Gas Loop

Gas Loop
Discuss the typical components of the gas loop using the prepared
schematic diagram.

Figure ---- Schematic Diagram of Gas Loop

Combustion Analysis

Provide introductory statement. Use the complete data of the

selected fuel, to include ash, sediments and others. Present the results in
terms of weight and mass.

Sample computation
Ultimate Analysis
Carbon ( C )

64%

Hydrogen ( H )

4%

Nitrogen ( N )

1.4%

Sulfur ( S )

1.2%

Oxygen ( O )

6.8%

Ash, sediments

Computing the required O2:

Briefly discuss the procedure in computing the required oxygen.

For Carbon (C):

32
x 0.64=1.71
12
For Hydrogen (H):
32
x 0.04=0.32
4
For Sulfur (S):
32
x 0.012=0.012
32

1.71 + 0.32 + 0.012 = 2.042

kg O2
kg c oal

Computing the Product of Combustion:

0.068 = 1.974

kg O2
kg coal

Briefly

discuss

the

procedure

in

computing

the

product

of

combustion. Include in the computation the gravimetric and

volumetric analysis of the flue gas

For Carbon (C):

44
x 0.64=2.35
12
For Hydrogen (H):
18
x 0.04=0.36
2
For Sulfur (S):
64
x 0.012=0.024
32

2.35 + 0.36 + 0.024 + 0.08 = 2.814

kg O2
kg coal

Prepare a table showing the summary of computed values

Combustion Analysis
Corresponding

Required

Product of

Reaction

O2

Combustion

(include values in

(include values in

terms of volume and

terms of volume and

mass)
1.71

mass)
2.35

0.32

0.36

Inert Gas

0.08

C ~ C + O2 CO2
H ~ 2H2 + O2 2H2O
N ~ Inert Gas

S~
O~

S2 + 2O2 2SO2

0.012

0.024

---------------

-0.068

--------------------

TOTAL

1.974

2.814

Computation for Air-Fuel Ratio and Gas-Fuel Ratio:

For Air-Fuel Ratio:

Maf = 1.974 + 1.974
Maf = 13.07

0.768
)
0.232

0.768
)
0.232

kg of air
kg of fuel

For Gas-Fuel Ratio:

Mfg = 2.814 + 1.974
Mfg = 15.85

kg of flue gas
kg of fuel

Briefly discuss the procedure in computing the concentration of

various products of combustion here. Compare the results with the
existing emission standard (e.g. particulate matter, sulfur dioxide).

Results shall be used as basis in determining whether there is a

need to provide an air pollution control facility or not.

Air Preheater

Discuss the importance of air pre-heater and its function. Also

include the type/ kind of air preheater.

Briefly describe each of the type/kind of air preheater focusing on

its major feature / components.
Types:
Tubular Type
Regenerative Air pre-heater
Rotating-plate regenerative air pre-heater

Selected Air Pre-heater

Briefly discuss type /kind of air preheater to be provided for the system

Air Pollution Control Facility and Management

Briefly discuss the type of pollutant that the plant would generate.
Cite the result of computation (flue gas concentration) and use it as basis
whether to provide control facility or employ appropriate management
measures to lessen it.

If pollution control facility is needed, discuss different type of

control facility and select which is more effective and economical.
Examples of control facility or measures are:
Electrostatic (Plate) Precipitator
Wet electrostatic precipitator
Baghouses

Use of low sulfur fuel

Burner configuration/method of burning

Stack
Briefly discuss the function of stack. Cite importance of a properly
designed stack (economics , allow dispersion of pollutants)

Calculating Stack Height

Introductory statement:

Summary of operating conditions

Maximum continuous rate

1215 t/h of steam

Superheated steam pressure

Superheated steam temperature
Reheated steam temperature
Fuel

17.2 MPa
541 C
541 C
bituminous coal

Tb = 353.33C + 37.78C
Tb = 391.11C
Where:
Tb = saturation boiler temperature,
Mfg = mass flue gas,
Mf = mass of fuel,
dfg = density of flue gas,
Qfg = volume flow rate of flue gas.

Mfg = 15.85

kg of flue gas
kg of fuel

Mf = 136.47

kg of fuel
sec

Compute individually for plants that have multiple generating units

(example if 3 units)

Mf = 136.47 / 3
Mf = 45.49
dfg = 0.55
M fg
Qfg = P =
fg

kg of fuel
sec
kg
m3
15.85

kg of flue gas
kg of fuel
x 45.49
kg of fuel
sec
kg
0.55 3
m

Qfg = 1,310.93 m3/s

Use the recommended excess air

Typical Ranges of Excess Air Requirements for Various

Fuels and Methods of Firing
Fuel

Excess air, % by
weight

Pulverized Coal
Fluidized bed Combustion
Spreader stoker
Water-cooled vibrating grate stoker
Chain and traveling grate stoker

15 20
15 20
2535
2535
2535

Underfeed stoker
Fuel oil
Natural gas
Coke oven gas
Blast furnace gas
Wood/bark
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
Municipal solid waste (MSW)

2540
315
315
315
1530
2025
4060
80100

Source: Babcock & Wilcox, a McDermott company

Qfg = 1,310.93 x (excess air)

Qfg = ------- m3/s

Determine/calculate the draft every 30m of stack:

From PPE by Morse (pp.494);

D30 = k (da - dg) 0.007578 da

V5
Qg

Where:
D = available draft per 30 m. of chimney
= cm. of water
k = 2.7 for brick of chimney and 2.4 for steel stack
da = density of air kg/m3
dg = density of flue gas kg/m3
V = gas velocity in the chimney m/s
Qg = gas flow in m3/s
D1 = 0.004 V2 dg

Chimney Draft
x 30
D30

Hchimney =

Computation for Height of Stack: (sample only)

For velocity
@ 6.1 m/s; (from PPE by Morse)
kg
D30 = 2.4 (1.2
m3

kg
0.55
m3

kg

) 0.007578 (1.2
m3

6.15
1,573.12

D30 = 1.54 m
From PPE by (Morse, pp.496)
Hstack =

0.004 ( 6.1 )2 ( 0.55 ) +2

x 30
1.54

Hstack = 40.56 m

Computation for Stack Diameter:

ID = 1.3

Qg
V

ID = 1.3

1,573.12
6.1

= 20.88 m

Repeat the procedure / calculate by assuming other values within

the range. Option is to have it in excel format for faster calculation.
Present the result in table form (sample shown below).

Computed Stack height and diameter at different velocity

(sample)
8

Velocity

Height of chimney

Inside diameter

Product

V
6.1 m/s

H
40.56 m

ID
20.88

H x ID
856.08 m2

11 m/s

46.25 m

15.55

15.24 m/s

55.88 m

13.21

719.19 m2
738.17 m2

The lowest value of the product is the ideal stack dimension

Fans and Blower

Introductory statement, which could include purpose of the

equipment and the need to provided one.

The design of fans and blowers would depend on the combustion

technology or type of the power plant.

For boilers with built-in burners, fan capacity need not be

computed. Just mention the type or capacity of the fan for supply air if
available in the specification.

Induced Draft Fan

Types of induced draft fan are as follows:

Centrifugal Fan

Axial-Flow Fan
Briefly discuss the advantage and disadvantage of different type of
fan. Type of fan to be used should be justified.

Induced Draft Fan Computation

Figure ----shows the variations of air and the flue gas densities
with flue gas temperature.

(Source: PPD Morse, 1953)

Figure ----- Variations of Air and Flue Gas Densities with Flue Gas
Temperatures

Sample computation :
M g=15.85
M f =136.47

kg fuel
sec

For three (3) stack

10

kg gas
kg fuel

Mf = 136.47 / 3
kg of fuel
sec

Mf = 45.49
V fg =11

m
s

(From stack design chosen for velocity of flue gas)

Pb=17.2 Mpa

(Super heated steam pressure from our boiler selection)

d g =0.55

kg
3
m

m' g
dg

Qg =

But

m
m
( f )
( g)
m' g=

where;

Qg = Volume flow rate of flue gas

mg= Mass flow rate of the gas

d g = Density of the flue gas

t fg = Flue gas temperature
t b sat = Saturation boiler
temperature
@

t fg =t b s at +100 F
t fg =t b sat +37.78 C
;

Pb=17.2 Mpa

t b sat =353.33 C

(using steam table)

From figure 4.4, it shows that with a flue gas temperature of

391.11C, the density of flue gas is 0.55 kg/m3
t fg =353.33+37.78
t fg =

391.11 C

d g =0.55

kg
3
m

11

m
m
( f )
( g)
m' g=
( 15.85 ) (45.49)

kg gas
s

721.02
Qg =

721.02
0.55

Qg =1,310.93

m3
s

Qg =1310.93 ( 1.2 )
Qg =1573. 12

m3
s

For volume flow rate, CFM

1573.12

m3 3.28 ft 3 60 s
x
x
s
1m
1 min

3,330,925.12CFM

For total head,

HT

H T =hs +h v
Velocity head,

hv
2

h v=

V
2g

( 11)2
h v=
2(9.81)
h v =6.17 m
h v=

6.17 ( 1.2 ) (100)

1000

h v =0.74 cm water

12

Static head,

hs

(typical values from PPD Morse pp. 477)

Boiler = 2.73
Super heater = 2.73,
Economizer = 2.54,
Air heater = 3.81,
Dust collector = 6.48
Note:

specify or use typical values of chosen dust collector or air

pollution control facility;

values would differ depending on the type of equipment used;

and
use other data if available

h s=( 2.73+2.73+2.54+ 3.81+ 6.48+2 ) x 1.2

h s=24.35 cm of water
Therefore;
H T =hs +h v
H T =24.35+0.74
H T =25.09 26 cmwater

Select fan that is available in the market. Parameters to be used

in selecting should be volumetric flow rate and draft. Include picture of
the selected fan and no. of units to be used.

Concentration of Exhausted Flue Gas

13

Briefly discuss the expected pollutants to be emitted by the plant

and the need of addressing it.
Dispersion Model ( derivation of formula used in estimating pollutants at various
distance from the plant):
The Gaussian dispersion equations to calculate the chemical concentration
along the plume centerline at ground level and maximum ground level concentration
(MGLC) were used in the study. The said equations were derived from the general
Gaussian dispersion equation (designated as equation 1) which is given below:
C(x,y,z)=

exp[-1/2(y/y)2] {exp[-1/2(z-H/z)2] + exp[-1/2(z+H/z)2]}

2yz
where:
C= concentration of pollutants at coordinates x,y,z (mg/m3)
Q= emission rate of pollutants (mg/sec)

yz = horizontal (crosswind) and vertical standard deviations of pollutants

concentration along the centerline of the flume (m)

= mean wind velocity (m/sec)

x = downwind distance along the centerline of the plume (m)
y = horizontal distance from the centerline of the plume (m)
z = vertical distance from the ground level (m)
H = plume height (m)
To estimate the concentration along the plume centerline at ground level, y
and z is both set equal to zero. Thus equation 1 reduces to the following form:
C(x,0,0)=

Q
exp[-1/2(H/z)2]
yz

{ equation 2}

Equation 2 is further simplified by setting H=0, which is used in estimating

MGLC (no thermal or momentum flux).
C(0,0,0) =

Q
(y z)0

{ equation 3}

where Cmax = maximum concentration of chemicals/substance (mg/m3)

14

(y z)0 = horizontal and vertical deviations at x=0

Solving for emission rate of pollutant (Q) from equation 3 and substituting the
value of Q to equation 2, then the resulting equation is:
C(x,0,0) = C(0,0,0)(yz)0 exp[-1/2(H/z)2]
yz

{equation 4}

Equation 4 is then used in estimating the concentration of chemicals (Cx,0,0) at

distance (x) from the source, along the plume center line at ground level. The
equation does not take into account the dispersion of the air contaminants in the
crosswind direction (y-axis). Hence, it can be expected that estimated values will be
higher than the actual concentration.
In using equation 4, it is assumed that stack height (h) is equal to plume
height (H). This assumption would likewise result in higher values, as plume rise is
not considered. Plume rise however, could be not so significant as the temperature
of the flue gas will be much lower after passing a series of treatment. The
temperature of the flue gas is usually lowered to the designed operating temperature
of the equipment.
The assumptions in using Gaussian dispersion equation should also be
considered in the interpretation of data. These assumptions are: (a) wind and
velocity and direction are constant over height and over averaging period; (b) the
emission rate is constant; (c) the plume reflects completely at the ground (i.e., no
deposition); and (c) no diffusion occurs in the direction of the plume travel (La
Grega,1994).

Calculated concentration of pollutants (sample only)

Formula estimating concentration at various distance from the plant;

15

C=

Q
(Q z Q y )

Where:
C = pollution concentration
Q = emission rate, mg/s
(Q z Q y )

= horizontal and vertical standard deviation

= mean wind velocity (data based on Philippine condition)

Q = Qfg (concentration of pollutant; g/N.cm)

Qfg = use design data ; m3/s

H = ------ m (From Stack Height Design)
TSP = calculated concentration after control facility ;g/N.cm

Values taken from figure below:

(Q z Q y )

= horizontal and vertical standard deviation; taken from

figure below

16

Figure ----- Horizontal Dispersion Coefficient

Source: http://www.lenntech.com/

Figure ----- Vertical Dispersion Coefficient

For Maximum ground level concentration (x=0;y=0;z=0)
Qz =6 m
Q y =10 m

C=

471.94
( 10 ) ( 6 ) (2)
C(000)=

471.94
( 10 ) ( 6 ) (2)

= 1.25

mg
m3

17

Maximum ground level concentration:

@ x = 0;

C (Q z Q y ) e
(x 00)= (000 )
(Q z Q y )
[
2

1.25 ( 6 ) (10) e
(x 00)=
( 6 ) (10)

= 1.24
= 1,240

1
]
2
H
Qz

( )

1
]
2
46.25
6

mg
m3
g
3
m

Table ----- shows the concentration of flue gas with respect to

distance from source.
Concentration with respect to distance
Distance,
In meter

Qy

Qz

g
m3

200

22

14

229.25

225

24

15

199.24

230

26

16

169.54

250
300

28
40

17
20

149.55
81.96

18

The

maximum

ambient

Particulates (TSP) is 90 g/m3.

concentration

of

Total

Suspended

Table ----- shows that the allowable

concentration will be met at 300 m away from the stack.

Gas Loop Summary

Summarized the gas loop components and update and show the
resulting / revise diagram indicating the number and specifications.

Figure ---- Proposed Diagram of Gas Loop for---------Unit

19