Network Enterprise

School of EEE
Unit 3
Enterprise Network Technology Design
EE4718: Enterprise Network Design
EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project
Page. 1
School of EEE
Outline
A Big Picture of Enterprise Network
Identifying and Selecting Internetworking Devices
LAN and WAN Design
Enterprise Network Design Model
Sever Placement
Page. 2
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A Big Picture of Enterprise Network

Enterprise internetwork: a corporation, agency, school, or other organization that ties
together its data, communication, computing, and file servers.
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A Big Picture of Enterprise Network(contd)
Large internetworks consist of the following three distinct components:

-
Campus networks, which consist of locally connected users in a building or

group of buildings, i.e., Local-area networks (LANs)
Wide-area networks (WANs), which connect campuses together
Remote connections, which link branch offices and single users (mobile users
and/or telecommuters) to a local campus or the Internet
Developments on the enterprise network include:

-
LANs interconnected to provide access to computers or file servers in other locations
End-user needs for higher bandwidth on the LANs
Relaying technologies for WAN service
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A Big Picture of Enterprise Network(contd)

Example of a campus network
A campus is a building or
group of buildings all
connected into one enterprise
network that consists of
many local area networks
(LANs).
A campus is generally a
portion of a
company/organization (or the
whole company) constrained
to a fixed geographic area.
Page. 5
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Selecting Internetworking Devices
Four basic types of internetworking devices:

-
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
Most network designers are moving away from hubs and bridges and
primarily using switches and routers
Page. 6
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Internetworking Devices
Hubs (Concentrators)
-
used to connect multiple users/network

devices together, making them act as a
single network segment
act as repeaters by regenerating the

signal as it passes through them
Bridges
-
used to logically separate network

segments within the same network
operate at the OSI data link layer

(Layer 2) and are independent of
higher-layer protocols.
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Internetworking Devices(contd)
Switches
-
similar to bridges but usually have more ports

provide a unique network segment on each port, thereby separating collision
domains
Today, network designers are replacing hubs in their wiring closets with
switches to increase their network performance and bandwidth while
protecting their existing wiring investments
Benefits of using switches:

-
High bandwidth
Improved performance (only selected frames are transferred between ports)
Low cost
Easy configuration (support self-configuration)
VLAN (IEEE 802.1Q)
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Switch: Learning Address

MAC address table
E0: 0260.8c01.1111
A
0260.8c01.1111
E0
E1
E2
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
Station A sends a frame to Station C

Switch caches station A MAC address to port E0 by learning the source address
of data frames
The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all ports except port E0
(unknown unicasts are flooded)
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Switch: Learning Address (cont.)

MAC address table
E0: 0260.8c01.1111
E3: 0260.8c01.4444
A
0260.8c01.1111
E0
E2
E1
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
Station D sends a frame to station C

Switch caches station D MAC address to port E3 by learning the source Address of
data frames
The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports except port E3
(unknown unicasts are flooded)
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Switch: Filtering Frames

MAC address table
0260.8c01.1111
E0:
E2:
E1:
E3:
E0
E2
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
E1
X
X
0260.8c01.3333
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station A sends a frame to station C

Destination is known, frame is not flooded
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Switch: Broadcast and Multicast Frames
MAC address table
0260.8c01.1111
E0:
E2:
E1:
E3:
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
E0
E1
E2
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame

Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports other than the
originating port
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Types of Switches
Switches can be categorized as follows:
LAN switches The switches within this category can be further divided into
Layer 2 switches and multilayer switches.
ATM switches ATM switching offer greater backbone bandwidth required by

high-throughput data services.
Workgroup ATM switches

Campus ATM switches
Enterprise ATM switches
Multiservice access switches
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Topological Limitations of Switched Network
A serious limitation of functional capabilities of switch is the impossibility of supporting loop

configurations of the network
-
Frame spawning
Endless frame circulation
Constant rebuilding of address tables
Allow the construction of only tree-like structures that guarantee the presence of exactly one route
between any two segments
MAC: 123
Segment 1
broadcast
Segment 2
MAC Addr
Port
123
MAC Addr
Port
123
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Spanning Tree Compliant Switch
IEEE 802.1D spanning tree

protocol
Using bridge protocol data units

(BPDUs) to construct spanning
tree
-
root switch
Generated periodically (hello

interval)
Normal traffic goes through root

port and designated port
Eliminate looping in the network
In general tree topology built is

not always optimal (why?)
designated switch
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Routers
Routers
-
separate broadcast domains and are used to connect different networks.

direct network traffic based on the destination network address (Layer 3)
rather than MAC address.
protocol dependent.
Benefits of using routers

-
Broadcast filtering
Hierarchical addressing
Communication between dissimilar LANs and interconnect disparate LAN and
WAN technologies
Optimal packet routing
Security
Policy routing
QoS routing
Multimedia group membership (multicast routing)
Page. 16
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Outline
LAN and WAN Design
Sever Placement
Page. 17
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Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

-
tprop
History
Proposed by Xerox, DEC, & Intel.
MAC
1-persistent CSMA/CD.
Cabling
Collision window period = 2tprop
An Ethernet LAN can consists of multiple segments connected by repeaters.

A maximum of 4 repeaters can be used.
In any case, the end-to-end maximum is 2500 meters.
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Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Cabling
10Base5
10Base2
10Base-T
Note: The transceiver is responsible for carrier detection and

collision detection.
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Shared LAN
Inherent Contention Problem
only one user access at a time
create bottlenecks when network becomes busy
access contention causes latency variation
Server 1
Server 2
Server 3
Single Segment
Hub 1
B
Users
Hub 2
C
E
Users
Hub 3
F
H
Users
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Segmented LAN
Inherent Congestion Problem
Bridge partitions collision domain and improves response time on same segment
but, congestion at bridging ends
Server 1
Server 2
Segment A
Segment B
1
Bridge
Hub 1
A
Server 3
C
B
Users
Hub 3
Hub 2
D
F
E
Users
I
H
Users
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Switched LAN
Dedicated Switched Paths
multiple and simultaneous switched paths at full rate

remove collision domain
but, shift bottlenecks to application domain
Backbone
Server 1
Server 2
Hub 1
30Mb/s switch
High-Speed LAN switch

10Mb/s
10Mb/s
10Mb/s
B
Users
10Mb/s
10Mb/s
10Mb/s
Router
Hub 3
Hub 2
C
E
Users
H
Users
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Switched 10/100 Mps

Asymmetrical Rates
removed bottlenecks in application domain

full high speed uplink possible
Backbone
Server 1
Server 2
High-Speed LAN switch

10Mb/s
10Mb/s
Hub 2
10Mb/s
Hub 1
B
Users
100Mb/s
100Mb/s
100Mb/s
Router
E
Users
H
Users
Page. 23
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LAN Switching Operation
Operates at the data link layer
Learns source addresses on the LAN
Transmits frame out the correct port based on the destination address
Floods frame to all ports when destination address is unknown
Filter frame when destination is on the same LAN segment
Is basically a bridge - but can switch more than one frame at a time
Destination
address
Source
address
Data
Check
sum
Basic MAC Frame
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Shared LAN Designs

-
Network A has 500 users on 5 separate 100-node shared Ethernet segment

Each user has roughly 100 kbps
Network can handle audio conferencing
Router
Network A
10 Mbps
Hub
Hub
Hub
Hub
Hub 100 users shared

10 Mbps uplink
100 users per segment

100 kbps per user
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School of EEE
Shared Ethernet and Switched Ethernet LAN Designs

Network B uses
50 Mbps
both hubs and switches

50 Mbps switched
uplink
10 Mbps
10 users shared
10 Mbps uplink
1 Mbps
10 users are connected to a shared Ethernet hub

Each hub is connected to a dedicated 10 Mbps Ethernet switch port
Each hub gets 10 Mbps giving each users roughly 1 Mbps
can run medium quality video applications
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Switched LAN Designs
Network C eliminates the shared Ethernet hubs

Each user has a dedicated 10 Mbps connection to the LAN via a direct connection to
the switch port
Can support high quality multimedia applications
Router
Network C
50 Mbps
Switch
Full-rate switched
connection
10 Mbps
1 users per segment

10 Mbps per user
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High-Speed LAN Design

To increase bandwidth for running multimedia applications, one could
consider using the following high-speed backbone technologies:
Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Gigabit Ethernet
ATM
FDDI (getting less popular)
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Fast Ethernet
Deliver 100 Mbps over cat 5 UTP or fiber cable
Two main advantages:
Relatively inexpensive (assuming cat 5 UTP is present)
Simple to migrate from traditional 10Mbps Ethernet
Support a variety of network design scenarios:

-
High-speed client-server connectivity
High-speed interswitch communication
High-speed backbone
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Fast Ethernet(contd)
High-speed client-server connectivity
-
Servers on Fast Ethernet can transmit data to clients that are connected via Fast
Ethernet or switched 10 Mbps Ethernet
Fast Ethernet also provides a straightforward migration path for client stations to
100 Mbps
File/print
sever
Video
sever
100 Mbps
100 Mbps
(e.g. Cisco 4x00/7x00

series router)
100 Mbps
e.g. Catalyst 5000
Asymmetrical-rate
connection
LAN switch
10-Mbps
switched Ethernet
Client access
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High-speed interswitch communication
Useful in a microsegmented environment in which each client has a dedicated

10 Mbps segment
With Fast Ethernet connection between switches, a client can communicate
with another client attached to a different switch without sacrificing
bandwidth
100 Mbps
Switch
100 Mbps
10 Mbps
Switched Ethernet
Client access
100 Mbps
High-speed switched
uplinks
10 Mbps
Switched Ethernet
Client access
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High-speed backbone
Fast Ethernet connections over CAT5 UTP are limited to 100 meters
The distance can be extended to 2 km by using fiber
Can use Fast Ethernet over fiber as a backbone to interconnect switches and routers
within a campus
However, in practice, Fast Ethernet is rarely used as backbone technology
-
Gigabit Ethernet and ATM are better choices as backbone technologies

Building 3
Building 1
High-speed backbone
switched connections
e.g. Catalyst 5000
LAN switch
100 Mbps
100 Mbps
100 Mbps
Building 2
e.g. Catalyst 5000
Building 4
e.g. Catalyst 5000
e.g. Catalyst 5000
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Virtual LAN (VLAN)

VLAN allows for grouping of network devices (ports, stations, switches, etc) into
virtual (logical) broadcast groups
is independent of physical location (except using port addressing)
specified by switch port number, MAC address, and protocol
VLAN achieve the following benefits:
isolate different broadcast domains
restrict routing of packets (especially broadcast packets)
restrict access for some servers or services

1
7
R
Switch
3
4
8
Fast Ethernet
E
VLAN-1
(subnet 1)
VLAN-2
(subnet 2)
Member of both VLANs

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VLAN Addressing
L2 Header
VLAN
Tag
Static VLANs
Assign ports (port-centric)
All nodes attached to same switch port must be in same VLAN
Benefits: secure, easy to configure and monitor
Dynamic VLANs
Assigned using centralized VLAN management application
Assigned based on MAC address, logical address, or protocol type
Notification when unrecognized user is added to network
Benefits: less wiring reconfiguration
Port e0/4
Data
Check
sum
Port e0/9
Static VLAN
VLAN5
Trunk
VLAN10
MAC = 1111.1111.1111
Dynamic
VLAN
VMPS
1111.1111.1111 = vlan 10
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VLAN Segmentation
Subnet 1
VLAN 1
Router
Switches and routers each play an important

role in VLAN design. Switches are the core
device that controls individual VLANs while
routers provide interVLAN communication
Subnet 2
VLAN 2
100Mbps Switch
Repeater
Very high
bandwidth users
10/100Mbps Switch
Medium bandwidth users
10
10
Server
Server
Low bandwidth users

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VLAN Routing
Host A wants to communicate with host D, so it sends address resolution protocol (ARP)
frame with host Ds destination IP and broadcast MAC addresses
Switch broadcasts request to all other ports in VLAN 10, including to the router
Router recognizes it can reach host Ds network, replies ARP response frame with its own
MAC address as the destination MAC address to reach host Ds network
Host A sends all subsequent traffic with host Ds IP and the routers MAC address
Router recognizes destination network is on VLAN 20, hence routes all frames to the switch
with a VLANID 20
The switch, in turn, deliver the frame to host D
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
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VLAN example
Simplification of network
management by facilitating
network reconfigurations
(moves and changes)
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Evolve Shared-Media Networks to Switching Internetworks

Phase 1: Using Switches For Micro-segmentation
example of how a LAN

switch can be used to
segment a network:
network designers retain
their hubs and routers, but
insert a LAN switch to
enhance performance.
Micro-segmentation
Routed segments
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Evolve Shared-Media Networks To Switching Internetworks (contd)

Phase 2: Addition of high-speed
backbone technology and routing
between switches
Switched segments
Backbone routers are attached to either

Fast Ethernet or ATM switches.
Distribution router
Switched
backbone
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Evolve Shared-Media Networks To Switching Internetworks(contd)

Phase 3: Distributing routers between
high-speed core and LAN switches.
routers are distributed between the
LAN switches in the wiring closet and
the high-speed core switch. The
network backbone is now strictly a
high-speed transport mechanism with
all other devices, such as the
distributed routers, at the periphery
Distribution
routers
High-speed core
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Evolve Shared-Media Networks To Switching Internetworks(contd)

Phase 4: End-to-end switching with
VLAN and multilayer switching
capability.
VLAN
segments
It involves end-to-end switching

with integral VLANs and multilayer
switching capability. By this point,
Layer 2 and Layer 3 integrated
switching is distributed across the
network and is connected to the
high-speed core.
IP Switch
Controller
Upstream
node
Switch
Downstream
node
IP Switching
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Trends in Campus Design

switched segments
Distribution highspeed switches Distribution routers
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Traditional Campus-VLAN Design
Core servers
VLAN routing
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Campus-Wide VLANs and Multilayer Switching
VLAN
switching
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Summary of LAN Technologies

LAN Technology
Typical Uses
Routing technologies
Routing is a key technology for connecting LANs in a campus network. It can be

either Layer 3 switching or more traditional routing with Layer 3 switching and
additional router features.
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet builds on top of the Ethernet protocol, but increases speed ten-fold
over Fast Ethernet to 1000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps. Gigabit Ethernet provides high
bandwidth capacity for backbone designs while providing backward compatibility for
installed media.
LAN switching technologies

Ethernet switching
Ethernet switching provides Layer 2 switching, and offers dedicated Ethernet

segments for each connection. This is the base fabric of the network.
ATM switching
technologies
ATM switching offers high-speed switching technology for voice, video, and data. Its
operation is similar to LAN switching technologies for data operations. ATM, however,
offers high bandwidth capacity.
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WAN Technologies
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

-
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

-
used for cost-effective remote access to corporate networks.
provides support for digital voice, video and data transport services on public telephone networks.
Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)

-
provides high-speed, high-performance (bursty) connections across public data networks
also deployed in metropolitan-area networks (MANs).
X.25
-
provide a reliable WAN circuit or backbone.
provides support for legacy applications.
Frame Relay
-
Converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for multimedia and high-speed data
communications.
public network WAN technology based on packet switching (lite version of X.25 error-control)
WAN ATM
-
can be used to accelerate bandwidth requirements.

support for multiple QoS classes for differing application requirements for delay and loss.
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WAN Devices
Routers
offer many services, including networking and WAN interface ports
WAN switches
connect to WAN bandwidth for voice, data, and video communication
multiport networking device
typically switches such traffic as Frame Relay, X.25, and Switched

Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
operate at the data link layer, filter, forward, and flood frames based on
the destination address of each frame
Communication servers
concentrate dial-in and dial-out user communication
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WAN Devices(contd)
Modems: interface voice-grade services. Modems include CSUs/ DSUs and TA/NT1 devices
that interface ISDN services. Modulating and demodulating the signal, enabling data to be
transmitted over voice-grade telephone lines (analog)
Analog-interface
Typically for remote

WAN access
WAN
Modem
router
Modem
CSU/DSU
WAN
switch
Typically for WAN

inter-connection
Digital-interface
Digital-interface device: channel service unit (CSU)/data service unit (DSU) is

placed between the switch and the router. Sometimes, CSU/DSUs are
integrated in the router box.
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WAN Devices(contd)
ISDN Terminal Adapters
ISDN TA
WAN
Switch
Digital-interface
ISDN TA : a device used to connect ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) connections to
other interfaces. A TA is essentially an ISDN modem
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WAN Physical Layer

EIA/TIA-232
V.35
X.21
HSSI
others
CSU/DSU
Modem
Physical-interface
Modem
DTE
Endpoint of the user's device
on the WAN ink
Serial
DCE & DTE
DCE
Endpoint of the WAN
provider's side of the
communication facility
DTE
Serial link
DCE
Clock rates range form

300 bps to 8 Mbps
EIA/TIA-232 -A common physical-layer interface standard, supports unbalanced circuits at

signal speeds of up to 64 kbps. formerly known as RS-232
V.24-An ITU-T standard for a physical-layer interface between DTE and DCE
X.21-An ITU-T standard for serial communications over synchronous digital lines. The X.21
protocol is used primarily in Europe and Japan.
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The WAN Data Link Layer
Dedicated
point-to-point
Packet
switched
Circuit
switched
Cisco HDLC, PPP

router
X.25. Frame Relay
ISDN D channel
ISDN B channel
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Use of Frame Relay and ISDN WAN Links

ISDN
Core WAN
Remote site
Frame Relay
LAN switch
Remote site
Campus
backbone
Serial link
Site 6
Site 5
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 4
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WAN Design Considerations
WAN bandwidth is a scarce resource and increasing WAN bandwidth

is not easy as it is expensive
If additional WAN bandwidth is needed, first look at available circuitswitched technologies: Switched-56, switched-T1, and ISDN
-
Charges on these services are based on connection time
These services can also be configured as backup service if they are used
together with other WAN services such as leased lines
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Remote Connection Design
Remote connections link single users (mobile users and/or

telecommuters) and branch offices to a local campus or the Internet
Typically, a remote site is a small site that has few users and therefore
needs a low bandwidth WAN connection
Network designers typically choose between dial-up and dedicated WAN

options for remote connections. Remote connections generally run at
speeds of 128 Kbps or lower.
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Policy-based routing
ISDN
Video over circuitswitched WAN
56kbps leased line

FTP
E-mail
Proshare Client FTP client
FTP host
Proshare client
Policy-based routing can be used for networks in which both circuitswitched WAN and leased line connections are used
-
Traffic can be routed over different WAN links based on traffic type
E.g. Route e-mail and FTP traffic over a 56 kbps leased line and a video
conferencing session over ISDN
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Outline
LAN and WAN Design
Sever Placement
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--- Structure, Hierarchy and Modularity
Structure ---- creates failure domain boundaries
Hierarchy --- is functional and divides the problem
Modularity --- Create manageable building blocks
Fundamentally, we break the network design into manageable blocks so
that the network will function within the performance and scale limits of
applications, protocols and network services
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Modularity
Building Block vs. Product Focus

-
A module is a functional building block, not a product mapping
A module is defined by the functions it performs, not what boxes are used
Building-Block Approach : Designing and building network modules that

are then assembled to create a large hierarchical network provides
several benefits:
-
Ease of growth
Streamlined training
Distributed management
Fault isolation and troubleshooting
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Modularity Example
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Generic Modular Campus Design
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Hierarchy: each
layer provides a
unique function
Hierarchical Design Model

Core Layer
(Network Backbone)
WAN
Broadcast domains
Distribution
Layer
router
Campus
backbone
Building
backbone
LAN
switch
Remote Site 1
Broadcast domain
Broadcast domain
Access Layer
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
Remote Site 2
Remote workgroups
LAN
switch
Local workgroups
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Hierarchical Design Model
Hierarchical design model

-
Design the network in layers to simplify the design task
Each layer is focused on specific functions, thereby allowing the networking

designer to choose the right systems and features for the layer
Advantages
-
Hierarchical design facilitate changes.
Modularity in network design allows replication of design elements as the network

grows.
The cost and complexity of making the upgrade are constrained to a small subset
of the overall network.
Facilitate the identification of failure-points in a network by structuring the network

into small, easy-to-understand elements.
Network managers can easily understand the transition points in the network,
which helps identify failure points.
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Hierarchical Design Model (contd)

The hierarchical design model includes three layers:
Core layer: provides optimal transport between core routers and
distribution sites
Distribution layer:
Provides network services to multiple LANs within an enterprise network,

e.g. campus backbone
provides policy-based connectivity, e.g. broadcast/multicast domain,

VLAN routing, etc.
Access layer: provides workgroup and user access to the network,

e.g. Ethernet LAN
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Hierarchical Design Model(contd)

Core Layer
(Network Backbone)
WAN
Broadcast domains
Distribution
Layer
router
Campus
Concentration
backbone
Building
Access Layer
Remote Site 1
Broadcast domain
Broadcast domain
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
Remote Site 2
Remote workgroups
Integration
backbone
Distribution
Local workgroups
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Core-Layer
Site D
Site C
Site A
Site B
Provides fast connections between remote sites: Optimized paths between

interconnections
Should not perform any packet manipulation, such as access control and
packet filtering, that would slow down the network
Usually implemented as WAN, the services typically are leased from a telecom
service provider: Efficient and controlled use of bandwidth
The WAN in general requires redundant paths to keep the network continues
functioning even in case of link failure
Main design issues of WAN:

-
Load sharing, rapid convergence of routing protocols, and efficient use of

bandwidth
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Core Routing Illustrated (contd)
Ensure traffic engineering policies and

latency are consistent
Fast-Converging Designs enables
alternative path routing (load sharing)
consistent steady-state performance
consistent failure mode behavior
Example Enterprise Core Design
Preventing the possibilities of partitioning

the core
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Core Routing: Fast Converging Design
Create Fast Converging designs

-
use topology or parallel paths between nodes to create load sharing for
consistent, steady-state performance and fast re-route
In the example, A to B has three equal-cost next hops
Three equal hop-count

paths from A to B for
load balancing and fast
re-route
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Core Routing: Consistent Routing Performance
Define diameter(s) between Core routers

-
Design for a specific number of maximum hops for consistent traffic engineering and
latency
The example has a maximum of four hops through the core. Single-node or doublelink failure does not increase maximum hops
Maximum network
diameter of 4 hop-count
from A to B for consistent
routing performance
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Core Routing: Consistent Failure Mode Behavior
Use equal bandwidth links

-
Enable alternative-path routing, consistent steady-state performance, and

consistent failure mode behavior
In the example one link fails, A has three next hops and they remain equal
routing metric cost to get to B)
Change in topology in the

core without disruption of
distribution layer routing
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Core Routing: Prevent Partitioning
Prevent partitions
-
In the example, it takes four simultaneous link failures to partition this

design (or three link failures to isolate a single core router)
Prevent network partitioning

or node isolation due to link
failures
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Core Layer Topology
The 8-node Cube topology illustrates the core

layer attributes in the prior slides but the
principles of core layer design remain the same
with other topologies
Hyper-Cube:
Number of nodes (N) : 8
Core interfaces: 24
Number of circuits: 12
Compared to full mesh
Number of nodes: 8
Core interfaces: 56
Number of circuits: 28
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School of EEE
Core: Full Mesh (Example)
Peer / adjacency intensive:

-
Difficult to upgrade:
-
Central core (full mesh) routers have N-1 adjacencies, which makes scaling difficult
As a core router is added, full connectivity requires changes to every router
Expensive:
-
Huge number of interfaces and circuits on the core routers
Page. 72
School of EEE
Core: Metro Ethernet Ring (Example)
Use point-to-point Gigabit Ethernet for improved network performance
This Structure still has some

undesirable attributes (two
link failures result in a
partitioned core)
Number of nodes: 8
Core interfaces: 16
Links: 8
Page. 73
School of EEE
Core: Metro Ethernet Cube Example
To limit negative failure mode behavior of ring add four more circuits to create a cube
Number of nodes: 8
Core interfaces: 24
Links: 12
Subnet per point-topoint link
This structure controls the failure domains by

increased number of links
Page. 74
School of EEE
Distribution layer
WAN
Site A
Campus backbone
Building backbone
A boundary between the core and the access layers
the backbone network which interconnect LANs usually based on Gigabit

Ethernet or ATM
packet manipulation and filtering can take place
Routers with high densities of network aggregation ports will be a part of the
Distribution layer
Page. 75
School of EEE
Distribution layer(contd)
Provides policy-based connectivity, i.e. routers are programmed to

allow only those traffic that the network manager has determined
acceptable on the backbone network
Policy:
-
Set of rules that governs end-to-end distribution of traffic through a

backbone network
E.g. An organization might want to regulate backbone traffic to a

maximum of 10 percent average bandwidth during the work day and 1min. peaks of 30 percent utilization
E.g. To limit the traffic on the backbone, one might want to filter off the
Service Advertisement Protocol messages sent by NetWare services, i.e.
all NetWare services should be provided locally and should not be
advertised remotely
Page. 76
School of EEE
Distribution layer(contd)
Distribution layer can include functions

-
Address or area aggregation
Departmental or workgroup access
Broadcast/multicast domain
VLAN routing
Security
Good network design practice would not put end stations (such as
servers) on the backbone
-
The backbone acts strictly as a transit path for traffic between workgroups in
different buildings, or from workgroups to campus-wide servers
Distribution layer can also be a redistribution point between routing domains
It can also be a point at which remote sites access the corporate network
Page. 77
School of EEE
Distribution Hub-and-Spoke Example

Network scale:
Insulate rest of the network from local
or group-level complexity
Aggregation:
High densities of adjacencies (routing
peers)
High densities of interfaces
Security:
Access list processing
Firewalls
Process intensive & appliance services:
QoS services
Rate limiting
Content services
Page. 78
School of EEE
Distribution: Frame Relay Example
Page. 79
School of EEE
Distribution: Metro Ethernet Example
Page. 80
School of EEE
Distribution: Metro Ethernet Example (contd)
Page. 81
School of EEE
Small and Medium Business

Emulated LAN model
For a Small number of sites, a flat

network may be viewed as an
acceptable risk.
Single bridge domain ( 1 VLAN)
Single subnet
Single SLA
Single protection attributes
Single availability attributes
Single failure domain

Page. 82
School of EEE
Access layer
WAN links
Building
backbone
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
LAN
switch
terminal
remote workgroups
local workgroups
Page. 83
School of EEE
Access layer Overview
The point at which end users are connected to the network
It may also use access lists or filters to further optimize the needs of
a particular set of users
Main functions:
-
Provide logical segmentation
Isolate broadcast traffic from the workgroup
Provides access to the enterprise for a group that has common, locally
significant characteristics:
Policy
Security
QoS marking
Addressing scheme
QoS admission
Service
Page. 84
School of EEE
Access Layer Design Examples
Common Concepts (workgroup):

Community of Interest
Same subnet (or small set of subnets)
Same default gateway (or set of
gateways)
Common local architecture
Common security constraints
Common QoS Marking and admission
policies
Locally significant services
DHCP servers
Page. 85
School of EEE
Alternatives for Hierarchical WAN Design
Not necessary to have the three layers exist in clear and distinct
physical entities
The layers are used to represent the functionality that must exist in a
network and are used to aid the network design
The instantiation of each layer can be in distinct routers or switches,

or combined in a single device, or can be omitted altogether
Alternatives to the three-layer design are one-layer and two-layer

designs
Page. 86
School of EEE
One-layer design
Light traffic
load
Core
WAN
Remote Site A
LAN
switch
Broadcast domain
LAN
switch
Broadcast domain
Broadcast domain
Heavy traffic
load
Remote Site B
LAN
switch
Remote Site C
Page. 87
School of EEE
One-layer design (contd)
One-layer design is sufficient in designing small networks.
Typically used if there are only a few remote locations in the

company, and access to applications is mainly done via the local LAN
(to servers)
Each site is its own broadcast domain.
Key design issue: Where should the servers be placed?

-
Distributed across multiple LANs
Concentrated in a central server farm location
Page. 88
School of EEE
Two-layer design
WAN
Site E
Site D
Site F
WAN link
WAN link
A WAN link is used

to interconnect
separate sites.
WAN link
Subnet 2
Subnet 1
Site A
Subnet 3
Site B
Subnet 4
Inside each site,

multiple LANs may
be implemented,
with each LAN
segment being its
own broadcast
domain.
Site C
Site F is a concentration point from WAN links

Page. 89
School of EEE
Structure: Typical Large Campus
Page. 90
School of EEE
Structure: Typical Large WAN
Distribution of
MANs
Page. 91
School of EEE
Examples of Enterprise Modules
Aggregation of
WAN
Concentration of Firewalls
and gateways
Page. 92
School of EEE
Networks with Multiple Levels of Structure
Dual core layers

Page. 93
School of EEE
Structure: Controlling Failure
Well-defined failure domains are created by both routing and switching
Failure isolation and troubleshooting are improved by applying a modular

structure with hierarchy
Page. 94
School of EEE
Outline
LAN and WAN Design
Sever Placement
Page. 95
School of EEE
Server placement
Why consider:
-
Servers is related to who will be accessing them
The placement of servers affects traffic patterns in the WAN
Placement principles:
-
If a server is to be accessed by users from different sites, placing it at a

higher layer in the hierarchy will result in a better bandwidth usage
On the other hand, placing the server at the access layer of the site
where the largest concentration of users is located will limit the amount
of traffic crossing the WAN link
Page. 96
School of EEE
Server placement(contd)
other
site
WAN
other
site
Core Layer
7
4
Campus
backbone
Distribution Layer
Access Layer
3
workgroup
sever
Placement of
server based
on user needs
LAN
switch
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Page. 97
School of EEE
Server placement
other
site
WAN
other
site
Core Layer
Enterprise
sever
Campus
backbone
Distribution Layer
Heavy load on
remote links
Access Layer
3
LAN
switch
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
remote workgroups
Page. 98
School of EEE
Server placement(contd)
other
site
WAN
other
site
Core Layer
Enterprise
sever
Campus
backbone
Distribution Layer
Moving the
server to
correct location
to free up
bandwidth
Access Layer
3
LAN
switch
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Page. 99
THANK YOU
THE
School of EEE
END
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School of EEE

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Enterprise Network Design Model

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

A Big Picture of Enterprise Network

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

A Big Picture of Enterprise Network(contd)

Large internetworks consist of the following three distinct components:

Campus networks, which consist of locally connected users in a building or

Wide-area networks (WANs), which connect campuses together

Developments on the enterprise network include:

LANs interconnected to provide access to computers or file servers in other locations

End-user needs for higher bandwidth on the LANs

Relaying technologies for WAN service

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

A Big Picture of Enterprise Network(contd)

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Selecting Internetworking Devices

Four basic types of internetworking devices:

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

used to connect multiple users/network

act as repeaters by regenerating the

used to logically separate network

operate at the OSI data link layer

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

similar to bridges but usually have more ports

Benefits of using switches:

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Switch: Learning Address

Station A sends a frame to Station C

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Switch: Learning Address (cont.)

Station D sends a frame to station C

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Switch: Filtering Frames

Station A sends a frame to station C

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Switch: Broadcast and Multicast Frames

MAC address table

Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

ATM switches ATM switching offer greater backbone bandwidth required by

Workgroup ATM switches

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Topological Limitations of Switched Network

A serious limitation of functional capabilities of switch is the impossibility of supporting loop

EE4718: Enterprise Network Design

EE4718 Enterprise Network Design Project

Spanning Tree Compliant Switch

IEEE 802.1D spanning tree

Using bridge protocol data units

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