Chemistry

emistry - Solutions & Colligative

[Time:90 Mins]
Note :

SOLUTION OF TEST

1.

Solutions & Colligative Properties chapter Weightage total 5 marks.

2.

All questions are compulsory.

3.

Draw neat and labelled diagram wherever necessary.

4.

Figure to the right indicates full marks.

5.

Answer to every new question must begin on a new page.

[Max.
Max. Marks: 35]

1.

Write formula of van't Hoff factor I

[1 MARK]

Sol.

van't Hoff factor,i

[1 MARK]

2.
Sol.

Write two examples of non-ideal

ideal solution showing negative deviation.
(i) Chloroform and acetone,
(ii) Water and hydrochloric acid.

3.

How will you represent the concentration of component 'A' in parts per million ?

[1 MARK]

Sol.

ppm of A

[1 MARK]

4.
Sol.

Define molarity and molality.

[1 MARK]
Molarity is defined as number of gram moles of solute dissolved in a litre of solution. It is denoted by M.

[1 MARK]
[1/2 MARK]
[1/2 MARK]

Molarity (M)

[1/2 MARK]

Molality is defined as number of moles of solute present in a kilogram (1000 gram) of solvent. It is denoted by m.
Molality (m)

5.
Sol.

[1/2 MARK]

Give two examples of non-ideal

ideal solutions showing positive deviation.
Example of non-ideal
ideal solution showing positive deviation are :
(i)CCl4 and CHCl3,
(ii) CCl4 and C6H5CH3.

[1 MARK]
[1/2 MARK]
[1/2 MARK]

6.
Sol.

The boiling point of solution is higher than that of boiling point of solvent. Why ?
[2 MARK]
The vapour pressure of solution containing non-volatile
non volatile solute is always less than that of pure solvent. Therefore,
solution has to be heated to higher temperature so that its vapour pressure become equal to the atmospheric
pressure. Thus, the boiling point of solution is always higher than the boiling point of solvent.
[2 MARK]

7.
Sol.

Determine molecular mass of non--volatile solute from elevation in boiling point.

[2 MARK]
Suppose, W Bgram of non-volatile
volatile solute dissolve in W A gram of solvent and the molecular mass of non-volatile
non
solute is W B gram. Then, molality, m will be
(i)
For any non-volatile solute (from elevation in boiling point)
...(ii)

[1 MARK]

From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get

[1 MARK]
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Or

8.
Sol.

Define colligative properties. Gives four examples of it.

[2 MARK]
The properties of solutions which depends only on the number of solute particles but are independent of their
nature are called colligative properties. Four examples of colligative properties are :
(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure,
(ii) Elevation of boiling point,
(iii) Depression in freezing point,
(iv) Osmotic pressure.
[2 MARK]

9.
Sol.

What are isotonic solutions ?

[2 MARK]
Such solutions which have the same osmotic pressure are known as isotonic solutions. In isotonic solutions molar
concentration of the solute is the same and when they are separated by semipermeable membrane osmosis does
not take place.
[2 MARK]

10.
Sol.

Write two differences between diffusion and osmosis.

(1 mark for one point)
Difference between diffusion and osmosis :
Diffusion
1. Molecules move from a region of high
concentration to low concentration.
2. Semipermeable membrane is not required
3. This process takes place in gases and in
liquids.
4. Molecules of both solute and solvent
move.
5. It cannot be stopped by applying pressure
from opposite direction.

11.
Sol.

[2 MARK]

Osmosis
1. Molecules of solvent move from a solution of
low concentration to solution of high
concentration.
2. Semipermeable membrane is required.
3. This process takes place only in solutions.
4. Only molecules of solventt move.
5. It can be stopped by applying pressure from
opposite direction.

What are ideal and non-ideal

ideal solutions ? Explain with example.
[3 MARK]
Ideal solutions : Ideal solutions are those solutions in which Raoult's law can be applied completely for all
concentrations of the solutions and at all temperatures.
Condition for ideal solutions are following:
(i)
(ii)
and (iii)
[1 MARK]
Example: C2H2Br + C2H5C1, C6H6 + C6H5CH3, CC14 + SiCl4 etc.
[1/2 MARK]
Non-ideal solutions : Solutions in which Raoult's law cannot be applied completely for all concentrations and
temperatures are called non-ideal
ideal solutions.
For these solutions :
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
[1 MARK]
Example: Benzene + acetone, CHC13 + HNO3 etc.

12.
Sol.

[1/2 MARK]

Explain the Raoult's law for non-volatile

volatile solute.
[3 MARK]
The vapour pressure of. a solution containing non-volatile
volatile solute is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the
solvent.
i.e., Vapour pressure = Vapour pressure of solvent Mole fraction of
of solution
in solution
solvent
(P)
(PA)
(XA)
...(i)
PA=KXA, (here, K is proportionality constant)
...(ii)
[1 MARK]
For pure solvent XA = 1 and , PA = PA,
o =
( P A vapour pressure of pure solvent)
Here eqn. (ii) becomes
PA = K
...(iii)
o
From eqn. (ii) and (iii) PA = P A X A .
...(iv)

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If mole fraction of solute is xB, then

xA+xB = l ...(v)
or xA = 1 xB ...(vi)
Substituting value of xA from eqn. (vi) in eqn. (iv),
PA= P oA XB)
or PA = P oA P oA XB
or P oA XB = P oA PA
or

...(vii)

[1 MARK]

Where

is lowering of vapour pressure while is

relative

lowering of vapour pressure. Thus, based on eqn. (vii) Raoult's law can also be defined as Relative lowering of
vapour pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile
nonvolatile solute is directly proportional to mole fraction of solute.
It is clear from eqn. (vii) that relative lowering of vapour pressure depends on mole fraction and not on nature of
solute. Therefore,
efore, it is a colligative property.
[1 MARK]
13.

Sol.

What is meant by depression in freezing point ? Solution is prepared by dissolving 1 gm NaCl in 100 gm water. If
molal depression constant for water is 1.85 K kg mol1 then determine the extent of dissociation of NaCl.
Depression in freezing point for NaCl solution is 0.604 K. (MP 2007 Set B2)
[3 MARK]
Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which its solid and liquid phases have the same vapour
pressure. If non-volatile
volatile solute is dissolved in pure liquid to constitute a solution its freezing point decreases, this
decrease in freezing point is called depression of freezing point and it is denoted by Tf.
Solution:: Observed molecular mass of NaCl can be calculated by the following
ing formula :

30.6

[1 MARK]

Thus, observed molecular mass =30.6 and Normal molecular mass of sodium
sodium chloride = 58.5.
Let a be the extent of dissociation.
(Thus, out of 1 mole NaCl mole is dissociated.
NaCl
Na + Cl
1

In the solution
No. of particles after dissociation =1
=1 + + = 1 +

[1 MARK]

.
=0.91.
Thus, percentage dissociation =91.
14.

Sol.

[1 MARK]

What is molal elevation boiling point constant ? On dissolving phenol in benzene, two of its molecule associate to
form a bigger molecules. When Z gm phenol is dissolved in 100 gm benzene, then its freezing point decreases by
0'69C Determine the extent of association of phenol. (Kf= 5.12 k kg mol1). (MP 2007 Set A)
[3 MARK]
Molal boiling elevation constant : It is defined as the elevation in boiling point when 1 gm of non-volatile
non
solute is
dissolved in 1000 gm of the solvent.
We know that, Tb m or Tb = Kb m
Where, Kb is a molal elevation boiling point constant.
Elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to molality of the solution.
14.84

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[1 MARK]

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1 x

(After association)

No. of particles after association

Normal molecular mass of phenol = 6l2 + l5 + 16+l = 94

[1 MARK]
Or

5.33
5.33

Association of phenol = 5.33%.

15.

Sol.:

[1 MARK]

What is molal freezing point depression constant on dissolving 0.4 gm of urea in 100 gm water the depression in
freezing was found to be 0.124C.
Calculate the molecular mass of urea. (Kf for water = 1.86). (MP 2007 SetC2)
[3 MARK]
Molal freezing point depression constant of a solution is equal to the
the depression in freezing point produced by
dissolving 1 gram mol of solute in 1000 gram of solvent.
Molecular mass of solute by depression in freezing point :
MB

[1 MARK]

Kf for water = 1.86

Mass of solute (W B) = 0.4 gm
Mass of solvent (W A) = 100 gm
Depression in freezing point (Tp) = 0.124C
0.124
MB

[1 MARK]

MB
= 60 gmol1.

[1 MARK]

16.

Explain in brief Berkley and Hartley's method of osmotic pressure measurement and state its uses.

[5 MARK]

Sol.

(1 mark for diagram)

Brkley and Hartley's method: In this method, pressure is applied over the solution to stop the flow of solvent.
This pressure is equivalent to osmotic pressure. In this method, the apparatus consists of a strong vessel
ve
made
up of steel in which porous pot is fitted. In the porous pot, copper Ferro cyanide semi permeable membrane is
deposited.

[1 MARK]

The porous pot is fitted with a capillary tube on one side and a water reservoir on the other side.
s
A piston and
pressure gauge are fitted to the steel vessel.

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[1 MARK]

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The porous pot and steel vessel are filled with water and solution respectively. Osmosis takes place and water
moves into the steel vessel from the porous pot through the semi permeable membrane this is shown by fall in
water level in the capillary tube. This flow of water is stopped by applying external pressure on the solution with
the help of piston.

[1 MARK]

This method has the following advantages:

(i)

It takes comparatively lesser time to determine osmotic pressure.

(ii) Concentration of solution does not change, hence better results are obtained.
(iii) As high pressure is not exerted over semi permeable membrane, it does not break.
(iv) High osmotic pressure can be measured.

[1 MARK]
OR

17.

What is meant by depression in freezing point? Solution is prepared by dissolving 1 gm NaCl in 100 gm water. If
molal depression constant for water is 1.85 K kg mol1 then determine the extent of dissociation of NaCl.
Depression in freezing point for NaCl solution is 0.604 K.

Sol.

[5 MARK]

Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which its solid and liquid phases have the same vapour
pressure. If non-volatile solute is dissolved in pure liquid to constitute a solution its freezing point decreases, this
decrease in freezing point is called depression of freezing point and it is denoted by Tf.

[1 MARK]

Solution: Observed molecular mass of NaCl can be calculated by the following formula:

Tf =

K f Wb 1000
Mb Wa

K f Wb 1000 1.85 1 1000

=
Tf Wa
0.604 100
= 30.6
Thus, observed molecular mass = 30.6 and Normal molecular mass of sodium chloride = 58.5.
Mb =

[1 MARK]

Let a be the extent of dissociation.

(Thus, out of 1 mole NaCl mole is dissociated.
NaCl
1

Na + Cl

[1 MARK]

In the solution
No. of particles after dissociation =1 + + = 1 +

Normal molecular mass

Observed molecular mass

Number of particles of solute after dissociation

Normal number of particles of solute

[1 MARK]

Normal molecular mass

1+
=
Observed molecular mass
1

58.5
=1+
30.6
=

27.9
30.6

= 0.91.
Thus, percentage dissociation = 91.

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