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Bonding:
2A:

Types of Bonding:

Ionic bonding:
Ionic bonds are a type of chemical bond based on electrostatic forces between
two oppositely-charged ions. In ionic bond formation, a metal donates an
electron, due to a low electronegativity to form a positive ion or Cation. Often
ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals.
The non-metal atom has an electron configuration just short of a noble gas
structure. They have high electronegativity, and so readily gain electrons to
form negative ions or anions. The two or more ions are then attracted to each
other by electrostatic forces. Such bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds,
but similar in strength to covalent bonds.
Ionic bonding occurs only if the overall energy change for the reaction is
favourable when the bonded atoms have a lower energy than the free ones.
The larger the resulting energy change the stronger the bond.
Properties:

Brittle

(If stress is applied to a crystal of an ionic solid, then layers of ions

may slide over one another)

High Melting Points

(Ionic solids consist of giant lattice structure of oppositely charged

ions, therefore large amounts of energy is required to overcome the
forces of attraction for ions to break free from one another)

Electrical Conductivity
(Solid Compounds do not conduct electricity as there are no
delocalised electrons, therefore ions are not free to move.
Molten Ionic Compounds will conduct electricity as ions are mobile
and free to move)
*If DC is used, compound will undergo electrolysis, since lattice
breaks down

Solubility
(Energy required to break apart the lattice structure and separate
the ions can be supplied by the hydration of the separated ions
produced. Both positive and negative ions are attracted to water
molecules due to polarity that water molecules possess)

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2A.2: Understand the effects that ionic radius and ionic charge have on the
strength of ionic bonding
Strengths of Ionic Bonding:
1. Charges on the ions (more is the charge more is the attraction)
2. Size of Ions ( Smaller the size of Ion, the stronger it is)

2A.3: Understand the formation of ions in terms of electron loss or gain

2A.4: Be able to draw electronic configuration diagrams of cat ions and anions
using dot and-cross diagrams

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2A.5: *Understand reasons for the trends in ionic radii down a group and for a set
of isoelectronic ions,
e.g. N3 to Al.

The ionic radius is the radius of an ion in its crystal form.

Cations are smaller than the original atom since the atom loses
electrons. Usually a whole electron shell has been lost, and the remaining
electrons are also pulled in towards the nucleus more strongly.
Anions are larger than the original atom since the atom gains electrons
and there is more repulsion in the electron cloud.
Going down a group in the Periodic Table, the ions become larger
the number of shells is increasing.
Isoelectronic ions have different ionic radii:
The additional electrons in anions make the ions larger because there is
greater repulsion and all the electrons are less tightly bound than in the
atom
The loss of electrons to form cations means the nucleus attracts those
electrons that remain more strongly.
For example, for the electronic configuration 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6),
The order of size is N(32) > O(22) > F(2) > Ne > Na(1) > Mg(21) > Al(31)

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Ionic Radius decreases as the number of protons increases

As positive charge of nucleus increases, the electron are attracted
more strongly and therefore pulled more closer to the nucleus

4A.6: Understand that the physical properties of ionic compounds and the
migration of ions provide evidence for the existence of ions

The most convincing evidence for the existence of ions is the ability of an
ionic compound to conduct electricity and undergo electrolysis when
either molten or in aqueous solution.
For example, when a direct electric current is passed through molten
sodium chloride, sodium is formed at the negative electrode and chlorine
is formed at the positive electrode.

The explanation for this phenomenon is that:

The positive sodium ions migrate towards the negative electrode where
they gain electrons and become sodium atoms
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The negative chloride ions migrate towards the positive electrode where
they lose electrons and become chlorine molecules.
At the negative electrode: 2Na+ + 2e 2Na
At the positive electrode: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
Overall equation: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2
The movement of ions can be demonstrated by passing a direct current
through copper(II) chromate(VI) solution. Aqueous copper(II) ions, Cu2+
(aq), are blue and aqueous chromate(VI) ions,
CrO4 (2)(aq), are yellow.
The Cu(2+)(aq) ions migrate towards the negative electrode and the
solution around this electrode turns blue. The CrO4 (2)(aq) ions migrate
towards the positive terminal and the solution around this electrode turns
yellow.

Questions to Practise:
3. Write the formulae for the following ionic compounds.
a) Sodium sulphide
b) Caesium bromide
c) Magnesium nitride
d) Chromium (III) oxide
e) Tin (II) chloride
f) Nickel (II) selenide
g) Aluminium oxide
h) Copper (I) iodide

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