Evaporator - Multiple Stage

Simulation of a multiple-effect evaporator
Instructions
1. a. On the Tools menu, click Options, then click the Calculation tab and tick on the Iteration
2. For a forward feed 2-effect evaporator

In the spreadsheet "2-Effect"
a. Insert parameter values in the yellow cells
b. Turn the "SWITCH" ON (set the value in the cell B9 (red cell) equal to 1)
c. Iterate (by pressing F9) until "FINISH" or "ALARM" signal is shown in the control panel
d. If a signal to "REDUCE Ts or mwin" is shown in the control panel, turn the SWITCH OFF, reduce the
in cells B28 or B29 respectively and start again from 2b
e. If a signal to "INCREASE Ts or mwin" is shown in the control panel, turn the SWITCH OFF, increase
in cells B28 or B29 respectively and start again from 2b
f. When "FINISH" is shown in the control panel, read the results in the green cells (B34-B38)
g. If a solution can not be reached under any combination of T s and mwin values, change the heat tran
and repeat steps 2a to 2f
h. To recalculate for different parameter values turn the "SWITCH" OFF (set the value in the cell B9 e
3. For a forward-feed 4-effect evaporator

In the spreadsheet "4-Effect Forward"
in the cells B28 or B29 respectively and start again from 2b
and/or Q19 and repeat steps 2a to 2f
4. For a backward-feed 4-effect evaporator
In the spreadsheet "4-Effect Backward"
and/or Q19 and repeat steps 2a to 2f
the Iteration box. On Maximum iterations box write 1000
TCH OFF, reduce the value of either T s or mwin
WITCH OFF, increase the value of either T s or mwin
ls (B34-B38)
change the heat transfer area in the cells H19 and/or J19 and/or M19
value in the cell B9 equal to 0) and repeat steps 2a to 2f
ls (B33-B37)
change the heat transfer area in the cells H19 and/or J19 and/or L19 and/or N19
ls (B33-B37)
change the heat transfer area in the cells H19 and/or J19 and/or L19 and/or N19
The following assumptions are used

1) The pressure drop in the vapour lines is neglected
2) The effect of superheating on the vapour enthalpy due to the BPE is neglected
3) The heat losses to the environment are taken into account. If cells B23 or B24 for Ulos and Ao
4) The condensate from each effect exits at the condensation temperature
5) The condenser is assumed to be a surface condenser
The following empirical relationships are used in the calculations

a) Heat capacity of liquid foods (equation of Dickerson), J/kg oC
c p =1672+2508 x w
where xw is the mass fraction of water content
b) Boiling Point Elevation, oC
2
BPE =2 .7 x s 8 . 8 x s +21 . 2 x s
where xs is the mass fraction of solids content

c) Heat capacity of liquid water, J/kgoC
c p =42111 . 34 T +0 . 015T
where T is temperature in oC
d) Enthalpy of saturated steam and vapour, kJ/kg
H v =2501+1 . 919T 0 . 0017T 2

e) Latent heat of vaporization of water, kJ/kg
=25012. 265 T 0 . 0018 T
f) Vapour pressure of liquid water, atm (Ref. 15)
8. 29692
log p w =10 .79586 ( 1 )+5 .02808 log +1 . 50474 x 104 110
273 .16
T
[( ) ])+ 0. 42873 x 10
1
where
273 .16
T
with T in Kelvin
Ulos and Ao L are set equal to 0, the heat losses are neglected
)1 ])
+ 0. 42873 x 103 ( 104 . 76955 ( 1 )1 )2 . 2195983
Forward-Feed 2-Effect Evaporator
Control panel
SWITCH=
FINISHED
0.000
Input data
Feed flow rate,
Feed solids content,
Desired product solids content,
Feed temperature,
Temperature of the environment,
Overall Heat transfer coeffic. for heat losses,
mf =
xf =
Xspec =
10000 kg/h
10%
30%
Tf =
70 oC
Te =
20 oC
Ulos=
0 W/m2oC
Outside Area of each effect of the evaporator, AoL=
50 m2
Cooling water temper. at the inlet of the cond., Twin=
25 oC
Control variables
Steam temperature,
Ts =
Mass flow rate of cooling water in the conden.,mWin =
122 oC
38300 kg/h
Results
Concentrated product flow rate,
Solids content at the outlet,
Steam consumption,
Steam economy
Cooling water flow rate,
m p=
x p=
m s=
m Win=
3332 kg/h
30.0%
3937 kg/h
1.7 kg/kg
38300 kg/h
Parameters
1st EFFECT 2nd EFFECT
Heat transfer area (m2),
CONDENSER
80
80
1800
1000
Overal heat transf. coef.
Liquid flow rate at the inlet (kg/s),
mi
2.778
1.878
Cooling water flow rate in
Solids content at the inlet,
xi
0.1
0.148
Cooling water temper. in
Ti
70
105.3
Water vapour temper. in
Boiling temperature (oC),
Tb
105.3
79.8
Cooling water temp. out
Saturation temperature ( C),
Tv
Saturation pressure (atm),
105.0
1.194
79.2
0.453
Condensation temperat.
Water vapour pressure
16.7
25.2
BPE
0.3
0.6
Heat capacity of liquid at inlet (J/kg C), cpi
3929
3809
Heat capacity of liquid at outlet(J/kgoC), cpo
3809
3427
Overall heat transfer coef. (W/m2oC),
Liquid temperature at the inlet ( C),

o
Temperature drop (oC),

Boiling Point Elevation (oC),
o
Heat losses (W),
qL
Evaporation rate (kg/s),
mv
0.899
0.953
1.878
0.925
0.148
0.300
Heating steam/vapour flow rate (kg /s), m s
1.094
0.899
Heating steam/vapour temperature ( C), Ts
122
105.0
Liquid flow rate at the outlet (kg/s),
mo
xo
o
Heat transf. area
CONDENSER
50 m2
2500 W/m2oC
10.639 kg/s
25 oC
79.2 oC
74.5 oC
79.1 oC
0.452 atm
Forward-Feed 4-Effect Evaporator
Control panel
SWITCH=
FINISHED
0.0000
Input data
Feed flow rate,
Feed temperature,
mf =
xf =
Xspec =
20000 kg/h
9%
48%
Tf =
60 oC
Te =
20 oC
Ulos=
0 W/m2oC
50 m2
25 oC
Control variables
Steam temperature,
Ts =
75 oC
530000 kg/h
Results
Steam consumption,
Steam economy
m p=
x p=
m s=
m Win=
3756 kg/h
47.9%
4244 kg/h
3.8 kg/kg
530000 kg/h
1st EFFECT
2nd EFFECT
3rd EFFECT
4th EFFECT
270
270
270
270
2200
1800
1300
506
mi
5.556
4.481
3.372
2.230
xi
0.09
0.112
0.148
0.224
Ti
60
70.4
65.0
57.3
Tb
70.4
65.0
57.3
37.1
Tv
70.2
0.310
64.7
0.244
56.9
0.170
35.7
0.058
4.6
5.2
7.4
19.8
BPE
0.2
0.3
0.4
1.6
3954
3900
3808
3618
3900
3808
3618
2979
1.075
1.109
1.142
1.188
4.481
3.372
2.230
1.042
0.112
0.148
0.224
0.479
1.179
1.075
1.109
1.142
75
70.2
64.7
56.9
Overall heat transfer coef. (W/m C),

2o

o

o
Heat losses (W),
qL
mv
mo
xo
o
CONDENSER
Heat transf. area
150 m2
2500 W/m2oC
147.2 kg/s
25 oC
35.7 oC
29.7 oC
35.7 oC
0.058 atm
Backward-Feed 4-Effect Evaporator
Control panel
SWITCH=
FINISHED
0.000
Input data
Feed flow rate,
Feed temperature,
mf =
xf =
Xspec =
20000 kg/h
9%
48%
Tf =
60 oC
Te =
20 oC
Ulos=
0 W/m2oC
50 m2
25 oC
Control variables
Steam temperature,
Ts =
75 oC
220000 kg/h
Results
Steam consumption,
Steam economy
m p=
x p=
m s=
m Win=
3745 kg/h
48.1%
4327 kg/h
3.8 kg/kg
220000 kg/h
1st EFFECT
2nd EFFECT
3rd EFFECT
4th EFFECT
270
270
270
270
1214
1400
1270
1044
mi
2.202
3.312
4.350
5.556
xi
0.227
0.151
0.115
0.090
Ti
57.7
49.6
40.5
60.0
Tb
66.5
57.7
49.6
40.5
Tv
64.9
0.246
57.2
0.173
49.3
0.118
40.3
0.074
8.5
7.2
7.7
8.8
BPE
1.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
3611
3801
3892
3954
2974
3611
3801
3892
1.162
1.110
1.037
1.206
1.040
2.202
3.312
4.350
0.481
0.227
0.151
0.115
1.202
1.162
1.110
1.037
75
64.9
57.2
49.3
Overall heat transfer coef. (W/m C),

2o

o

o
Heat losses (W),
qL
mv
mo
xo
o
CONDENSER
Heat transf. area
150 m2
2500 W/m2oC
61.1 kg/s
25 oC
40.3 oC
36.4 oC
40.2 oC
0.074 atm

Evaporator - Multiple Stage

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Evaporator - Multiple Stage

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Simulation of a multiple-effect evaporator

2. For a forward feed 2-effect evaporator

3. For a forward-feed 4-effect evaporator

the Iteration box. On Maximum iterations box write 1000

TCH OFF, reduce the value of either T s or mwin

WITCH OFF, increase the value of either T s or mwin

value in the cell B9 equal to 0) and repeat steps 2a to 2f

TCH OFF, reduce the value of either T s or mwin

WITCH OFF, increase the value of either T s or mwin

value in the cell B9 equal to 0) and repeat steps 2a to 2f

TCH OFF, reduce the value of either T s or mwin

WITCH OFF, increase the value of either T s or mwin

value in the cell B9 equal to 0) and repeat steps 2a to 2f

The following assumptions are used

The following empirical relationships are used in the calculations

where xs is the mass fraction of solids content

H v =2501+1 . 919T 0 . 0017T 2

=25012. 265 T 0 . 0018 T

log p w =10 .79586 ( 1 )+5 .02808 log +1 . 50474 x 104 110

+ 0. 42873 x 103 ( 104 . 76955 ( 1 )1 )2 . 2195983

Forward-Feed 2-Effect Evaporator

Outside Area of each effect of the evaporator, AoL=

Cooling water temper. at the inlet of the cond., Twin=

Mass flow rate of cooling water in the conden.,mWin =

1st EFFECT 2nd EFFECT

Heat transfer area (m2),

Overal heat transf. coef.

Liquid flow rate at the inlet (kg/s),

Cooling water flow rate in

Solids content at the inlet,

Cooling water temper. in

Water vapour temper. in

Boiling temperature (oC),

Cooling water temp. out

Saturation temperature ( C),

Saturation pressure (atm),

Heat capacity of liquid at inlet (J/kg C), cpi

Heat capacity of liquid at outlet(J/kgoC), cpo

Overall heat transfer coef. (W/m2oC),

Liquid temperature at the inlet ( C),

Temperature drop (oC),

Heat losses (W),

Evaporation rate (kg/s),

Heating steam/vapour flow rate (kg /s), m s

Heating steam/vapour temperature ( C), Ts

Liquid flow rate at the outlet (kg/s),

Solids content at the outlet,

Heat transf. area

Forward-Feed 4-Effect Evaporator

Outside Area of each effect of the evaporator, AoL=

Cooling water temper. at the inlet of the cond., Twin=

Mass flow rate of cooling water in the conden.,mWin =

Liquid flow rate at the inlet (kg/s),

Solids content at the inlet,

Boiling temperature (oC),

Saturation temperature ( C),

Saturation pressure (atm),

Heat capacity of liquid at inlet (J/kg C), cpi

Heat capacity of liquid at outlet(J/kgoC), cpo

Heating steam/vapour flow rate (kg /s), m s

Heating steam/vapour temperature ( C), Ts

Overall heat transfer coef. (W/m C),

Liquid temperature at the inlet ( C),