagainstrotation
M max

 ac ,cal
If ,
< 0.15, then
ac

bcy
ac , call bcx
b , call
b , call
+
+
1 .0
ac
bcx
bcy
Atsupportwecanusefollowingequation

bcx , cal bcy , cal

+
+
1 .0
0 .6 f y
bcx
bcy

ac , cal

CombinedAxialTensionandBending:
Combined Axial Tension and Bending:
bty , cal
at , cal
btx , cal
0 .6 f y

0 . 66 f y

0 . 66 f y

1 .0

#Designasteelcolumnfortheloadingasshowninfigureas
perIS800:1984,steelisFe250.
IS 800 1984 t l i F 250
80KN
B

Sol:
Effectivelengthfortheproppedcantilevercolumn(leff )

leffff = 0.8 l = 4.8m

5KN/m
6m

TotalAxialLoad = (selfWt. + 80 ) = (0.1 80 + 80 )KN = 88 KN

MaximumbendingmomentisatsupportAis:
wl 2 5 6 2
MA =
=
= 22.5 KN m
8
8

Lets assume ac/bc = 80 MPa

Letsassume,
Thus,,
Requiredsectionalareaandsectionalmodulesofthecolumnis:

Areq =
Z req =

A.L

ac
M

bc

88 1000
=
= 1100 mm 2
80
22 . 5 10 6
=
= 281250 mm 3
80

TrywithISMB300@44.2Kg/m
y
@
g/
Checkforaxialcompression:
ac ,cal

88 103
=
= 15.64 MPa
5626

Slenderness ratio ( ) =
Slendernessratio

leffff
rmin

4.8 1000
=
= 169 .01 < 180 , OK
28 .4

FromIS800:1984,Table 5.1,Pg
g 39
Permissibleaxialcompressionstressis:

ac = 36 .6 MPa
MP > ac , cal , OK
Checkforbendingtension:
g
bt , call

MA
22 .5 10 6
=
=
= 39 .22 MPa
3
Z xx
573 .6 10

bt = 0 .66 f y = 165 MPa > bt , cal , OK

 Checkforbendingcompression:
bc , cal

MA
22 .5 10 6
=
=
= 39 .22 MPa
3
Z xx
573 .6 10

For,ISMB300@44.2Kg/m
tf
tw

12 . 4
=
= 1 . 6533 < 2
7 .5

d1
241 . 5
=
= 32 . 2 < 85
tw
7 .5

h
D
300
=
=
= 24 . 193
12 . 4
tf

l eff
r yy

4 . 8 1000
=
28 . 4

= 169 . 01

FromIS8001984,Table 6.1B,Pg 58
D/

20

25

24.193

160

101

93

94.2912

170

98

89

90.4526

Leff/ry

bc = 90.8326MPa
MP > bc ,cal , OK
CombinedAxialCompressionandBendingcheck:

ac ,cal = 15 .64 MPa , ac = 36 .6 MPa

bc ,cal = 39 .22 MPa , bc = 90 .83 MPa

For,ISMB300@44.2Kg/m
RadiusofGyrationalongXXaxis:
d
f
l
4.8 1000
xx =
= 38.80
=
rxx
123.7
leff

rxx = 123.7 mm

2 E 2 2 105
f cc , xx = 2 =
= 1311.19 MPa
2

38.8
Frominteractionformula

ac , cal

mx

bcx , cal

ac , cal
1
bcx
0 . 6 f cc , xx

15 . 64
0 . 85 39 . 22
=
+
15 . 64
36 . 6

90 . 83
0 . 6 1311 . 19

= 0 . 801 < 1 . 0 , OK
ac

#Designasteelcompoundcolumnfortheloadingasshown
in figure as per IS 800 :1984 steel is Fe250
infigureasperIS800:1984,steelisFe250.
1000KN
Sol
Effectivelengthforthecolumn(leff )

8m

leffff = 2 l = 16m

Assumeslendernessratio( )=100,ac = 80 MPa

=

l eff
r

so , rreq =

Areq =

ac

l eff

16 1000
=
100

= 160 mm

1000 103
=
= 12500mm 2
80

RequiredRadiusof
Gyration
RequiredSectionalArea

Letstrywith2XISHB350@67.4Kg/m

rxx = 149.3mm, A = 2 8591mm

250

I xx = 19159.7 10 4 mm 4
I yy = 2451.4 10 4 mm 4

For I xx = I yy

2S

2 19159.7 10 4 = 2 2451.4 10 4 + 8591 S 2

S = 139.46mm 140mm
slendernessratio()

l eff
rxx

16 10 3
=
= 107 .6 < 180 , OK
149 .3

FromIS800:1984,Table 5.1,Pg 39

ac = 75MPa
ac , cal

P 1000 10 3
=
=
= 58 . 2 MPa < ac , OK
A
17182

Forcompoundcolumnwehavetoprovideeither
Batten or, Lacing :
Battenor,Lacing:
DesignofLacing: Itbehaveliketrussmemberand
willbeundertensionorcompression.
ill b
d t i
i
SingleLacing.
Double Lacing
DoubleLacing.

IS800:1984,Clause5.7.5,Pg 51

{40

, 70

Lets
0

C
< 50
r yy
or , < 0 . 7 column
ryy Radiusofgyrationofcolumnelement

Width of Lacing Bars. (IS800,Clause5.7.3,Pg

WidthofLacingBars.
(IS 800, Clause 5.7.3, Pg 50)
Inrivetedconstruction,theminimumwidthoflacingbars
shall be as follows:
shallbeasfollows:
Letss
Let
Assumerivetdiameter=20mm
Lacingwidth=75mm.

ThicknessofLacingBars. (IS800,Clause5.7.4,Pg 50)

MinimumthicknessofLacing:

l
t
40
l

60

ForSingleLacing

l lengthbetween
innerendsofrivets.

ForDoubleLacing

d = (2 S 125) = (2 140 125) = 155mm

d 2 = 219.2mm

Thus Minimum required thickness

Thus,Minimumrequiredthickness

l
219.2
=
= 5.48mm
40
40

Letsprovide8mmthickLacing
d 2

DesignforcetakenbyLacing(IS800,Clause5.7.2.1,Pg 48)
2.5
V = 2.5%of , P =
1000 = 25 KN
100

FSin 45 0 2 = 12 . 5 KN
F = 8 . 84 KN

450

MinimumradiusofGyration:
rmin =

I min
=
A

75 8
12
75 8

12.5KN
3

= 2 . 31 mm

d 2
219 . 2
=
=
= 94 . 89 < 145 , OK
rmin
2 . 31

8
75mm

FromIS800:1984,Table 5.1,Pg 39

ac = 85.21MPa
ac , cal

F
8 . 84 10 3
=
=
= 14 . 73 MPa < ac , OK
A
75 8

 CheckinaxialTension:
Grossdiameterofrivet()
= 20 + 1.5 = 21.5mm

Net sectional area of the lacing:

Netsectionalareaofthelacing:
Anet = (75 21.5) 8 = 428mm 2

Thus,Tensilestressinthelacing:
at ,cal

F
8.84 103
=
=
= 20.65 N / mm 2 < ac 150 N / mm 2 , OK
Anet
428

ForISHB350@67.4Kg/m

Thicknessofflange(tf )=11.6mm
ThicknessofLacing(t)=8mm
Rivetvalueofthe20mmdiameterrivet:
Singleshearstrengthvalue

V = av

100
=
21 . 5 2 = 36 . 3 KN
4
1000 4
2

Bearingstrengthvalue
300
P = ppt t =
1000

21 . 5 8 = 51 . 6 KN

ThusRivetvalue(R)=36.3KN
F 8.84
Numberofrivet = =
= 0.24
R 36.3

MinimumNo.ofrivettobe
Mi
i
N
f i t t b
providedis2,ineachside

Batten: Itbehavelikeverysmallbeammemberand
Subjectedtobendingmoment.
Theeffectivelengthofbattenedcolumnshouldbe
i
increasedby10%.
d b 10%
Minimum4No.ofbattenshouldbeprovided.
Providedbattenonoppositefacessuchthatoneshould
Provided batten on opposite faces such that one should
bethemirrorimageofother.
Thicknessofbatten(t)issameorder
Thickness of batten (t) is same order
ofthicknessofflange.
d
S
t
50
C
< 50
r yy
or , < 0 . 7 column

de

 Longitudinalshear(V1):
V1

VC
=
NS

V Transverseshearforce(2.5%ofP)
V
T
h
f
(2 5% f P)
N Thenumberofparallelplanesofbattens
av , cal =

V1
Abatten

av (0 . 4 f y )

LongitudinalMoment(M):
Longitudinal Moment (M):
M

bt , cal

bc , cal

VC
=
2 N
=

M
Z

batten

bc / bt

(0 . 66

fy

DesignofFlexuralMember
Abeamisastructuralmembersubjectedto
j
transverseload,i.eloadperpendiculartothe
g
longitudinalaxis.

Types of beam (Based on end condition ):

Typesofbeam(Basedonendcondition):
Simplysupported
OverhangingCantilever
Overhanging Cantilever
Fixedbeam
Fi d b
continuous
ti
Proppedcantilever

 Typicalnameofbeam:
Joist: Acloselyspacedbeamsupportingfloorsor,roofof
Buildingbutnotsupportingtheotherbeam.
Largerbeamareusedforsupportinganumberofjoists.
Th
TheyarecalledGirders.
ll d Gi d
Beamarealsousedtocarryroofloadsintrusses.These
Beam are also used to carry roof loads in trusses These
BeamarecalledPurlins.
Stringer: Inbuilding,beamssupportingstairsteps,in
bridgesalongitudinalbeamsupportingdeckfloorand
Supportedbyfloorbeam.

GIRDER

 Spandrelbeam:
Spandrel beam : Inabuildingabeamontheoutside
In a building a beam on the outside
Perimeterofafloor,supportingtheexteriorwallsand
Outsideedgeofthefloors.
Ahorizontalbeamspanningthewallcolumnsofindustrial
B ildi
BuildingusedtosupportwallcoveringsiscalledaGIRT.
dt
t ll
i
i
ll d GIRT
A roof beam usually supported by purlins is called a Rafter
AroofbeamusuallysupportedbypurlinsiscalledaRafter.
Beamarealsousedtosupporttheloadsfromthemasonry
Overtheopenings.SuchtypesofbeamarecalledLintels.
Floorbeam: Amajorbeamsupportingotherbeamsor
Jointsinabuilding;alsothetransversebeaminbridge.
b ld
l h
b
b d

LINTEL

 Modeoffailureofbeam:
Primarymodeoffailureofbeamsareasfollows:
Bendingfailure: Duetocrushingofcompressionflange
or fracture of tension flange.
orfractureoftensionflange.
Shearfailure: Duetobucklingofwebnearlocationof
highshearforce.
Deflectionfailure:
D fl ti f il
St t
Structureisassumedtobefailor
i
d t b f il
unsuitableifexcessivedeflectionoccur.

#Designasteelbeamfortheloadingasshowninfigureas
perIS800:1984
IS 800 1984

Maximumbendingmoment

M max

wl 2 60 6 2
=
=
= 270 KN m
8
8

FromIS8001984,Clause6.2,Pg55
PermissiblestressinBendingTension/Compression(bt/bc )=0.66fy
For Mild steel fy =250MPa
ForMildsteelf
250 MPa

bt = bc = 165MPa

Letsstartwithbc = 100 MPa

Thus,
Requiredsectionmodulus(Z)=

bc

270 10
=
100

= 27 10

mm

LetstrywithISMB600@122.6Kg/m

Z xx = 3060.4
10
10 mm
3

Selfwt.ofsection=1.226KN/m
T t l l d (DL+LL) 61 226 KN/
Totalload(DL+LL)=61.226KN/m
Maximumbendingmoment:
M max

wl 2 61.226 6 2
=
=
= 275.517 KN m
8
8

Checkforbendingtension:

bt ,cal

275.517 106
=
= 90.026MPa < 165MPa OK
3
3060.6 10

Check for bending compression :

Checkforbendingcompression:
ForISMB600
Thicknessofflange(t
Thi
k
f fl
( tf )=20.8mm
) 20 8
Thicknessofweb(tw )=12.0mm

tf

20.8
=
= 1.733 < 2
t w 12.0
d1 509.7
=
= 42.475 < 85
t w 12.0

FromIS8001984,Table 6.1B,Pg 58
h
D
600
=
=
= 28 . 846
tf

20 . 8

l eff
ry

D/

6000
=
= 145 . 63 < 180 , OK
41 . 2
25

30

28.846

140

103

97

98.3632

150

98

92

93.3632

Leff/ry

bc = 95.5482MPa

Bendingstressduetoload:

bc ,cal

275.517 106
=
= 90.026MPa < bc (95.5482)
3
3060.6 10
So,sectionissafe

Checkforshearstress:

av = 0.4 f y = 100 MPa

Vmax =

av .cal

61.226 6
= 183.678KN
2

V max
183 .678 10 3
=
=
= 25 .51 MPa < av (100 MPa )
h tw
600 12

So,sectionissafe

Checkforwebcrippling: Cripplingistobecheckedunderpoint
loadorsupportonly.

FromIS800,clause6.3,Pg 68
MaximumBearingstrength(p )=0.75fy
pp
= 187 5 MPa Forcontinuessupport
=187.5MPa
Calculatedbearingstress:
p ,cal

183.678 103
=
= 40.47 MPa < 187.5MPa
300 + 45
4 .15
1 3 12

ForS.Support

Checkforwebbuckling: Cripplingistobecheckedunderpoint
l d
loadorsupportonly.
t l
WebbucklingiscriticalatN.A.andcripplingiscriticalwherethe
Webstarttobestraight.

From,IS8001984,Clause 6.7.5.1,Pg 87
Slendernessratioofweb:

d 1 3 509 .7 3
=
=
tw
12
= 73 .57
FromIS800,Table 5.1,Pg 39

ac 110 MPa

Calculatedaxialcompressionstress:
ac.cal

Vmax
183.678 103
=
=
= 25.51MPa < ac (110 MPa )
Bt w
300 + 600 12
2

Sosectionissafe

Ch k f d fl ti
Checkfordeflection:

5wl 4
Deflectionduetoload ( cal ) =
384 EI
5 61.226 6 4 1012
=
= 5.63mm
5
4
384 2 10 91813 10
FromClause3.13.1.2,Pg 34
Permissible value of deflection =
Permissiblevalueofdeflection

Span 6000
=
= 18.46mm > cal
325
325