Ci i Analysis

Circuit A l i 1
Chapter # 3
Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 14

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 EXAMPLE 3.1 OF NODE ANALYSIS Rearranging terms ...

Did we miss any current here?

@ v1

@ v2

COULD WRITE EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION

= ∑ CONDUCTANCES CONNECTED TO NODE

@ v3
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 2
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 3
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 22& 3

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Learning Example E: 3.1
Home work:
Examples: 3.2
E: 3.1, 3.2,
P 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

V1 V1 − V2 USING KCL
@V1 : − 4mA + +
6k 12k
V2 V2 − V1
@V2 : 2mA + + =0
6k 12k
BY “INSPECTION”

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
⎜ + ⎟V1 − V2 = 4mA
⎝ 6k 12k ⎠ 12k
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
− +⎜ + ⎟V2 = −2mA
12k ⎝ 6k 12k ⎠

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 Example 3.3: CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES CANNOT
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
BE MODELED BY INSPECTION. THE SYMMETRY
IS LOST.
A PROCEDURE FOR MODELING
•WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS USING DEPENDENT ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞
SOURCES AS REGULAR SOURCES.
SOURCES ⎜ + v1 + ⎜ − v2 = 0
•FOR EACH DEPENDENT SOURCE WE ADD ⎝ 12k 6k ⎠ ⎝ 3k 6k ⎠
ONE EQUATION EXPRESSING THE CONTROLLING 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
VARIABLE IN TERMS OF THE NODE VOLTAGES − v1 + ⎜ + ⎟v 2 = 2mA
6k ⎝ 12k 3k ⎠

* / 4k

* / 6k

V1 + 2V2 = 0
v1 v1 − v2 − V1 + 3V2 = 12[V ]
β io + + =0 REPLACE AND REARRANGE
R1 R2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛β 1 ⎞ ADDING THE EQUATIONS 5V2 = 12[V ]
v v −v ⎜⎜ + v1 + ⎜⎜ − v2 = 0
− iA + 2 + 2 1 = 0 ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ R3 R2 ⎠ 24
R3 R2 V1 = − V
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 5
MODEL FOR − v1 + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟v2 = i A
CONTROLLING VARIABLE R2 ⎝ R2 R3 ⎠
v2
io = 4
R3

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 USING MATLAB TO SOLVE THE NODE EQUATIONS (For Lab)
R1 = 1kΩ, R2 = R3 = 2kΩ,
R4 = 4kΩ, i A = 2mA, i B = 4mA,
α = 2[ A / V ]
» R1=1000;R2=2000;R3=2000;
DEFINE THE COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
R4=4000; %resistances in Ohm
» iA=0.002;iB=0.004; %sources in Amps
» alpha=2; %gain of dependent source
DEFINE THE MATRIX G » G=[(1/R1+1/R2), -1/R1, 0; %first row of the matrix
Entries in a row are -1/R1, (1/R1+alpha+1/R2), -(alpha+1/R2); %second row
separated by commas 0,, -1/R2,, ((1/R2+1/R4)],
)], %third row. End in comma to have the echo
(or plain spaces).
Rows are separated by G=
semi colon
0.0015 -0.0010 0
-0.0010 2.0015 -2.0005
0 -0.0005 0.0008
DEFINE RIGHT HAND SIDE VECTOR » I=[iA;-iA;iB];
I=[iA; iA;iB]; %end in ";"
; to skip echo

» V=G\I % end with carriage return and get the echo

SOLVE LINEAR EQUATION V=
11.9940
15.9910 5
Example 3.4 15.9940

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Learning Example E: 3.3, 3.4,

REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k

2V1 − V2 = 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.
V1 + 2V2 = 0

5V1 = 80V ⇒ V1 = 16V

V1
NODE EQUATIONS
V2 = − ⇒ V2 = −8V
2
V1 V −V
@V1 : − 4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k 10k
Home work
V −V V
@V2 : 2 1 + 2 I O + 2 = 0 Example: 3.4
3 4
10k 10k E: 3.3, 3.4,
CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE
P: 3.44, 3.45, 3.48, 3.50
VOLTAGES)
V1
IO =
10k
REPLACE
V1 V −V
− 4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k 10k
V2 − V1 V V
+2 1 + 2 =0
10k 10k 10k 6

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Example 3.5: CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE

3 nodes plus the reference. In

principle one needs 3 equations...

…but two nodes are connected to

the reference through voltage
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!

…Only one KCL is necessary

V2 V2 − V3 V2 − V1
+ + =0
Hint: Each voltage source 6k 12k 12k
connected (M) to the V1 = 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
reference node saves one
node equation (N-M-1) V3 = −6[V ] TWO NODE EQUATIONS

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS

2V2 + (V2 − V3 ) + (V2 − V1 ) = 0
One more example …. 4V2 = 6[V ] ⇒ V2 = 1.5[V ]
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 Is2
FIND THE NODE VOLTAGES
AND THE POWER SUPPLIED
BY THE VOLTAGE SOURCE
R3 I
V1 V
V2
−+

R1 VS I s1
R2

R1 = R2 = 10kΩ, R3 = 4kΩ
VS = 20[V ], I s1 = 10[mA], I s 2 = 6[mA]

V2 −V1 = 20 ⇒ −V1 + V2 = 20[V ]

V1 V * / 10k ⇒ V1 + V2 = 100[V ]
+ 2 − 10mA = 0
10k 10k adding : V2 = 60[V ]
V1 = 100 − V2 = 40[V ]
TO COMPUTE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY VOLTAGE SOURCE
WE MUST KNOW THE CURRENT THROUGH IT
V1 V −V
IV = +6mA+ 1 2 = 5mA
10k 4k P = 20[V ] × 5[mA] = 100mW
BASED ON PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION THE
POWER IS RECEIVED BY THE SOURCE!! 8

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 Home Work
Example: 3.6, 3.7
`E: 3.5, 3.6
, 3.27,
P: 3.26, , 3.34

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 CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
PRESENT NO SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONAL
COMPLEXITY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES
COMPLEXITY.
ARE TREATED AS REGULAR SOURCES

WE MUST ADD ONE EQUATION FOR EACH

CONTROLLING VARIABLE

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CURRENT CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE

CONSTRAINT DUE TO SOURCE V2 − V1 = 2kI x

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES

V1 ⇒ V1 = 2kI x ⇒ V2 = 2V1
Ix =
2k
KCL AT SUPERNODE V1 V
− 4mA + + 2mA + 2 = 0
2k 2k
V1 + V2 = 4[V ] * / 2 and add
− 2V1 + V2 = 0
3V2 = 8[V ]
V2 4
IO = = mA
2k 3

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Example 3.11: Find the current Io
Home Work:
Example: 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
P: 3.54, 3.57, 3.59, 3.60

@ V2 : V2 = 12V
@ V3 : V3 = 2VX
@ super node:
V4 − V1 = 6V (constraint eq.)
FIND NODES – AND SUPER NODES V1 − V2 V1 − V3 V − V3 V4 − V5 V4
+ + 2I X + 4 + + =0
1k 1k 1k 1k 1k
V5 − V4 V5
@ V5 : − 2 I X + + =0
1k 1k
CO NTRO LLING VARIABLES
V X = V1 − V 2
V4
IX = 7 eqs in 7 variables
1k

V5
VARIABLE OF INTEREST IO = 12
1k

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