L2 Matter & its construction

The building unit of living organisms is the Cell.

The building unit of matter is the Molecule& each molecule consists of
atoms.
What is a molecule?
1. Matter is composed of molecule
What happens when:
You open a bottle of perfume for a period of time, then take it to another
side of the room.
Obs:
The smell of the perfume spreads all over the room& the mass of perfume
decreases.
Conc:
The perfume's consists of Molecules which spread and carries the
properties of the perfume
Molecule:
Is the smallest particle of a matter which can be existed freely& it has its
own matter properties.
2. Motion of molecule
What happens when?
You put a small amount of potassium permanganate in a glass of water.
Obs:
The violet colour of the permanganate spreads through the water.
Conc:
The molecules of permanganate are in a state of continuous motion in all
directions.

3. Intermolecular spaces among molecules.

What happens when?
You add 200 cm3of ethyl alcohol to 300 cm3 of water in a measuring
cylinder.
Obs:
The volume of the mixture is less than 500 cm3
*B. alcohol molecules are occupied the intermolecular spaces between
water molecules
Conc:
There are intermolecular spaces between matter molecules.
4. The attraction force between the molecules of matter
What happens when?
1. You try to break an iron piece into smaller parts.
2. You try to divide an amount of water on small cups.
Obs:
You can't break the iron but you can separate the water easily.
Conc:
* The intermolecular forces (attraction forces) between the molecules
are very strong in solids.
* The intermolecular forces between the molecules are very weak in
liquids.
* The intermolecular forces between the molecules are almost not
found in gases.

The states of matter

Comparison between solids, liquid & gas.
Solid
Motion of
molecules
Intermolecular
space
Intermolecular
force
Shape
Volume
Examples

Liquid

Gas

Limited

More free

Completely free

Tiny

Little big

Very large

Very
strong
Definite
Definite
Iron&
Aluminum

Weak

Not existed

Indefinite
Definite
Alcohol&
Water

Indefinite
Indefinite
Oxygen& Carbon
dioxide

Give reasons: Solids have definite shape & volume.

* Because the intermolecular spaces between solids molecules are very
small & the intermolecular forces are very strong.
The change of matter states
* Explanation of melting:
Give reasons:
Heat changes the matter from solid state into liquid state.
B. by heat * The intermolecular distances increase.
* The intermolecular forces decrease.
* Explanation of evaporation:
Heat changes the matter from liquid state into gaseous state.
B. by heat
* The intermolecular distances increases.
* The intermolecular forces decreases.

Matter and Molecules

The molecules are composed of atoms.

Water molecule

Oxygen molecule

Sodium Chloride

Give reasons:
The molecules of a certain substance differ from the molecules of another
Due to the number & the kind of atoms are different.
Elements & Compounds
Element
Compound
Definition 1. A substance which its
1. A substance which its
molecule consists only of one molecule consists of different
kind of atoms.
atoms.

Atoms
Examples

2. Is the simplest pure form of

a substance, we couldn't
decompose it into simple
substance.
similar
oxygen - hydrogen

2. Is the product of a
combination of 2 or more
different elements with
constant weigh ratios.
different
Water table salt

Exercise:
+

+
+
Name

1) Oxygen molecule
2) Water molecule
3) Sodium Chloride
4)Ammonia molecule

No. of
atoms

Similar
or
different

Element

compound

Molecules of elements
1. The Molecules of gaseous elements which are composed of
two similar atoms: ( diatomic )
Active gases
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Fluorine
Oxygen

H2
N2
Cl2
F2
O2

________________________________________________
2. The Molecules of gaseous elements which are composed
of one atom: ( monoatomic )
Inert gases (Noble gases)
Helium
He
Neon
Ne
Argon
Ar
Krypton
Kr
Xenon
Xe
Radon
Rn
_____________________________________________________

3. The molecules of liquid elements which are composed of

one atom
two atoms
Mercury

Hg

Bromine

Br2

___________________________________________________
4. All the molecules of solids are composed of one atom:
Iron
Magnesium
Aluminum

Fe
Mg
Al

Carbon
C
________________________________________________
Molecules of Compound
Molecules of Compound have different number of different atoms.
Examples:
1. The molecule of water consists of two hydrogen atoms& one oxygen atom.
2. The molecule of table salt consists of one sodium atom& one chlorine
atom
3. The molecule of ammonia consists of one nitrogen atom& three
hydrogen atoms.