Submission Number (133)

Study of Rheological and Creep Recovery Properties of Asphalt

Modified with Glass and Polyester Fibers
Punya Murthy Kathari1, Dr. Amarendra Kumar Sandra2, Dr. P. Sravana3
1

Research Scholar, JNTU, Department of Civil Engineering, Hyderabad (katharip@gmail.com)

2
Manager, Pavement Research Center, GMR, Hyderabad (amarendra123@gmail.com)
3
Professor, JNTU, Department of Civil Engineering, Hyderabad (sravani_jntu@yahoo.co.in)

Abstract In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the rheological properties of virgin asphalt and fiber
modified asphalt with glass and polyester fibers. Fibers of varying percentages by weight of binder, i.e, 0.5%, 1.0%,
1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% were added to the base binder. Various rheology tests viz, penetration, softening point, Dynamic
Shear Rheometer (DSR) and Creep Recovery tests were conducted and the results were compared. The results showed
that the addition of fibers in the asphalt improves the viscoelastic behavior and thus performance of the binder in a
positive way to with stand the increasing traffic and adverse climatic conditions.
Keywords Fibers, Asphalt, Rheological Properties, Complex Modulus, Phase Angle, Creep Recovery, Penetration
Index

1. Introduction
Asphalt is the commonly used binder in pavement construction in India, due to its superior service performance which
provides driving comfort stability, durability and moisture resistance [1]. However, due to the rapid increase of wheel
loads, tyre pressure and changes in climatic conditions adversely affect the performance of the asphalt mixes and
resulting in damage to the pavements which in turn leads to frequent maintenance actions and ultimately more traffic
delays and congestion. Researchers across the globe have constantly been trying to improve the performance of asphalt
mixes against increased traffic volume, axle load and high temperatures. Various additives such as crumb rubber and
polymers are widely used to improve the performance of asphalt mixes. Modification of asphalt binder with the help
of fibers is another approach to improve the performance of asphalt mix. In this study, the asphalt binder was modified
with glass and polyester fibers of varying concentrations.
Rheology is a very important of field of study for asphalt technologists [2]. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) has
been used for quite a long time now for characterizing and understanding the rheological properties of asphalt binders
and predict the viscous and elastic behavior at medium to high temperatures. The Multiple Stress Creep Recovery
(MSCR) test is the latest improvement to the Superpave Performance Graded (PG) Asphalt Binder specification [3].
This test provide the user with a new high temperature binder specification that more accurately indicates the rutting
performance of the asphalt binder. Basic tests viz., penetration, softening point and advanced tests viz., Dynamic Shear
Rheometer (DSR) and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) tests were conducted on the fiber modified asphalt
binders to examine the effects on the rheological and creep recovery properties.
This paper describes and presents the results of laboratory investigations to assess the influence of glass and polyester
fibers on creep, rutting and fatigue characteristics of modified asphalt binder.

2. Materials, Specimen Preparation and Test Procedures

2.1 Materials
The study aims on the fundamental rheological characterization of virgin VG-30 (viscosity grade) asphalt binder and
modified binder with glass and polyester fibers (increments of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% fiber by mass of
asphalt). A standard viscosity grade asphalt (VG-30) provided by M/s DuPont India Private Limited, Hyderabad was
used and the properties of the virgin asphalt are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Properties of Virgin Asphalt Binder

Property
Penetration

(25oC,

dmm)

Softening Point (oC)

Ductility

(25oC,

Results

Specified Limits

IS 1203/ASTM D-5

50

50-70

IS 1205/ASTM D-36

53

45

IS 1208/ASTM D-113

108

100

IS 1206 (Part2)/ ASTM D-2170

2780

> 2400

IS 1209/ASTM D-92

318

260

cm)

Absolute Viscosity (60oC, Poises)

Specification

Flash Point (oC)

The Glass fibers and Polyester (Recron 3S, Reliance make) fibers used in this study were supplied by M/s Arrow
Techno Textiles Private Limited, Mumbai and M/s Vasanth Enterprises, Hyderabad respectively. The physical
properties of the fibers are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Physical Properties of Fibers*
Physical Property

Glass Fiber (GF)

Polyester Fiber (PF)

12

Tensile Strength (MPa)

3400

400- 600

Melting Point (oC)

>1000

>250

Cut Length (mm)

Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

73

N/A

Density (g/cm3)

2.54

N/A

Elongation to break (%)

4.8

N/A

Note: * Provided by the manufactures

2.2 Preparation Samples
The asphalt plays a rather complex role in the mixing process since both its composition and its viscosity affect the
blending in more than one way [4].There are two types of mixers used to blend virgin asphalt with modifiers; namely,
propeller mixer and high shear type mixer. In practice, it is easier to control the propeller type mixer. A study reported
that the binder produced using high shear type mixer appears to have superior properties compared to that produced
using propeller type mixer [5]. The high shear type mixer used for the mixing process is shown in Figure 1.
Samples were prepared using melt blending technique [6]. The asphalt of about 500 grams was kept in oven till fluid
condition and fibers were slowly added. The speed of the mixer was maintained at 2500 rpm while the temperature
was kept between 160oC to 170oC. Hot plate which is kept below the mixer helps to maintain the temperature during
mixing. Mixing was continued for 1 hour to produce homogeneous mixtures. The modified asphalt was then
transferred into steel containers and stored for further testing.

Figure 1: High Shear Type Mixer Used for Blending

2.3 Laboratory Testing

Tests on the samples were conducted according to IS and equivalent ASTM [7, 8] methods to characterize the
properties of modified asphalt binders. The different percentages of fiber concentration provides a wider range of
results which helps in analysing each type of fiber blend at particular concentration. The rheological tests include
penetration, softening point and DSR and the creep recovery test includes the MSCR test.
2.4 Penetration Test (ASTM D-5)
The penetration of both virgin and fiber modified asphalt with the concentration of fiber varying from 0.5% to 2.5%
by weight of asphalt, was measured with a penetrometer of standard weight 100 g for a duration of 5 sec at a standard
temperature of 25oC. The results are presented in Table 4.
2.5 Softening Point Test (ASTM D-36)
Softening point (ring and ball) test is a method for the determination of the softening point of asphalt binders. Two
horizontal discs of asphalt binder, cast in shouldered brass rings, are heated at a controlled rate (@ 5.0o 0.5oC per
minute) in a liquid bath while each supports a steel ball (weighing 3.55 gm.). The softening point was reported as the
mean of the temperatures at which the two discs soften enough to allow each ball, enveloped in asphalt binder, to fall
a distance of (25.0 0.4) mm. The results of both virgin and modified asphalt binder are shown in Table 4.
2.6 Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test (ASTM D7175-08)
Paving grade bitumens are viscoelastic materials and behave as viscous fluids at high temperatures (typically > 60oC)
and elastic materials at low to medium temperatures although this behavior is also dependent on the loading frequency
(i.e., it is related to speed and axle loads of passing vehicles) [11]. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing is a
convenient method to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binders at medium to high temperatures. This
characterization is used in the Superpave PG asphalt binder specification. A thin film of asphalt binder under test is
subjected to an alternating shear strain. This test measures the complex shear modulus (G*), the stress-strain ratio and
phase angle (), the difference between the applied shear stress and resulting shear strain.
The DSR test used a thin asphalt binder sample sandwiched between two plates. The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate oscillates back and forth across the binder sample at 1.59 Hz (10 radians/second) to create a shearing
action. This magnitude of oscillation simulates the shearing action corresponding to that of a traffic speed of about 90
kmph [12]. In this study, the DSR test was conducted at temperatures starting from 46oC to till failure at 6oC increment
similar to the increment used in Superpave grading system for asphalt binders. The test was performed under the
standard test conditions as presented in Table 3.
Table 3: DSR Test Parameters Used in the Study
Testing Parameter
Mode of Loading
Strain Amplitude
Temperature

Value
Control Strain
12%
46oC 80oC

Spindle Geometries

25 mm , 1mm gap

Rate of Oscillation

1.59 Hz (10 rad/sec)

2.7 Multi Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test (ASTM D7175-08)

The MSCR experiment is an appropriate test for evaluation of elastic and non-recoverable response of asphalt binders.
The MSCR test uses the well- established creep and recovery test concept to evaluate the binders potential for
permanent deformation (rutting) [13]. The MSCR experiments were performed in accordance with ASTM D7405-10a
using DSR, which used to determine the percent recovery and non-recoverable compliance [14, 15]. Parallel plate
measurement system of 25 mm diameter was used with a gap of 1.0 mm. The specimen was loaded at a constant creep
stress of 100 Pa for 1.0 second duration and followed by a zero stress recovery period of 9.0 seconds. The creep and

recovery cycle was repeated 10 times without any rest between cycles. Following completion of lower creep stress
level, the same procedure was applied to higher creep stress of 3200 Pa without any rest period [16]. The test
temperature was kept at 64oC as average road performance temperature is 64oC.

3. Analysis of Results and Discussion

3.1 Penetration, Softening Point and Penetration Index
The penetration, softening point and Penetration Index values are shown in Table 4 for base and modified asphalt
binders.
Table 4: Penetration and Softening Point Results
Softening Point (oC)

Penetration (dmm)
Fiber Dosage

Penetration Index

0.0%

Binder with
GF
50.00

Binder with
PF
50.00

Binder with
GF
53.00

Binder with
PF
53.00

Binder with
GF
-0.48

Binder with
PF
-0.48

0.5%

49.00

46.00

53.20

53.50

-0.48

-0.56

1.0%

48.00

44.30

53.85

54.70

-0.38

-0.38

`1.5%

46.60

43.50

54.65

55.70

-0.27

-0.20

2.0%

45.50

42.50

55.40

57.30

-0.16

0.09

2.5%

44.30

41.60

56.80

59.70

0.08

0.52

The effect of fiber dosage on penetration, softening and penetration index values are shown in Figure 2, 3 and 4
respectively.
62

52

50

VG-30 + Glass Fiber

VG-30 + Polyester Fiber

Penetration Index

60

Softening Point ( C)

Penetration (dmm)

VG-30 + Glass Fiber

VG-30 + Polyester Fiber

VG-30 + Glass Fiber

VG-30 + Polyester Fiber

48

46

44

58

56

-1

54

42

-2

52

40
0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

Fiber Content

Figure 2: Effect of Fiber Dosage on Penetration

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

Fiber Content

Figure 3: Effect of Fiber Dosage on Softening

Point

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

Fiber Content

Figure 4: Effect of Fiber Dosage on Penetration

Index

Penetration and Softening Point: From Figure 2 and 3, it can be observed that, for both the glass and polyester
modified binders, the penetration values are decreased whereas the softening point values are increased with the
increase in fiber dosage from 0.5% to 2.5% by weight of binder. This lower penetration values and higher softening
values indicate the hardening of asphalt with the addition of fiber when compared with virgin asphalt binder, thus
higher paving grade bitumen. The hardening of the bitumen can be beneficial as it increases the stiffness of the
material, thus the load spreading capabilities of the structure but also can lead to fretting or cracking [17]. Similarly
the increase in softening point with addition of fibers reflects that it may offer better resistance against permanent
deformation at higher temperatures. The variations in penetration and softening point may be considered as positive
sign and can be further checked with DSR and Creep Recovery tests whether it can enhance the pavement performance
characteristics in terms of fatigue cracking, rutting and temperature susceptibility.
Penetration Index (PI) and Temperature Susceptibility: The penetration index represents a quantitative measure of
the response of binder to variation in temperature [18, 19]. Knowing the penetration index of particular bitumen, it is
possible to predict its behavior in paving application. The estimated penetration index values are presented in Table
4. The value of Penetration Index ranges from around -3 for highly temperature susceptible asphalt to around +7 for

highly blown low temperature susceptible (high PI) asphalts [17]. For conventional paving asphalt, the value of PI
varies between -2.0 and +2.0 [20]. The PI of virgin binder is -0.48 whereas the PI value of glass fiber and polyester
fiber values are increasing with increase in fiber content and varies in the range of -0.48 to +0.08 (for glass fibers) and
-0.56 to +0.52 (for polyester fibers) as shown in Figure 4. This indicates that the temperature susceptibility of the
asphalt binder has been improved with the increase dose of fiber while PI values are within the range of -2.0 to +2.0
indicates the fiber modified asphalt can be used for paving.
3.2 DSR Results
The viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binder may change significantly if a modifier is added to the asphalt [23]. This is
investigated by means of DSR. The properties such as true grade temperature, complex modulus (G*), phase angle
() and the performance grade (PG) are evaluated. For the binders the complex modulus (G*) is a measure of the
overall resistance to rutting, while the phase angle () reflects the viscoelastic character. These binder parameters are
important in asphalt performance in the field. The DSR test results are shown in Tables 5 to 8.
Table 5: True Grade Temperature and PG Grade Results
Binder with Glass Fiber
Binder

True Grade
Temperature (oC)

Virgin Binder (0% Fiber)

VG-30 + 0.5% GF

Binder with Polyester Fiber

PG Grade

True Grade
Temperature (oC)

PG Grade

64.36

PG64

64.36

PG64

67.20

PG64

68.60

PG64

VG-30 + 1.0% GF

73.40

PG70

74.50

PG70

VG-30 + 1.5% GF

74.30

PG70

76.80

PG76

VG-30 + 2.0% GF

75.06

PG70

77.40

PG76

VG-30 + 2.5% GF

73.08

PG70

77.80

PG76

Table 6: DSR Test Results G*/Sin (kPa)

G*/Sin (kPa) for Binder with Glass Fibers

G*/Sin (kPa) for Binders with Polyester Fiber

Fiber
Dosage

46 C

52 C

58 C

64 C

70 C

76 C

46 C

52oC

58oC

64oC

70oC

76oC

82oC

0.0%

18.2

6.5

2.5

1.1

0.5

18.2

6.5

2.5

1.1

0.5

0.5%

25.2

11.7

3.8

1.4

0.6

23.4

12.4

3.9

1.5

0.7

1.0%

28.9

14.0

6.2

2.9

1.5

0.7

30.7

14.6

7.4

3.3

1.7

0.8

1.5%

32.5

16.7

8.0

3.1

1.7

0.8

35.1

17.0

9.2

4.3

2.2

1.1

0.5

2.0%

33.8

17.2

8.4

3.3

1.7

0.9

36.1

17.9

9.3

4.9

2.5

1.3

0.6

2.5%

30.5

14.6

6.7

2.8

1.5

0.6

36.5

18.2

9.6

4.8

2.4

1.3

0.6

Table 7: DSR Test Results Complex Shear Modulus (G*) in kPa

G* (kPa) for Binder with Glass Fibers

G* (kPa) for Binders with Polyester Fiber

Fiber
Dosage

46 C

52 C

58 C

64 C

70 C

76 C

46 C

52oC

58oC

64oC

70oC

76oC

82oC

0.0%

18.0

6.4

2.5

1.1

0.5

18.0

6.4

2.5

1.1

0.5

0.5%

25.7

11.4

3.7

1.4

0.6

22.8

12.2

3.9

1.5

0.7

1.0%

28.2

13.6

6.1

2.9

1.5

0.7

29.9

14.3

7.2

3.2

1.6

0.8

1.5%

31.7

16.3

7.9

3.1

1.6

0.8

34.1

16.5

8.9

4.2

2.2

1.1

0.5

2.0%

32.8

16.7

8.2

3.2

1.7

0.8

35.0

17.4

9.1

4.7

2.4

1.2

0.6

2.5%

29.5

14.1

6.5

2.7

1.5

0.6

35.4

17.7

9.3

4.6

2.3

1.3

0.6

Table 8: DSR Test Results Phase Angle () (kPa)

Phase Angle (Degrees) for Binder with Glass Fibers

Phase Angle (Degrees) for Binders with Polyester Fiber

Fiber
Dosage

46 C

52 C

58 C

64 C

70 C

76 C

46 C

52oC

58oC

64oC

70oC

76oC

82oC

0.0%

80.2

83.2

85.1

86.1

86.2

80.2

83.2

85.1

86.1

86.2

0.5%

78.5

79.0

79.5

80.2

80.6

77.6

78.1

78.9

79.3

79.8

1.0%

77.4

77.9

78.6

79.1

79.9

80.1

77.1

77.6

78.4

78.6

79.3

79.9

1.5%

77.2

77.6

78.4

79.1

79.6

80.0

76.4

76.9

77.5

77.9

78.2

78.6

78.1

2.0%

76.2

76.6

77.1

77.8

78.4

79.3

75.9

76.4

76.8

77.2

77.5

78.1

77.6

2.5%

75.4

76.1

76.6

77.3

77.8

78.4

75.4

75.9

76.4

76.9

77.3

77.9

78.1

True Grade Temperature is the absolute temperature at which the asphalt binder fails in rutting i.e., when the value of
G*/Sin () is equal to 1.0 kPa (0.145 psi). The effect of fiber dosage on the true grade temperature is graphically
presented in Figure 5. It can observed from this plot that the true grade temperature was increased with increasing the
fiber dosage. However, it may be noted that significant improvement can be observed up to 1% of fiber dosage. For
dosages beyond 1%, the improvement is not significant. The increase in true grade temperature and PG grade indicates
that fiber modified bitumen may perform well in extreme hot climates particularly against permanent deformation in
asphalt mix.
40

40

30

76

G*/Sin(

74
72
70

20

10

Virgin Binder (VG-30)

VG-30 + 0.5% Polyester
VG-30 + 1.0% Polyester
VG-30 + 1.5% Polyester
VG-30 + 2.0% Polyester
VG-30 + 2.5% Polyester

30

G*/Sin(

Virgin Binder (VG-30)

VG-30 + 0.5% Glass
VG-30 + 1.0% Glass
VG-30 + 1.5% Glass
VG-30 + 2.0% Glass
VG-30 + 2.5% Glass

78

True Grade Temperature ( C)

80

20

10

68
66

Modified Asphalt with Glass Fiber

Modified Asphalt with Polyester Fiber

64
62
0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

40

2.5%

45

50

60

65

70

75

40

80

15
10
5

80

90

88
Virgin Binder (VG-30)
VG-30 + 0.5% Polyester
VG-30 + 1.0% Polyester
VG-30 + 1.5% Polyester
VG-30 + 2.0% Polyester
VG-30 + 2.5% Polyester

30

20

10

Phase Angle (Degrees)

20

Complex Modulus (G*)

25

70

Figure 7: Effect of Polyester Fiber Dosage on

G*/Sin

40

Virgin Binder (VG-30)

VG-30 + 0.5% Glass
VG-30 + 1.0% Glass
VG-30 + 1.5% Glass
VG-30 + 2.0% Glass
VG-30 + 2.5% Glass

60

Temperature (oC)

Figure 6: Effect of Glass Fiber Dosage on G*/Sin

35
30

50

Figure 5: Effect of Fiber Dosage on True Grade

Temperature

Complex Modulus (G*)

55

Temperature ( C)

Fiber Content

VG-30 +
VG-30 +
VG-30 +
VG-30 +
VG-30 +
VG-30 +

86
84

0.0% GF
0.5% GF
1.0% GF
1.5% GF
2.0% GF
2.5% GF

82
80
78
76

74
40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

Temperature ( C)

Figure 8: Effect of Glass Fiber Dosage on

Complex Modulus (G*)

80

40

50

60

70

80

Temperature ( C)

Figure 9: Effect of Polyester Fiber Dosage on

Complex Modulus (G*)

90

40

50

60

70

80

90

Temperature (oC)

Figure 10: Effect of Glass Fiber Dosage on Phase

Angle ()

20

86
84

+ 0.0% PF
+ 0.5% PF
+ 1.0% PF
+ 1.5% PF
+ 2.0% PF
+ 2.5% PF

25

20

15

82
80
78

Creep Recovery (%)

VG-30
VG-30
VG-30
VG-30
VG-30
VG-30

Creep Recovery (%)

Phase Angle (Degrees)

88

10

15

10

100 Pa Stress Level

3200 Pa Stress Level

76

100 Pa Stress Level

3200 Pa Stress Level

74
40

50

60

70

80

0.0%

90

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

0.0%

Glass Fiber Content

Temperature ( C)

Figure 11: Effect of Polyester Fiber Dosage on

Phase Angle ()

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

Figure 12: Effect of Glass Fibers on Creep

Recovery

Figure 12: Effect of Polyester Fibers on Creep

Recovery

Complex modulus (G*) and phase angle () define resistance to deformation of binder in viscoelastic region. Shear
modulus (G*/Sin) is an indicator of binder stiffness to deformation under load at specified temperature, i.e., larger
G*/Sin values indicate better rutting prevention of asphalt mixes. An Increase in the values of G*/Sin can be
observed in fiber modified binders from Figure 6 and 7, when compared with virgin asphalt binder. The increase in
shear modulus (G*/Sin) of fiber modified binders would improve the resistance to rutting for asphalt binders and
mixers. It can be seen from Figure 8 and 9, the complex shear modulus (G*) was increased with the addition of fibers.
This increment is more with polyester fibers when compared with glass fibers. The increase G* indicates that addition
of fibers increases the binders total resistance to deformation which is a positive sign. Phase angle () is an indicator
of the visco-elastic properties for asphalt binder. A decrease in the value of means an increase in elastic response.
From Figure 10 and 11, it can be seen that the phase angles of the modified binders are decreased greatly with increase
in fibers up to 2%, which indicate that the elastic property of asphalt binders is improved significantly with the addition
of fibers. The reduction of phase angle would improve the resistance to rutting and increase the asphalt binder elastic
properties.
3.3 MSCR Test Results
The delayed viscoelastic response of both virgin and modified binder was evaluated with recoverable strain and the
test results are presented in Table 9.
Table 9: Creep Recovery (%) Results at 64oC
Glass Fiber Modified Asphalt
Fiber
Content

Creep
Recovery (%)

Polyester Fiber Modified Asphalt

Improvement in
Recovery

2.5%

Polyester Fiber Content

Creep
Recovery (%)

Improvement in
Recovery

at 100 Pa

at 3200 Pa

at 100 Pa

at 3200 Pa

at 100 Pa

at 3200 Pa

at 100 Pa

at 3200 Pa

0.00%

5.74

0.18

5.74

0.18

0.50%

9.53

1.32

66%

633%

9.46

1.38

65%

667%

1.00%

13.65

3.32

43%

152%

14.34

3.86

52%

180%

1.50%

16.36

4.14

20%

25%

18.74

5.12

31%

33%

2.00%

18.48

4.65

13%

12%

20.36

5.96

9%

16%

2.50%

18.50

4.62

0%

-1%

20.56

5.92

1%

-1%

It can be observed clearly from the results that the percentage creep recovery has been improved for both the glass
and polyester fiber modified asphalt with increase in fiber dosage. This indicates that the performance of fiber
modified asphalt binder against permanent deformation may be improved with the addition of fibers. Also, higher
creep recovery was achieved when 1% of fiber added. Though there is some improvement in creep recovery observed
for 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% fiber dosage, it can be concluded that this improvement is very nominal. This indicates that
the necessity in determining the optimum dosages of fibers to improve the binder performance.

4. Conclusions
Laboratory tests were conducted to study the rheological properties of asphalt binder modified with glass and polyester
fibers. Changes in physical properties of asphalt binders (penetration, softening point and penetration index) are
improved with the addition of fibers. The true grade temperature of the binder is increased with the addition of fibers
which indicates that the temperature susceptibility of the modified binder is lower than that of virgin binder. The
complex shear modulus increases with increase in fiber content and phase angle decreases with increase in fiber up to
2%. Increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle of modified binder indicate higher resistance to
deformation as compared to virgin asphalt binder. The creep recovery was improved for fiber modified asphalt. This
indicates that the performance of fiber modified asphalt binder against permanent deformation may be improved.
Finally the positive effects of fiber modified asphalt were achieved up to a max dosage of 2.0% only beyond which
no improvements were observed.

5. Acknowledgement
Authors are grateful to the management of M/s DuPont India Private Limited, M/s Arrow Techno Textiles Private
Limited, Mumbai and M/s Vasanth Enterprises, Hyderabad for proving the materials and continuous encouragement.
References:
1. Quinshan Ye & Sahopeng Wu, Rheological Properties of Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Binders, Indian Journal
of Engineering and Material Sciences, April 2009
2. A.F. Burger, M.F.C. van de Ven, J. Muller and K. J. Jenkins, Rheology of Polymer Modified Bitumen: A
Comparative Study of Three Binders and Three Binder/Filler System, 20th South African Conference Meeting
the Transport Challenges in Southern Africa, 16-20 July 2001
3. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/materials/pubs/hif11038/tb00.cfm
4. www.e-asphalt.com/ingles/dispersorpmb/index.htm
5. B.A. Samsuri and F.Y. Yee, Rubber Crumbs-Production Characterisation and Properties, Proceeding
Conference on the Use of Rubberized Bitumen in Road Construction, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 1997.
6. Noor Zainab Habib, Ibrahim Kamaruddin, Madzalan Napiah and Isa Mohd Tan, Rheological Properties of
Polyethylene and Polypropylene Modified Bitumen, International Journal of Civil Engineering 3:2, 2011
7. Indian Standard (IS), Methods for Testing Tar and Bituminous Materials, IS 1201 to 1220, 1978
8. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Specification, Section 4, vol. 04-03, 2000.
9. AASHTO T315-02. Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using Dynamic Shear
Rheometer, Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. T31502 Part 2B. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2002.
10. American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM), ASTM D-7175, Standard Test Method for Determining
Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)
11. H. Robinson, Polymers in Asphalt, ISBN: 9781859575079, 2005
12. F.L. Roberts, P.S. Kandhal, R.E. Brown, D-Y. Lee, and T.W. Kennedy, Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture
Design & Construction. 2nd edn. La, National Asphalt Pavement Association Education Foundation Inc., 1996
13. Chao Wang and Jinxi Zhang, Evaluation of Rutting Parameters of Asphalt Binder Based on Rheological Test,
IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, No.1, February 2014.
14. Annual book of ASTM standards, (2008), Standard Test Method for Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery
(MSCR) of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer, ASTM: D 7405-10a
15. S. Maheshwari, B. Saha, P. Senthivel, P V C Rao, N.V. Choudhury, Assessment of bitumen according to
performance grading system, Petrotech, 2009, New Delhi
16. Biswanath Saha, Sonal Maheshwari, P. Senthivel and N. V. Choudary, Assessment of Performance
Characteristics of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen Using Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Petrotech-2010, 31
October - 3 November, 2010, New Delhi, India
17. Whiteoak C.D, The shell bitumen hand book, Surrey, UK. 2003.
18. Olugbenga A. Ehinola, Olugbenga A. Falode and G. Jonathan, Softening Point and Penetration Index of
Bitumen from Parts of Southwestern Nigeria, NAFTA 63 (9-10) 319-323 (2012)
19. Pfeiffer J P H and P M Van Doormaal, The Rheological Properties of Asphaltic Bitumens, Journal of Institute
of Petroleum, Vol 22, pp 414-440, 1936, Institute of Petroleum, London
20. Nayang Technological University, School of Civil and Structural Engineering, Laboratory-Pavement Materials,
Penetration of Bituminous Materials