Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inductance
CHAPTER OUTLINE
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
Self-Inductance
RL Circuits
Energy in a Magnetic Field
Mutual Inductance
Oscillations in an LC Circuit
The RLC Circuit
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q32.1
Q32.2
Q32.3
Q32.4
If the first set of turns is wrapped clockwise around a spool, wrap the second set counter-clockwise,
so that the coil produces negligible magnetic field. Then the inductance of each set of turns
effectively negates the inductive effects of the other set.
Q32.5
After the switch is closed, the back emf will not exceed that of the battery. If this were the case, then
the current in the circuit would change direction to counterclockwise. Just after the switch is opened,
the back emf can be much larger than the battery emf, to temporarily maintain the clockwise current
in a spark.
Q32.6
The current decreases not instantaneously but over some span of time. The faster the decrease in the
current, the larger will be the emf generated in the inductor. A spark can appear at the switch as it is
opened because the self-induced voltage is a maximum at this instant. The voltage can therefore
briefly cause dielectric breakdown of the air between the contacts.
Q32.7
When it is being opened. When the switch is initially standing open, there is no current in the
circuit. Just after the switch is then closed, the inductor tends to maintain the zero-current condition,
and there is very little chance of sparking. When the switch is standing closed, there is current in the
circuit. When the switch is then opened, the current rapidly decreases. The induced emf is created in
the inductor, and this emf tends to maintain the original current. Sparking occurs as the current
bridges the air gap between the contacts of the switch.
239
240
Inductance
Q32.8
A physicists list of constituents of the universe in 1829 might include matter, light, heat, the stuff of
stars, charge, momentum, and several other entries. Our list today might include the quarks,
electrons, muons, tauons, and neutrinos of matter; gravitons of gravitational fields; photons of
electric and magnetic fields; W and Z particles; gluons; energy; momentum; angular momentum;
charge; baryon number; three different lepton numbers; upness; downness; strangeness; charm;
topness; and bottomness. Alternatively, the relativistic interconvertability of mass and energy, and
of electric and magnetic fields, can be used to make the list look shorter. Some might think of the
conserved quantities energy, momentum, bottomness as properties of matter, rather than as
things with their own existence. The idea of a field is not due to Henry, but rather to Faraday, to
whom Henry personally demonstrated self-induction. Still the thesis stated in the question has an
important germ of truth. Henry precipitated a basic change if he did not cause it. The biggest
difference between the two lists is that the 1829 list does not include fields and todays list does.
Q32.9
The energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor is proportional to the square of the current.
1
Doubling I makes U = LI 2 get four times larger.
2
Q32.10
The energy stored in a capacitor is proportional to the square of the electric field, and the energy
stored in an induction coil is proportional to the square of the magnetic field. The capacitors energy
is proportional to its capacitance, which depends on its geometry and the dielectric material inside.
The coils energy is proportional to its inductance, which depends on its geometry and the core
material. On the other hand, we can think of Henrys discovery of self-inductance as fundamentally
new. Before a certain school vacation at the Albany Academy about 1830, one could visualize the
universe as consisting of only one thing, matter. All the forms of energy then known (kinetic,
gravitational, elastic, internal, electrical) belonged to chunks of matter. But the energy that
temporarily maintains a current in a coil after the battery is removed is not energy that belongs to
any bit of matter. This energy is vastly larger than the kinetic energy of the drifting electrons in the
wires. This energy belongs to the magnetic field around the coil. Beginning in 1830, Nature has
forced us to admit that the universe consists of matter and also of fields, massless and invisible,
known only by their effects.
Q32.11
Q32.12
The mutual inductance of two loops in free spacethat is, ignoring the use of coresis a maximum
if the loops are coaxial. In this way, the maximum flux of the primary loop will pass through the
secondary loop, generating the largest possible emf given the changing magnetic field due to the
first. The mutual inductance is a minimum if the magnetic field of the first coil lies in the plane of the
second coil, producing no flux through the area the second coil encloses.
Q32.13
The answer depends on the orientation of the solenoids. If they are coaxial, such as two solenoids
end-to-end, then there certainty will be mutual induction. If, however, they are oriented in such a
way that the magnetic field of one coil does not go through turns of the second coil, then there will
be no mutual induction. Consider the case of two solenoids physically arranged in a T formation,
but still connected electrically in series. The magnetic field lines of the first coil will not produce any
net flux in the second coil, and thus no mutual induction will be present.
Chapter 32
241
Q32.14
When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current in the circuit is a maximum. The inductance of
the coil is making the current continue to flow. At this time the magnetic field of the coil contains all
the energy that was originally stored in the charged capacitor. The current has just finished
discharging the capacitor and is proceeding to charge it up again with the opposite polarity.
Q32.15
The oscillations would eventually decrease, but perhaps with very small damping. The original
potential energy would be converted to internal energy within the wires. Such a situation
constitutes an RLC circuit. Remember that a real battery generally contains an internal resistance.
Q32.16
If R >
Q32.17
The condition for critical damping must be investigated to design a circuit for a particular purpose.
For example, in building a radio receiver, one would want to construct the receiving circuit so that it
is underdamped. Then it can oscillate in resonance and detect the desired signal. Conversely, when
designing a probe to measure a changing signal, such free oscillations are undesirable. An electrical
vibration in the probe would constitute ringing of the system, where the probe would measure an
additional signalthat of the probe itself! In this case, one would want to design a probe that is
critically damped or overdamped, so that the only signal measured is the one under study. Critical
damping represents the threshold between underdamping and overdamping. One must know the
condition for it to meet the design criteria for a project.
Q32.18
An object cannot exert a net force on itself. An object cannot create momentum out of nothing. A coil
can induce an emf in itself. When it does so, the actual forces acting on charges in different parts of
the loop add as vectors to zero. The term electromotive force does not refer to a force, but to a
voltage.
4L
4L
, then the oscillator is overdampedit will not oscillate. If R <
, then the oscillator is
C
C
underdamped and can go through several cycles of oscillation before the radiated signal falls below
background noise.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 32.1
P32.1
P32.2
Self-Inductance
=L
jFGH
IJ
K
I
1.50 A 0.200 A
= 3.00 10 3 H
= 1.95 10 2 V = 19.5 mV
t
0.200 s
ja f e
7
3
N 2 A 4 10 T m A 70.0 6.50 10 m
=
L= 0
A
0.600 m
fFGH
0 0.500 A
I
= 2.00 H
t
0.010 0 s
P32.3
= L
P32.4
L=
P32.5
back = = L
I FG 1 V s IJ =
JK H 1 H A K
N B
LI
B =
= 240 nT m 2
I
N
= 1.36 H .
100 V
ja
fa f
dI
d
=L
I max sin t = LI max cos t = 10.0 10 3 120 5.00 cos t
dt
dt
f b
g a
f a f
242
P32.6
Inductance
From = L
From L =
FG I IJ , we have
H t K
L=
N B
, we have
I
a fe
P32.8
=L
j e
500
f=
19.2 T m 2 .
(a)
At t = 1.00 s ,
= 360 mV
(b)
At t = 4.00 s ,
= 180 mV
(c)
= 90.0 10 3 2t 6 = 0
ja
t = 3.00 s .
FG 450 IJ b0.040 0 Ag =
H 0.120 K
(a)
B = 0 nI = 0
(b)
B = BA = 3.33 10 8 T m 2
(c)
L=
188 T
N B
= 0.375 mH
I
a f e
2
*P32.11
ja
H 4.00 A
dI
d 2
= 90.0 10 3
t 6t V
dt
dt
(d)
P32.10
4
N 2 A 0 420 3.00 10
L= 0
=
= 4.16 10 4 H
0.160
A
dI
dI 175 10 6 V
= L =
=
= 0.421 A s
dt
dt L
4.16 10 4 H
when
P32.9
g
LI e 2. 40 10
=
=
j
P32.7
24.0 10 3 V
=
= 2.40 10 3 H .
10.0 A s
I t
(a)
3
N 2 A 0 120 5.00 10
=
L= 0
0.090 0
A
(b)
B =
= 15.8 H
m
N2A
B L = m
= 800 1.58 10 5 H = 12.6 mH
0
A
= L
dI
dt
+0.08 V = L
0 1.8 A
0.12 s
L = 5.33 10 3 Vs A =
e
j
N F 200 m I
=
=
G
J
A
H 2 N K
0N2A
.
A
4 10
N 2 r 2
Vs A = 0
A
WbmA
5.33 10 3 AVs
= 0.750 m
0 40 000
4 A
m2
10 7 40 000 m 2 Tm
A
Chapter 32
P32.12
L=
243
N B NBA NA 0 NI
0N 2 A
=
=
I
I
I 2 R
2 R
FIG. P32.12
P32.13
= 0 e kt = L
dI =
0 kt
e dt
L
dI
dt
0 kt dq
e =
kL
dt
Q = 20 .
k L
I=
z z
Q = Idt =
Section 32.2
P32.14
I=
0 kt
e dt = 20
kL
k
L
0
RL Circuits
e1 e j :
Rt L
0.900
1 e R a3.00 s f
2.50 H
FG Ra3.00 sf IJ = 0.100
H 2.50 H K
exp
R=
2.50 H
ln 10.0 = 1.92
3.00 s
a f e1 Re j
I (A)
P32.15
(a)
At time t,
It =
where
L
= = 0.200 s .
R
I max =
1 e
R
a0.500f R = e1 e R
so
0.500 = 1 e t 0. 200 s .
t 0. 200 s
j a
(b)
0.5
j= .
At I t = 0.500 I max
af
t (s)
0
t
= 0.693
0.200 s
or
t = 0.139 s .
0.900 = 1 e t
and
t = ln 1 0.900 .
Thus,
f a
I max
0.2
0.4
FIG. P32.15
0.6
244
P32.16
Inductance
Taking =
IR + L
L
,
R
dI
= 0 will be true if
dt
Because =
P32.17
P32.18
L
= 2.00 10 3 s = 2.00 ms
R
(b)
I = I max 1 e t =
(c)
I max =
I=
I 0 Re t
L
, we have agreement with 0 = 0 .
R
(a)
.00 V I
J e1 e
j FGH 64.00
K
0. 250 2.00
6.00 V
=
= 1.50 A
R 4.00
0.800 = 1 e
(d)
FG IJ
H K
F 1I
+ Le I e jG J = 0 .
H K
dI
1
= I0 et
dt
I = I 0 e t :
t 2.00 ms
f a
j=
0.176 A
FIG. P32.17
120
1 e t =
1 e 1.80 7.00 = 3.02 A
R
9.00
VR
e
j
= IR = a3.02fa9.00f = 27.2 V
Note: It may not be correct to call the voltage or emf across a coil a potential
difference. Electric potential can only be defined for a conservative electric
field, and not for the electric field around an inductor.
(a)
VR = IR = 8.00 2.00 A = 16.0 V
fa
and
Therefore,
VR 16.0 V
=
= 0.800 .
VL 20.0 V
fa
FIG. P32.19
(b)
VL = VR = 0
P32.20
jb
L
gives
R
e jFGH 1 IJK
dI
= I max e t
dt
I = I max 1 e t :
L 15.0 H
=
= 0.500 s :
R 30.0
dI R
= I max e t and I max =
dt L
R
dI R
100 V
= I max e 0 = =
= 6.67 A s
dt L
L 15.0 H
(a)
t=0:
(b)
t = 1.50 s :
dI t
= e
= 6.67 A s e 1.50 a0.500 f = 6.67 A s e 3.00 = 0.332 A s
dt L
Chapter 32
P32.22
I = I max 1 e t :
0.980 = 1 e 3.00 10
0.020 0 = e 3.00 10
=
L
, so
R
=
P32.23
3.00 10 3
= 7.67 10 4 s
ln 0.020 0
FIG. P32.22
ja f
(1)
(2)
a f dIdt = 0
3
(3)
and
I 1 = 0.500 I 3 + 1.25 A .
FIG. P32.23
a f dIdt = 0
b
g
a1.00 HfFGH dIdt IJK + a10.0 fI = 5.00 V .
3
I 1 = 1.25 + 0.500 I 3 =
P32.24
P32.25
a0.500 Af 1 e
1.50 A a0.250 A fe
f
10.0 t 1.00 H
I3 t =
10 t s
L
L
=
, we get R =
R
C
3.00 H
= 1.00 10 3 = 1.00 k .
3.00 10 6 F
(a)
Using = RC =
(b)
je
10 t s
10.0 mH
L
=
= 1.00 10 4 s .
R
100
e
j a10.0 Afe1 e
At t = 200 s , I = a10.00 A fe1 e
j = 8.65 A .
10 000 t s
2.00
FIG. P32.25
, so for t 200 s ,
s + 2.00
a63.9 Afe
10 000 t s
245
246
P32.26
Inductance
I=
(b)
12.0 V
= 1.00 A
12.0
(a)
fa
fb
dI
R
= I max e Rt L
dt
L
dI
L = VL = I max R e Rt L .
dt
I = I max e Rt L :
and
so
9.90 10 3 = e 606 t .
2.00
t = 7.62 ms .
L 0.140
=
= 28.6 ms
R 4.90
6.00 V
= 1.22 A
I max = =
R 4.90
(a)
I = I max 1 e t
P32.28
Solving
Thus,
P32.27
FIG. P32.26
so
t = ln 0.820 = 5.66 ms
= 0.820 :
0. 220 = 1.22 1 e t
j a
fe
(b)
(c)
I = I max e t
(a)
and
0.160 = 1.22 e t
so
t = ln 0.131 = 58.1 ms .
(c)
For a series connection, both inductors carry equal currents at every instant, so
same for both. The voltage across the pair is
dI
dI
dI
= L1 + L 2
Leq
so
dt
dt
dt
(b)
FIG. P32.27
dI
dI
dI
= L1 1 = L 2 2 = VL
dt
dt
dt
VL VL VL
=
+
Thus,
Leq
L1
L2
Leq
where
and
dI
is the
dt
Leq = L1 + L 2 .
I = I 1 + I 2 and
dI dI 1 dI 2
=
+
.
dt dt
dt
1
1
1
=
+
.
Leq L1 L 2
dI
dI
dI
+ Req I = L1 + IR1 + L 2
+ IR 2
dt
dt
dt
dI
are separate quantities under our control, so functional equality requires
Now I and
dt
both Leq = L1 + L 2
and
Req = R1 + R 2 .
Leq
Chapter 32
V = Leq
(d)
dI
dI
dI
dI dI 1 dI 2
=
+
+ Req I = L1 1 + R1 I 1 = L 2 2 + R 2 I 2 where I = I 1 + I 2 and
.
dt
dt
dt
dt dt
dt
1
1
1
=
+
.
Req R1 R 2
1
1
1
=
+
.
Leq L1 L 2
This equivalent coil with resistance will be equivalent to the pair of real inductors for
all other currents as well.
Section 32.3
P32.29
L=
P32.30
(a)
4
N B 200 3.70 10
1
1
=
= 42.3 mH so U = LI 2 = 0.423 H 1.75 A
I
1.75
2
2
The magnetic energy stored in the field equals u times the volume of the solenoid (the
volume in which B is non-zero).
j a0.260 mf b0.031 0 mg
a f LMN e
= 6.32 kJ
j OPQ
2
68.0 0.600 10 2
N2A
L = 0
= 0
= 8.21 H
A
0.080 0
1
1
2
U = LI 2 = 8. 21 10 6 H 0.770 A = 2.44 J
2
2
ja
(a)
U=
(b)
I=
FG IJ
H K
1 2 1
LI = L
2
2 2R
FG IJ 1 e b
H RK
RL t
R
t = ln 2
L
u =0
*P32.34
= 0.064 8 J .
P32.33
P32.32
4.50 T
B2
=
= 8.06 10 6 J m3 .
2 0 2 1.26 10 6 T m A
U = uV = 8.06 10 6 J m3
P32.31
fa
(b)
L 2
8R2
so
so
E2
= 44.2 nJ m3
2
e 2 Rt L dt =
a0.800fa500f = 27.8 J
8a30.0f
FI
= G J 1 e b g
2R H R K
2
RL t
t=
u=
FG
H
IJ
K
b g
RL t
1
2
L
0.800
ln 2 =
ln 2 = 18.5 ms
30.0
R
B2
= 995 J m3
2 0
L 2 Rt L 2 Rdt
L 2 Rt L
e
e
=
L
2R 0
2R
a f
L
L
L
e e0 =
01 =
2R
2R
2R
247
248
P32.35
Inductance
fa
1 2 1
LI = 4.00 H 0.500 A
2
2
(a)
U=
(b)
U = 0.500 J
fa
Then
VL = 17.0 V .
The power being stored in the inductor is
IVL = 1.00 A 17.0 V = 17.0 W .
P32.36
fa
P = IV = 0.500 A 22.0 V
(c)
fa
P = 11.0 W
I=
e1 e j .
Rt L
= 2.00 A .
R
At that time, the inductor is fully energized and P = I V = 2.00 A 10.0 V = 20.0 W .
(a)
I=
a f a
P32.37
f a5.00 f =
2
(b)
Plost = I 2 R = 2.00 A
(c)
Pinductor = I Vdrop = 0
(d)
U=
e j
a10.0 Hfa2.00 Af
=
LI 2
2
u =0
Therefore
E2
2
E2
B2
=
2
2 0
6.80 10 5 V m
3.00 10 8 m s
fa
20.0 W
We have
B = E 0 0 =
P32.38
FIG. P32.35
= 20.0 J
B2
.
2 0
and
u=
so
B 2 =0 0 E 2
= 2.27 10 3 T .
The total magnetic energy is the volume integral of the energy density, u =
Because B changes with position, u is not constant. For B = B0
FG R IJ
HrK
u=
B2
.
2 0
FB
GH 2
2
0
0
I FG R IJ
JK H r K
Next, we set up an expression for the magnetic energy in a spherical shell of radius r and thickness
dr. Such a shell has a volume 4 r 2 dr , so the energy stored in it is
2
0
dU = u 4 r 2 dr =
We integrate this expression for r = R to r = to obtain the total magnetic energy outside the
sphere. This gives
U=
2 B02 R 3
j e6.00 10 mj
e1.26 10 T m Aj
2 5.00 10 5 T
= 2.70 10 18 J .
Chapter 32
Section 32.4
P32.39
249
Mutual Inductance
af
a fh
a fh
dI 1
= 5.00 A s e 0.020 0 0.025 0 sin 0.800 377 + 377 cos 0.800 377
dt
At t = 0.800 s ,
g c
dI 1
= 1.85 10 3 A s .
dt
Thus, 2 = M
P32.40
2 = M
b g
2 max
dI 1
:
dt
M=
2
+3.20 V
=
= 1.73 mH .
dI 1 dt 1.85 10 3 A s
dI 1
= 1.00 10 4 H 1.00 10 4 A s cos 1 000t
dt
j b
je
= 1.00 V
M=
P32.42
Assume the long wire carries current I. Then the magnitude of the magnetic field it generates at
I
distance x from the wire is B = 0 , and this field passes perpendicularly through the plane of the
2 x
loop. The flux through the loop is
dI 1 dt
96.0 mV
= 80.0 mH
1.20 A s
P32.41
za
B = B dA = BdA = B Adx =
FG
H
IJ
K
0 IA 1.70 mm dx 0 IA
1.70
=
ln
.
2 0. 400 mm x
2
0.400
The mutual inductance between the wire and the loop is then
M=
FG
H
a f e
IJ
K
M = 7.81 10 10 H = 781 pH
P32.43
je
ja f
1 4 10 7 T m A 2.70 10 3 m
N 2 12 N 2 0 IA
N A
1.70
=
= 2 0 1.45 =
ln
1.45
I1
2 I
0. 400
2
2
(a)
6
N B BA 700 90.0 10
=
= 18.0 mH
M=
3.50
IA
(b)
6
A 400 300 10
=
= 34.3 mH
LA =
IA
3.50
(c)
B = M
fb
dI A
= 18.0 mH 0.500 A s = 9.00 mV
dt
250
*P32.44
Inductance
The large coil produces this field at the center of the small coil:
N 1 0 I 1 R12
2 x 2 + R12
32
the area of the small coil and nearly uniform over this area, so it produces flux
N 1 0 I 1 R12
12 =
2x +
3 2
R12
R 22 through the face area of the small coil. When current I 1 varies, this is the
2 = N2
P32.45
2
2
N 1 N 2 0 R12 R 22 dI 1
dI 1
N 1 N 2 0 R12 R 22
d N 1 0 R1 R 2
I
=
M
=
so
M
.
1
3 2
32
dt 2 x 2 + R 2 3 2
dt
dt
2 x 2 + R12
2 x 2 + R12
1
dI 1
dI
dI
dI
dI
M 2 = L 2 2 M 1 = Leq
.
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dI 1 V M dI 2
=
+
dt
L1 L1 dt
So,
L 2
and
a f
(a)
1 2
+ M2
j dIdt
FIG. P32.45
[1]
[2]
= V L1 M .
dI 2 V M dI 1
=
+
dt
L 2 L 2 dt
By substitution,
leads to
e L L
+ M2
j dIdt = V bL
e L L
+ M2
j dIdt = V bL
+ L2 2 M .
So,
Leq =
L1 L 2 M 2
V
=
.
dI dt
L1 + L 2 2 M
Section 32.5
1 2
1 2
M .
Oscillations in an LC Circuit
b g
At different times, U C
I max =
a f
C
V
L
max
(b)
dI 2 M V
M dI 2
+
+
= V
dt
L1
L1 dt
e L L
P32.46
max
b g
= UL
max
so
LM 1 CaV f OP
N2
Q
2
=
max
1.00 10 6 F
40.0 V = 0.400 A .
10.0 10 3 H
FG 1 LI IJ
H2 K
2
max
Chapter 32
P32.47
P32.48
LM 1 CaV f OP
N2
Q
2
=
max
FG 1 LI IJ
H2 K
2
max
b g
so VC
max
251
L
20.0 10 3 H
I max =
0.100 A = 20.0 V
C
0.500 10 6 F
When the switch has been closed for a long time, battery, resistor, and
coil carry constant current I max =
a f
e0.500 10 Fja150 Vf a250 f
C a V f
C a V f R
=
=
Then, L =
I
a50.0 Vf
2
2
max
P32.49
P32.51
P32.52
= 0.281 H .
P32.50
FIG. P32.50
f=
1
2 LC
L=
(a)
f=
(b)
Q = Qmax
(c)
I=
(a)
f=
(b)
(c)
b 2 f g C
2
j e
a f e8.00 10 j
2 120
= 0.220 H
= 135 Hz
b0.082 0 Hge17.0 10 Fj
cos t = b180 Cg cosb847 0.001 00g =
2 LC
a fa f a
119 C
dQ
= Qmax sin t = 847 180 sin 0.847 = 114 mA
dt
1
a0.100 Hfe1.00 10 Fj
Q = C = e1.00 10 Fja12.0 V f = 12.0 C
2 LC
= 503 Hz
1 2 1 2
C = LI max
2
2
I max =
(d)
FIG. P32.52
C
1.00 10 6 F
= 12 V
= 37.9 mA
L
0.100 H
At all times
U=
ja
1 2 1
C = 1.00 10 6 F 12.0 V
2
2
= 72.0 J .
252
P32.53
Inductance
1
LC
a3.30 Hfe840 10
Q = Q max cos t , I =
2
e 105 10
=
je
UC =
Q
2C
(b)
UL =
2
Qmax
sin 2 t
1 2 1
2
LI = L 2 Qmax
sin 2 t =
2
2
2C
(c)
Section 32.6
(a)
e105 10 Cj
=
e
2e840 10
jj
= 6.03 J
b g
je
j=
0.529 J
U total = UC + U L = 6.56 J
d =
(b)
Rc =
(a)
0 =
(b)
d =
(c)
2 840 10 12
b g
FG IJ
H K
1
R
2L
LC
fd =
Therefore,
P32.56
(a)
UL
P32.55
= 1.899 10 4 rad s
dQ
= Qmax sin t
dt
P32.54
12
je
2.20 10 3 1.80 10 6
F 7.60
G
j GH 2e2.20 10
I
J
j JK
= 1.58 10 4 rad s
d
= 2.51 kHz .
2
4L
= 69.9
C
1
LC
a0.500fe0.100 10 j
6
FG IJ
H K
1
R
2L
LC
= 4.47 krad s
= 4.36 krad s
= 2.53% lower
Choose to call positive current clockwise in Figure 32.21. It drains charge from the capacitor
dQ
. A clockwise trip around the circuit then gives
according to I =
dt
dI
Q
+ IR L = 0
C
dt
Q dQ
d dQ
R+L
+ +
= 0 , identical with Equation 32.28.
C dt
dt dt
Chapter 32
*P32.57
2L
= Qmax e 2 R
L d
1
0.99
L d =
2 L d
= 0.99U 0 . Then
F
GH
R2
2 2
1
= 1 250 = L
2
LC 4L
0.001 005
1.563 10 6 2 =
2
. After one oscillation the charge returning to the
d
2 R L d
2 2
= ln 1.010 1 = 0.001 005
L d
a f
2
L
C
4
I
JK
12
L
= 1.563 10 6 2
C
We are also given
= 2 10 3 s =
LC =
LC
e2 10 sj
3
= 2.533 10 8 s 2
Solving simultaneously,
C = 2.533 10 8 s 2 L
L2
= 1.563 10 6 2
L = 0.199 H
2.533 10 8 s 2
2.533 10 8 s 2
C=
= 127 nF = C
0.199 H
P32.58
(a)
Q = Qmax e Rt 2 L cos d t
so
I max e Rt 2 L
0.500 = e Rt 2 L
and
Rt
= ln 0.500
2L
so
Q = 0.500Qmax = 0.707Qmax
t=
(b)
t=
FG IJ
H K
2L
2L
ln 0.500 = 0.693
R
R
2
U 0 Qmax
and U = 0.500U 0
FG IJ
H K
2L
2L
ln 0.707 = 0.347
R
R
253
(half as long)
254
Inductance
Additional Problems
*P32.59
(a)
Let Q represent the magnitude of the opposite charges on the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor, the two plates having area A and separation d. The negative plate creates electric
Q
Q2
toward itself. It exerts on the positive plate force F =
field E =
toward the
2 0 A
2 0 A
Q
. The energy density is
negative plate. The total field between the plates is
0 A
uE =
Q2
Q2
1
1
0 E 2 = 0 2 2 =
. Modeling this as a negative or inward pressure, we
2
2
0 A
2 0 A 2
Q2
, in agreement with our first analysis.
2 0 A 2
e j
Js
Js
y
x
J
wAJ s2
F = IA B = J s wA 0 s i k = 0
j.
2
2
e j
0 J s2
F
=
.
Aw
2
FIG. P32.59(b)
0 Js 0 Js
k +
k = 0 J s k , with
2
2
. Outside the space they enclose, the fields of the separate sheets are
e j
e j
P32.60
B2 =
02 J s2
0 J s2
=
2 0
2
(d)
uB =
(e)
This energy density agrees with the magnetic pressure found in part (b).
2 0
With Q = Qmax at t = 0 , the charge on the capacitor at any time is Q = Q max cos t where =
The energy stored in the capacitor at time t is then
2
Q 2 Qmax
cos 2 t = U 0 cos 2 t .
=
2C
2C
1
1
cos t =
and
When U = U 0 ,
4
2
U=
Therefore,
The inductance is then:
t
LC
or
1
t = rad .
3
t2 2
=
.
LC
9
L=
9t 2
.
2C
1
LC
Chapter 32
P32.61
L = L
(b)
Q = Idt =
(c)
z za
t
20.0t dt = 10.0t 2
Q
10.0t 2
=
= 10.0 MV s 2 t 2
C
1.00 10 6 F
e
e
jt
10.0t 2
Q2 1 2
1
2
LI , or
When
1.00 10 3 20.0t ,
6
2C 2
2
2 1.00 10
d 20.0t
dI
= 1.00 mH
= 20.0 mV
dt
dt
(a)
VC =
fa
(a)
L = L
(b)
I=
a f
dI
d
= L
Kt = LK
dt
dt
dQ
,
dt
z z
t
Q = Idt = Ktdt =
so
VC =
When
b g
1
C VC
2
1 2
Kt
2
Q
Kt 2
=
C
2C
F
GH
I
JK
1 K 2t 4
1
= L K 2t2
C
2
2
2
4C
1 2
LI ,
2
t = 2 LC
Thus
P32.63
ja
j e
and
(c)
FG IJ
H K
1 Q2
1 Q
=
2 C
2C 2
1 2
LI
2
so
I=
3Q 2
.
4CL
B =
LI
Q
=
N
2N
3L
C
B=
(a)
255
0 NI
2 r
B = BdA =
L=
z
b
FG IJ
HK
0 NI
NIh b dr 0 NIh
b
=
hdr = 0
ln
a
2 r
2 a r
2
FG IJ
HK
N B
0N2h
b
ln
=
I
a
2
0 500
(b)
L=
(c)
Lappx
FIG. P32.64
m2
I=
JK
256
P32.65
Inductance
(a)
B=
B = BA cos =
L = N
2 r = 3 0.3 m
2 R +0
so
(b)
N 0 IR 2
At the center,
2 3 2
N 0 I
.
2R
N 0 I
R 2 cos 0 = N 0 IR .
2R
2
FG IJ
H K
d B
dI
dI
N
N 0 R = L
2
dt
dt
dt
2
N 0R .
2
r 0.14 m
L 1 2 4 10 7 T m A 0.14 m = 2.8 10 7 H
2
L ~ 100 nH
so
ja
e je
(c)
P32.66
(a)
7
L 2.8 10 V s A
=
= 1.0 10 9 s
R
270 V A
L
~ 1 ns
R
a9.80 mf a0.100 mf
2
9.80 m
0.100 m
FIG. P32.66(a)
The mean circumference of each turn is C = 2 r , where r =
radius of each turn. The number of turns is then:
a
a
f a
f
N=
9.80 m 0.100 m
L
=
= 127 .
C 2 24.0 + 0.644 2 10 3 m
(b)
R=
8
A 1.70 10 m 10.0 m
=
= 0.522
2
A
0.322 10 3 m
(c)
L=
N 2 A 800 0 L
=
A
A
C
L=
ja
800 4 10 7
0.100 m
24.0 + 0.644
mm is the mean
2
FG IJ ar f
H K
j FG a9.80 mf a0.100 mf IJ
GH a24.0 + 0.644f 10 m JK
2
L = 7.68 10 2 H = 76.8 mH
OP
Q
Chapter 32
P32.67
257
b g
e j
B 2 r = 0 J r 2 = 0
F I
GH R
I e r j , or B = Ir
JK
2 R
2
The magnetic energy per unit length within the wire is then
F I
GH JK
R
I2 R
I 2 R4
0I2
U
B2
=
=
.
2 rdr = 0 4 r 3 dr = 0 4
A 0 2 0
4
16
4 R 0
4 R
jb
ge
7
12 500 1.00 10 4
N 2 A 4 10
L= 0
=
= 0.280 H .
A
0.070 0
(a)
The time for the current to reach 63.2% of the maximum value
is the time constant of the circuit:
(b)
L 0.280 H
=
= 0.020 0 s = 20.0 ms .
R
14.0
Thus,
(c)
FIG. P32.68
FG I IJ = LFG I 0 IJ
H t K H t K
F V IJ = 0.632FG 60.0 V IJ = 2.71 A .
= 0.632G
I = 0.632 I
HRK
H 14.0 K
F 2.71 A I = 37.9 V .
= a0.280 H fG
H 0.020 0 s JK
f
L = L
max
The average rate of change of flux through each turn of the overwrapped concentric coil is
the same as that through a turn on the solenoid:
jb
a f e
ga
fe
= 3.04 mV
(d)
FG IJ and magnitude of
H t K
FG
H
IJ
K
L N B
820
=
=
3.04 10 3 V = 0.104 A = 104 mA .
R
R t
24.0
258
P32.69
Inductance
b g
b I + I gR
I + I 2 R1 I 2 R2 = 0 .
Left-hand loop:
Outside loop:
dI
=0.
dt
dI
=0.
dt
This is of the same form as Equation 32.6, so its solution is of the same
form as Equation 32.7:
It =
1 e R t L .
R
Eliminating I 2 gives
IR L
af
But R =
b
b
af
It =
g
g
j.
1 e R t L
R1
I = I 0 e R2 t
so
e Rt L =
Therefore,
P32.71
R 2 R1 + R 2
=
.
=
R R1 R 2 R1 + R 2
R1
R1 R 2
R2
and =
, so
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
Thus
P32.70
FIG. P32.69
(a)
I0
I
FG IJ
H K
I
Rt
= ln 0 .
L
I
and
fa
1.00 0.150 s
R2 t
=
= 0.095 6 H = 95.6 mH .
L=
ln I 0 I
ln 1.20 A 0.250 A
b g
FIG. P32.70
While steady-state conditions exist, a 9.00 mA flows clockwise around the right loop of the
circuit. Immediately after the switch is opened, a 9.00 mA current will flow around the outer
loop of the circuit. Applying Kirchhoffs loop rule to this loop gives:
FIG. P32.71(b)
(c)
After the switch is opened, the current around the outer loop decays as
s = 75.2 s .
Chapter 32
P32.72
(a)
IL = 0
V = 0
+ L
, IR = 0
R
R
VR = 0
VC= 0
VL = 0 , VC = 0 , VR = 0
(b)
I R = 0 /R
Q=0
+
0
I C = 0 /R
Figure (a)
IL = 0
V = 0
+ L
I L = 0 , IC = 0 , I R = 0
IR = 0
Q = C 0
VL = 0 , VC = 0 , VR = 0
VR = 0
VC= 0
+
0
Figure (b)
FIG. P32.72
P32.73
IR = V :
R 300
(a)
(b)
FIG. P32.73
P32.74
jb
ge
(a)
7
4
2
N 2 A 4 10 T m A 1 000 1.00 10 m
L1 = 0 1 =
= 2.51 10 4 H = 251 H
A1
0.500 m
(b)
M=
M=
(c)
e4 10
jb
ga fe
1 = M
j = 2.51 10
dI 2
dI
dQ1
M dI 2
, or I 1 R1 = M 2 and I 1 =
=
dt
dt
dt
R1 dt
M
Q1 =
R1
Q1 =
N 2 2 N 2 1 N 2 BA N 2 0 N 1 A 1 I 1 A 0 N 1 N 2 A
=
=
=
=
I1
I1
I1
I1
A1
tf
dI 2 =
e2.51 10
MI 2 i
M
M
I 2 f I 2i =
0 I 2i =
R1
R1
R1
ja
H 1.00 A
1 000
f = 2.51 10
C = 25.1 nC
H = 25.1 H
259
260
P32.75
Inductance
(b)
Every field line goes through the rectangle between the conductors.
(c)
= LI so
L=
1
=
I I
I2
is non-zero.
w a
BdA
y=a
F I + I I = 2 Ix dy = 2 x ln y
GH 2 y 2 bw yg JK I z 2 y 2
x F w aI
L=
lnG
H a JK .
L=
1
I
wa
xdy
wa
.
a
Thus
P32.76
2U
(a)
For an RL circuit,
af
I t = I max e
b g
RL t
af
It
R
RL t
= 1 10 9 = e b g 1 t
I max
L
e3.14 10 je10 j =
=
b2.50 yrge3.16 10 s yrj
8
R
t = 10 9
L
so
Rmax
3.97 10 25 .
(If the ring were of purest copper, of diameter 1 cm, and cross-sectional area 1 mm 2 , its resistance
would be at least 10 6 ).
P32.77
fe
1 2 1
LI = 50.0 H 50.0 10 3 A
2
2
= 6.25 10 10 J
(a)
UB =
(b)
Two adjacent turns are parallel wires carrying current in the same direction. Since the loops
have such large radius, a one-meter section can be regarded as straight.
B=
0I
.
2 r
giving
F = 4 10
0I
AI 2
sin 90 = 0
.
2 r
2 r
a1.00 mf 50.0 10 A
j 2 ea0.250 mf j
3
N A
= 2 000 N .
Chapter 32
P32.78
P
1.00 10 9 W
=
= 5.00 10 3 A
V 200 10 3 V
P = IV
I=
B 2 r = 0 I enclosed or B =
(a)
261
b g
0 I enclosed
.
2 r
I enclosed = 5.00 10 3 A
At r = a = 0.020 0 m ,
FIG. P32.73
(b)
(c)
je
T m A 5.00 10 3 A
B=
At r = b = 0.050 0 m ,
I enclosed = I = 5.00 10 3 A
and
e4 10
B=
U = udV =
z
b
e4 10
U=
(d)
e4 10
and
2 0
2 0.050 0 m
2
je
T m A 5.00 10 3 A
4
je
T m A 5.00 10 3 A
a f b2 rAdr g = I A
Br
2 0.020 0 m
j = 0.050 0 T =
50.0 mT .
j = 0.020 0 T =
20.0 mT .
FG IJ
HK
z
b
b
dr 0 I 2 A
=
ln
a
r
4
a
J = 2.29 MJ
The magnetic field created by the inner conductor exerts a force of repulsion on the current
in the outer sheath. The strength of this field, from part (b), is 20.0 mT. Consider a small
rectangular section of the outer cylinder of length A and width w.
F w I
e5.00 10 AjGH 2 b0.050
0 mg JK
3
It carries a current of
and experiences an outward force
F = IAB sin =
318 Pa .
262
P32.79
Inductance
jb
ga
4 10 7 T m A 1 400 2.00 A
0 NI
=
= 2.93 10 3 T upward
1.20 m
A
(a)
B=
(b)
2.93 10 3 T
B2
u=
=
= 3.42 J m3
2 0 2 4 10 7 T m A
j e
= 3.42 Pa
(c)
To produce a downward magnetic field, the surface of the superconductor must carry a
clockwise current.
(d)
The vertical component of the field of the solenoid exerts an inward force on the
superconductor. The total horizontal force is zero. Over the top end of the solenoid, its field
diverges and has a radially outward horizontal component. This component exerts upward
force on the clockwise superconductor current. The total force on the core is upward . You
can think of it as a force of repulsion between the solenoid with its north end pointing up,
and the core, with its north end pointing down.
(e)
fLMN e
j OPQ =
F = PA = 3.42 Pa 1.10 10 2 m
1.30 10 3 N
Note that we have not proven that energy density is pressure. In fact, it is not in some cases;
Equation 21.2 shows that the pressure is two-thirds of the translational energy density in an
ideal gas.
1.36 H
P32.4
240 nWb
P32.6
19.2 Wb
P32.8
P32.10
P32.12
P32.26
P32.28
P32.30
P32.32
P32.34
P32.14
1.92
P32.36
P32.16
P32.18
92.8 V
P32.20
30.0 mH
P32.22
7.67 mH
P32.24
P32.38
2 B02 R 3
P32.40
1.00 V
P32.42
781 pH
P32.44
M=
= 2.70 10 18 J
N1 N 2 0 R12 R 22
2 x 2 + R12
32
Chapter 32
P32.46
400 mA
P32.48
281 mH
P32.50
220 mH
P32.52
P32.54
P32.56
P32.58
(a) 0.693
P32.60
P32.62
P32.64
P32.66
P32.68
P32.70
95.6 mH
P32.72
(a) I L = 0 , I C =
P32.74
P32.76
3.97 10 25
P32.78
FG 2L IJ ; (b) 0.347FG 2L IJ
H RK
H RK
9t 2
, IR = 0 ,
R
R
VL = 0 , VC = 0 , VR = 0 ;
(b) I L = 0 , I C = 0 , I R = 0 ,
VL = 0 , VC = 0 , VR = 0
C
(a) L = LK ; (b) Vc =
(c) t = 2 LC
Kt 2
;
2C
263