Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:i| ,i Sill
5 3i: * i feiu
W i'sa^^ f S5•g8s>.•
NYO-li5l2 (Del)
By
Robert J., L i s t
Microfilm PHce $ H • ^
uthonzmg QSiciaV'
Authorizing <
Date; (OJaJ^^?'
UNCLASSIFIED
• n,'
DISCLAIMER
ILL05TRATI0NS Iv
TABLES V
ABSTRACT vi
ill
iMiiMftiliif''^'^^^^---^-'^"*''-^""
ILLD5TRATI0HS
iv
c;i
4.21 Unextrapolated.Gummed Paper Data from Rhein-Maln, Germany. . 49
TABLES
T
ABSTRACT
Debris from the second burst of the series which had been pre-
dicted to move eastward, actually moved around a small, newly-formed
cyclonic center in southwestern Utfih and then westward over Cali-
fornia. Although the presence of this cyclone may have been suggested
by the wind field, the existence of a cloud circulation could be
confirmed only by the radiological data.
i'rry
..,.^L^.^...^atoMm.^.,. ^^i^.d^^^.r:^.^^^.^.^^'^^^^^..!^^-^agk....^..M^,.^^.^i^,^.^l^J.~A....^...i. s.A^.^^^>^^^>r..:^^
CHAPTER 1
The cloud of debris which evolves after the ascent has stabilized
eonslsts initially of a long, slender "^tem" capped by a broader "mush-
room top." Although appreciable amounts of debris are contained in the
stem, the great bulk of the material is in the mushroom cap. The sub-
sequent configuration of the cloud is determined by such factors as
the size distribution of the particles and the rate at idilch they fall
out and tha nature of the vlnd field which moves and diffuses the cloud.
'•CG
ordinary molecular diffusion. The extent of the diffusion depends
not only on the characteristics of the turbulent eddies of the
atmosphere but also on the time and space scale under consideration.
As the cloud grows, larger and lirger eddies become diffusing
elements, so that the rate of growth Increases.
2
.,.^^kg..,i^^^.si^ ^^..;..^^.w.;.,.-.., J...,., - - *w^.^-.^..^a^.:.^.ftwj«,^,..&^^K&i.^..;^..M»A^&^^
CHAFEER 2
HBXEQROLOGICAL TEIAJECTORIES
TABLE 2.1
Since the 850 mb level is near to, or even below, the surface of
the earth in the vicinity of the Nevada Proving Ground, no attempt
vas Bade to trace the primary cloud at this level, although some
debris certainly is carried at levels below 10,000 feet. Therefore,
trajectories of the primeiry cloud vere cosiputed for each burst at
all standard meteorological levels from 700 nib to the top of the
^^0 O^s
ouafaroom. Vhere the top of the mushroom reached an elevation between
two atandard levels and it was felt that movements cosiputed from the
Dearest atandard surface would be unrepresentative, additional maps
were drawn for the Intermediate level. Since l^e bulk of the radio-
active debris is contained in the mushroom top, it was considered
partlciilarly inrportant to attempt to track the cloud at that level.
" n9
CHAPTER 3
FALLOUT MDHITGRIKG
A comparison of gummed paper and air filter results for the five
stations furthest from the test site making both types of observations
la ahown in Figure 3.2. The stations, Willlston, North Dakota; Bismarck,
North Dakota; Huron, South Dakota; Norfolk, Nebraska; and Concordia,
Kansas, are all about 1,000 miles from the site. The activity indi-
cated by the air filter is plotted against the activity on the gummed
paper for every case in which at least one of the measurements indi-
cated aignifleant amounts of debris were present on the sanipling date
( 0.1 d/m/meter^ for the air filter or 100 d/m/ft^/day for the gummed
paper). The open circles Indicate that no precipitation had fallen
during the period, the solid circles Indicate the occurrence of precipi-
tation. It is evident there is a positive correlation between the two
•^jrpos of obaorvation. An estimated regression line is shown. However,
the tendency for precipitation to bring higher values to the gummed
paper relative to the air filter readings is indicated by the tendency
for the solid circles to lie below the regression line, as well as by
the increasing proportion of solid circles to be found with. Increasing
gunned paper activity. The latter tendency is not found with the air
filter observations,
ipoo
t ,"
2
It should be emphasized that the characteristics of the gummed
paper are not fully known. For* example, the effect of teinperature
and humidity on the stlcldness of the paper has not been Investigated.
A snoir cover vould undoubtedly affect the collection characteristics.
Ihe amount of debris carried away In rain which runs or spatters off
the surface Is not Imown, nor Is the effect of the vigor vlth vhlch
the observer shakes off surplus water when removing a rain-soaked
paper from the frame. However, the Increase of reported activity in
precipitation indicated that debris is carried down in the precipita-
tion, and that the gummed paper does retain much of this debris.
The air filter, on the other hand, was sheltered from the rain
and debris contained in the precipitation elements is not collected.
Occasionally, in heavy rain, the water did get to the filter, in
which case the filter frequently burst and the sample was lost.
All activity reported for the United States and Canadian stations
has been extrapolated to tba sampling date. This has been done by
ascribing the measured activity to a peurticular burst and assvunlng
that the decay has been proportional to t"^*^^ vhere t is the time
since the burst. No attempt has been made to extrapolate the samples
from Uexico, Central or South America, Europe, or Africa because of
the difficulty of ascribing the observed activity to a particular burst.
8
These factors, coupled vlth the tendency to ascribe debris to
the latest burst lAen there is sons doubt as to its origin, make for
a definite bias toward reporting higher activities than actually existed.
,^^J^^^^^^.^iAi^^&.^^^..M^.A^...^JM^^L. SL>^^^,,^^
i^ii
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.1
Tumbler-Snapper Tests
Height of
Detonation Height of Top
Tlnw* Type Above Ground of Cloud (MSL)
Burst Date (GCT) of Burst (feet) (feet)
Since the heights of the cloud tops vere estimated from alrcreuft
or ground observations, it must be assumed that some iincertainty exists
as to the exact heights, particularly for the higher clouds.
10
FIGURE 4 1 PRE-TEST BACKGROUND VALUES ON THE GUMMED PAPERS (d/m/ftt/dny)
that the background activity deposited on the gummed papers vas negli-
gible. The highest average activity at any of the stations was
10 d/m/ft^/day and the highest activity found on amy individual paper
was 45 d/m/ft^/day.
12
I
TABLE 4.2
1 .1
d/m/metcr'
tf
Activity
SI i
Burst
+» •p 4?-^ p< 4» •p
ri(M. O ^ tVJ •H (D
Station
•H 4-1
+>
^
1 > -P O
f>
•P " ^ U
- " ^
AsStatlons 200-400 naut. miles from the test site
•p
Buret
•p •p •
o
Act,
•p B o B •P B
Station
1 1
Butte, Montana 220 7 990 5 8
Helena, Mont. 380. 7 900 5 8
G^eat Falls, Mont. 190,000 8 3,600,000 4 8
Havre, Mont. 280 8 780 5 8
BUllngs, Mont. 35,000 7 69,000 2 8 810 7 390 2 8
Sheridan, Wyo. 420 7 390 2 8
tw Casper, Wyo. 280 7 500 2 8
Rapid City, S. D; 46,000 7 55,000 6 7 90 7 90 3 7
Scottsbluff, Nebr. 7800 7 160,000 4 5 190 7 320 2 7
Cheyenne, Wyo. 700 7 270 4 7
North Platte, Nebr. 130 7 150 3 8
Goodland, Kans. 4100 7 180,000 5 6 180 8 140 4 7
Dodge City, Kans. 150 7 17 5 6
AmariUo, Tex. 7600 6 7900 2 5
Rosvell, N. M. 31,000 7 190,000 3 7
Gummed Paper
No Rain Rain
• •p
•
p
B o B
Station •p o
1 1
Ck>noordia, Kems. 280,000 7 170,000 3 1
Wichita, Kans, 85,000 8 130,000 7 7
Wichita Falls, Tex. 14,000 1 23,000 5 7
Abilene, Tex. 4100 6 17,000 4 7
Del Rio, Tex. 3400 6 730 4 5
<i
QUIEDB~ Paper
l o Rain -
Rain
Yamphie, Tenn.
Jackeon, Wee.
Blew Orleane, La.
Peoria, 111.
G:Statione 1400-1600 aaut. nilse from the teat e i t e
Harquettu, Mich.
Saulte Ste k i e , Mioh.
Eecanaba, Mich.
Alpem, Mich.
Grad Rapide, Uch.
Toledo, Ohio
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Dayton, Ohio
Louieville, Ky.
Naehville, Tern.
Knoxville, Tenn.
Atlanta, Cab
Birmin&m, Ala.
,
Montgomery Ala
Mobile, Ala.
.
H:Stations 1600-1800 nsut. milee from the taut s i t e
N o r t h Bay, ht- 1000 8 5200 3 8
TABLE 4 . 2 (Cont'd)
GuBBied Paper
No Rain Rain
• •p * .
Station . • -p
^
B
^
o
Ji i
Rochester, N, Y. 4100 6 93,000 3 7
Buffalo, N, Y. 6000 7 64,000 3 7
Dansville, H. Y. 2800 7 68,000 6 7
Dunkirk^ N. Y. 4500 8 55,000 3 7
YoungBtovn, Ohio 2400 7 20,000 3 7
Charlestown, W, Va. 4200 7 8400 2 7
Lynchb\irg, Va, 3300 5 . 17,000 2 7
Ck-eenville, S. C, 1500 7 42,000 3 5
Florence, S. C. 24,000 7 34,000 4 3
Savannah, Ga. 960 7 51,000 6 3
Jacksonville, Fla. 7800 8 3,000 6 3
Tallahassee, Fla. 18,000 3 3300 2 5
:Stations 1800-2000 naut. miles from the test site
Gummed Paper
No Rain Rain
•p
Station B
• • . - • - 20 ' • • . . '
In certain zones (e.g., stations from 1000-1200 nautical miles
from the test site) none of the stations experienced as much activity
as vould have been expected on the basis of the results from stations
farther from the test site. For this reason, lines representing the
outer envelope of the points in Figure 4.2 at stations over 600 nauti-
cal miles from the proving ground have been drawn for the cases with
precipitation (solid line) and vlthout precipitation (dashed line).
The lines have not been extended to the area close to the test site
because of the greater probability that much higher activity occurred,
in this area, at other than the fixed stations.
21
..^>a«^ii^^....^^,^^i..^^i^tea^a .Aa^.^t.^j.....^.>..^.. :^^r„il(U^«Cy!yife.^U^_^:»^^£^i^B(^
^-^-^^^ HTr^tf^i^'r^^l'fef
ii^ jyjftttir
areas are based on reports from the sainpling stations only, and
Interpalatlon betveen the stations is approximate.)
TABLE 4.3
23
I >.'")
H
•Wa*Aai^J»AijiAM«««^ f.fa...atoi...Ai.iu>..i.«j^^^
45,000
FEET
40.000
<
35,000
M,000
25,000
N
CO
< 20,000
X
X \ K
1
X PORTED CLOUD TOP
I5.000 X 1*__R£
X
\ \
f
1
10,000
^
1
i
5,000 1 ^ V
\
0 mmim Xr
TCMPERATURE
!
24
'*''>f!
-1 n
0 0 0 0 6CT POSITION
26
45,000
FEET
40,000 • /
}
\
35,000 \ ,
K
k
3»iOOO
A
J 25,000
m \
'
6
< 20,000
10,000
s.ooo
1—~~~ \
1
0 » KWff I E MPERATUP•£
8T
• ! " • >
SYMBOLS INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-TOURLY INTERVALS,
DATE INDICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT PCBITION.
FIGURE 4.6 PRIMARY CLOUD TRAJECTORIES FOB THE SECOND BURST
.i^MhM,.«iMi;fe*aiilAahtA»£ai..^a^i
field^ and not too aach credence can be placed in th® exact position
•howB, l0«@ver, th® general area containing debris is indicated.
It i« int®r©stli^ to not0 that thd 16^000-foot trajectory stayed
wi-ttiltt a fsv hundred Biles of the test ait© and did not paee near
any stations of th@ monitoring network until 18 April. Prior to
•ttls 4at®7 th® ©aly activity found was in «i@ extreme southern part
of California^ In agreeMnt vith the TOO-mb trajectory.
29
35
^^^^,^mmmu^;^mh^,6^i^^m^Amsit,iimm^iA^a^ii^^^^^£ii^m;^^
45,000
FEET -
35,000
30,000
^
25,000
X
\
\J». X
b
\
X
X
< 20,000 X \ —*-~«-™™.«-
X ~ \\ •
• •
X
^ \
omp&K
' \
15,000 ^ — . ™ ™
10,000 •
5,000
ipewn«
30
m ^
I * if
iM^i^te^iMl^^te<^i«^M<*>^Ktei«tf^jMrfM>.<iA^^^w&i^te^i^^a^taM^M^teMlHMk^^
45,000
FEET I—
>WrED CLOJD T O P
\ \
KK
40»OOQ
3S,000
30^000
2S,000
^ \ •
^ 20,000 . \
' \
^
"-%
15,000
\
.
1
..,. \
10,000
.A,
5.000
06»
1 ^ mmm.
.?^
FIGURE 4 10 PRIMAEY CLOUD TRAJECTORIES FOK THE FOURTH BURST
.1
,^,^^iamm.i^Mi^l^^^khAMMMiAMtLh;i,at.^i^^
4.5.5 F i f t h Buret
4.5.6 S i x m Borst
'{}
MM.«..^il«MAfaMjM.J>.«M..iAiMMA^^
45,000
FEET
40,000 \
k
^
35,000
1 \S r — e i •PORTED CLOl©TOP
30,000
25,000 N M—.^—^
j
< 20,000
I5.«X» — , — ™ .
io,»o —_^_
I
X
1
1
t \
8,000
iX \
OiwroWT TEM^RATUBE
[ I
36
,..|
l> 1
J
X /
^
'rn
.^_4 • ••
•'^}!AV^
^
^W
\
tOMAY^
-^.-.
L:
~pz rCK)MB;C!0,000Ft)
_,—,—,—,-.f.
:\. ^ • • i
J "1
< 20,000
15,000
10,000
s.ooo
§8
' "I
•>JMjMt.MiMapMaa«.i>a.,iMi.««Mi».«MMaji,i«-i<a^
4.5.8 B i i ^ ^ Buret
39
'4
.A^^M^M^M^AMfa •»M«^l***'»a»'itt^««iM»«Mfi»il-^^
.^^t •lll»»JM^i"l^>.«»-«'>--»«<»M»Mll.^^ ikUittl.i«*i*«MM» m^MntaiMmimUm h^^mimt»mtim,*tiSmm*^sili^^
FEET
40.000 \
i —
1 1
1< I
U - REPORTED
> f
CLOUD1 TOP
35,000
l\
IV
kV
30,000
_j 25,000 V
to
< 20,000 ^
15,000
\
\
\
\
N \
\
\
%
\
*, \
10,000
\
\
V
\
\
\ \
^
\1
5,000 : \
\
"'V
BEw'pi 3INT TEWTOATU C
0 I
-70 -SO -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0®C !0 20 30
TEMPERATURE
41
Ih
SYMBOLS INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTEWALS.
DATE INDICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT POSITION.
i I r -V.
HHteiMklMita>ttb<Mio^yM.te ^iM^aUUS^MA,tMmt.,tmmtmm,Mtttm.,t,^a:d,immii^mlml^, a^MMkiaiMIMiW^ jiLiiutlkditMa,^^^iltiM,,&mMiiiid
FEET
\
35,000 \
30,000 \
\
J 25,000 \
« A
2
g \
< 20,000 \
to
15,000 V
1
10,000 \
1
1
1
1 \
5,000 ;
\
SEW POINT TEMF EWITIRE
0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -!0 0"C 10 20 30
TEMPERATURE
i^3
•l#M^t.4».^*J>.M.^^iMAJ>--M«-.i..^^ tisM^M '•^MM,,M,imaamiimAMMt,A,da,j^AM£^LjJadmt^Jlm
Jl
^^*t^<^iAi*aiM^Ma<«.^MM;»A.ia*JjMU^
ro
t
,w
FIGURE 4.19 PRIMARY CLOUD TRAJECTORIES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
I 1 I I
} *
teajectory tar each clomd ia shown aince thia reproaenta th® level
of BaxliBua initial concentration and also, presuHsably, (in the
case of the seventh aM. eighth bursta, lack of wind data at 200 mb
.Wide it.neceaaary to aae the SOO-mb trajectories) th® level of
BaximuB wind speed. The .gaim»d paper activity, uncorrected for
• decay, at each of the atatlona^—Prestwick, Scotland; Shein-lain,
• Qeraanyj and Hheelua AFB, Tripolii—are shown in Figures 4,20-4,22,
together irlth •Gi® aaount of precipitation observed during each
sampling period, • . ' .
•" - • -Ifaich of -tte debris which reached the Central and South
Affi@rican stations, and probably all that reached the two southenaost
stotlona of South Aaerica arrived as the result of mor© coBrplex flow
patterns. One process by vhlch debris could be carried to southern
latltudoe is by the diffusion and/or fallout of dabrla into -tte
ncrtheaat "toadea of th© northern hemlsphor©, There, winds vould carry
th® dabrie aouthward to the intertropical convergence zone, wh®r8
Blrlng ifi'tii aouthern hemiaphere air would occur, I^bria could also
b@ brouglit to souiaiern latitudes by diffusion and fallout from the
north winds- •^ich are frequently observed at h i ^ levels in the
tropica.
47
^MM^mu^mtMtm^^i^iMMMmMi^^ii^mm ri^jtUfcrM^^t^lMtatt •nUkMhtU^
s^M^mtm^mmiuAtJtM^m ,A^,.^itti^^^Ki«itebMM.^d
4000
'
n
soo
L
400
t 300
L.
r, i
1 rrf
ISO
-J •
n
r-
30
__ \
n -^
ao«- oiaf -
aor- QoS" ~
ftONS- £LJ r^ nrJ^U „ nn f\m ^r
FIGTOE 4.20 UNEXTRAPOLATED GUMMED PAPER DATA FROM PftESTWICK, SCOTLAND
%^&imiamii6seeiA^iiii^BSe&mi&BliaS^ ^4ii,e^.B«jH,gg«iriai£,^«jMffi!MS«iw^£$^l^£^>£jJ»;^^
4000
3000
2000
1000
900
800
700
• soo
500
400
9?; 300
200
IT
W
d
X
100
90
ao
ro
so
sot
n
40
M
30- I
2C^
m
••««.*AJi-»*»»Mia»tMtMJii»AA.Mj^^ ^^tm^^^^^m ^^^Mtilt^«*tt,,«MiAteite^iMiA>iiiA«>Ai*iii^ im>,mtatmtiim>mait^mm
4TO0
«ftAfS
'
L
400
I K.
200 1
i p.
-
•
©0 J
-]
50
^ h
r' -'
1
u
-J
1
Lr
J
. .,.„ I
lAPFBLmSZ IS !N AY 15- 1. UNE 6
A. L jiLiijija
FIGTOE 4.22 0NEXTRAI>OLATEn GUMMED PAPEK DATA FROM WHEELUS AFB, LIBYA
" }
*f
TABLE 4.4
Ifexico C i t y San Jose Canal Zone Bogata Quito Lima JM. Paz Santi^o
19°26 8 H 9*58« I 8 *58 « I 4*32» K 0*1C ' S 12*00« S 16" 29 • S 33*28' S
99* 8 » ¥ 84" 4 ' W 79 "33 » ¥ ?4»15' ¥ 78* 3C\* ¥ 77*00* ¥ 68** 3 « V 70*45« ¥
MU
a
0
O
1n
§ 11 § o
•H
> •P
•P
•H
^ N
b. 4 *
-P
-H P- 43
h f
t
Acti
Precip
(d/a/f
•H 33 5 •H 5"
^1 O O
lay
2
® m
4
"s 1
3 1400 1
«n 4 4 1 0 1
5 51 1 16 1
6 12 mod. 0 4 37 1 62 1 45 1
7 4 hiYj. 29 6 5 1 55 1 0 1
8 4 none 6 1 420 1 13 1 0 1
9 56 mod. 0 4 6 1 8 1 1fo
10
11
8
18
nod.
hrj'
0 Igt.
6 bvy.
0
6
6
5 -y.. 1 0
0
1
1 J
1
12 170 1 4 h.Yj» 1 3 BOd, 0 1 0 1 0 1 8 4
13 34 1 0 hYj, 13 t r . 0 2 5 1 21 5
14 4 mod. 13 none 4 5 9 1 8 1 13 5
15 120 1 8 nod. 0 Igt. 0 4 13 1 8 4
16 64 1 0 none 4 1 4 1 —«^
17 16 1 8 hvy. 0 tr. 9 1 }2 3
1 ? 1
18 330
79
1 0
0
Igt,
Igt.
10
0
nod.
hvy.
0
48
1
5
'£<
0 1
0
0
1
1
J 0 1
19 1
20
21
26
13
1
1
0 KOd.
65 I g t .
9
25
ttod.
Igt.
24
86
5
3
14
7
1
1
7
25
1
1
1m I
22 13 100 Igt 17 18 Igt. 77 29
TASK 4.4 (cont'd)
Ifexioo City San Jose Canal Zone Bogata Quito Lima ta Paz Santiago
Prec
• a
o « « o
^ 8 i A8
Act.
® © 43 ®
43 43
Date
^ ^ ^ £ ^ ^ ^ A ^ A ^
May
23 270 3 39 none 12 5 80 Igt. 72 1 8 1
24 a hvy. 27 2 160 Igt. 520 2 16 1 {4 1
25
26
95
170
4
2
71 Mod.
15 mod.
14
0
1
1
68 Igt.
19 Igt.
12
30
6
2
13
10
1
1 9 2
J
2? , 170 2 58 mod. 17 2 36 tr. 22 1 38 2
28 65 3 38 hvy. 58 1 120 tr. 0 1
29 15 6 110 Igt. 20 1 24 mod. 45 3 10 1 *">
01 30 120 5 62 mod. 230 2 190 b¥y. 16 3 21 1 30 1 1
31 29 6 58 hvy. 480 4 18 Igt. 17 1 11 I 5 1 -•1 4
Jvtxm
1 310 3 49 Igt. 175 1 28 1 110 1 560 4
2 34 1 28 hvy. 38 1 5 I 28 2 19 1
3 24 2 35 mod. 34 1 12 1 28 2
4 39 6 57 hYy. 49 7 12 Myy. 5 2 74 2
5 22 4 17 mod. 80 4 41 mod. 11 1 10 1
6 13 4 22 hvy. 90 X 6 Igt. 18 2 35 1
7 150 4 9 hvy. 130 5 9 hvy. 21 4 •"•2 1
8 390 2 6 hyy. 100 1 4 mod. 27 4 140 1
9 67 2 0 iBod. 38 2 16 mod. 0 5 11 1
10 110 6 hyy. 92 25 tr. 20 17 1
)i
1 1
• • »
Mexico City San Joee Canal Zone Bogota %iito Lima IA Paz Santiago
ft o 4^ 8
9
o
4S
m 45 8 4* 43 +» +3 © 4* ®
^t© ^ A ^ A ^ A M ^ A
11 9 2 0 hTy. 110 5 11 Igt, 4 1 45 1
12 42 5 0 tr. 0 I 5 1
13 11 2 17 t r . 15 1 6 none 0 I 6 1
14 26 hvy. MOO 1 6 Igt. 4 2 17 1
15 35 1 6 hvy. 12 1 0 rood. 120 2 9 2
16 11 1
17 6 1
18 23
n
tiadi^aii^i^^iumtm^^mMSmtMikSAmaimmi^mtm^titmii^m^Mti^t^kmmmma^
54
^MttMb^^fittl^ta^^tU^iMAA^^M^^ia^i^^kli^^^^&tf^^t^^^
. • -APISIDIl 1 .
55
r:i)
Flfuro A.2 Rodloictwi ffl|lo«t In tht 24-hoiir ptrlod btgifmlng 1830 6.0.1, 2 April 1952
I
c5
I
I
5
1
m
.2
o •
itAMiiiMH* tM^i.MB^AMi^«M^M^taMn«^»* iMmhMnttmaMmtmm <4A>MMuiailttitrt»M>wM
0
I
m
1
m
§
!_ fe§§i§i§iiii
11 ^iiiiiiisii
-., , linn
P lliilii!:
^^
t^fi^^gmitkkmmm^mt^t^mMa^mt^ii^immiiimiMfmAimt ^M^tMteJtM kMfaMMlAltfr^b&A.
I
m
I
©
1
I
I
^'S
i,,imMu^t.mtimi.^j,,,....im.ML»:,a,i^mm^ .tA^^**t*a^akM.J.MJ.M..>j.-.ya>;.^^
2!
1
<
s
s
I
O
1
Si
.2
o
s
3
6S
$S(i cm
m
o
r5
^1
FifW® A.7 Rodiooetlv® follout in th® 24-h0ur pariod beginning 1830 6.0.1, TApril 1952
* I
, t ' . » '»
I * J
Flprt A.8 Rodlooetivi foHoyf in th« 24"h©ur ptriod biginnlnf 1830 6.O.T., 8 April 1952
$@m A.IQ Rerdloarctivs fatloot in Ihs 24-hour (perk4 dberginnln~1830 GG,T:, I0April i s 2
o
FipriA.II Rodiooctlvt fallout in tht 24-hour period befinninf 1830 6.C.T., II April 1952
^ M ^ t e ^ ^ ^ktMa>tett<tetitftti^ ^/Ommmmtm^m^ntM^md^^MAiuiiAm, wmi»Um0M
<
ui
I
o
I I I
\
%
I
S
IJllill^
3S{i fi>9n
MMaMiM«i>ttM^««ii^tf4^^^i&^^^ia>^fAi^^*^^^i^^M«^Mtt^tfaW^tM
C4
to
o
m
I
"o •
o
1
5
«
.2
o
2
ro
11 |lli§S-§S«
' 3 5 0 -• Q73
iMta»,,«£iWaMrfdiMM>iiMMs ^Mm>t„>A»mia^»^>uL, titimM amm^eiaii^AMimmmMm^Um .^^a^MtOmmum^Asm^^mmtJim
C4
%3
s
m
i
1
s
I
.1
2
5
SSi;' 0y^
iiiii^y^;<iA,Mi(te^i^i^MM^aM^.aiA^ii^^ia^*«M^i»»>Mi^^
m
I
S
ui
I
•o
o
i
a.
i
I
.2
o
§
•2
... *,;pi»« J
SCO 07-5
a^attaiMttMa>.<taM;a«teitatei
tA^^mmmnoimiimmmm m.tt»^tt^»^m»^:ii^m^i^m»mmMmM^^ii,,a^it.
C4
I
CO
00
I
J ^: \ % -+-*-^-+.
=rf—I—_H—»-«=—t-t-i—1—+
t
I m? ! t /
ca
I
.2
o
«
I
|l |||i|38§;
n
4J * J ,
7S
10
1
m
I
©
1
I
OJ
5
I
.2
o
§
gl8§§l§§§-||
siiiiiiiili
illilli^.
n
•5? f;
•^--i 0 7 7
MtUMttMfeMll^aaUitaMii rttfttM^i^Wwik^ t^mMuiikiibitmimmmiiiSiudattJtmiam t.it»,Uiitimimmi,mti^i^m,ikmmm^^iimdmMtimMMmtim
p^___^ \
»—««—^
%3Y^C-r*
^r^^\5f^'\\<^' \ ^ \
I
U^-*--^•"^T^ t
\ 1 -1
4-i
\C 00
t fe\
rl§v
.f!^ SSi
r^S.
s
J. kV Si TV M>v ,/
m
eg f 23
I
0§ I r t f ' o
s~'
T"
X. / ^-f^
.T
m I
1
x^ 4 - p-4r:;ii^s§Z^oi„^_,_jp^,^^
a
s
ili|fl!5li
^iiiiiilili 2
llllll I
s^e C7a
mils {
S5(| o?9
^^^^^^^^is ^mM^mmamut^m. ia^MdMateMiW>^lri^aAi**tfteMiiM«MM«M>dUM«i^MiaA<aata i^^Mwtttea^iM^
^^^^^
m
m
o
o
m
m
.2
a.
I
o
©
?s
Shu B8Q
tMmmtmiiAmtttitatmiM^^^t^i^mu^^^ t^^tta^m^mA^m^tit^mMmm^ammiudtmmm^ -,^,^t^
m
m
f
o
1
s
s
2
iiiin f
w
350 081
i^^^m^Ai^kkMmdiitmm^^iMiUAitmmit,M.^i^»Mi^i^ii^»Mdm^^mtm^ma^m mti^K^l^^k^m^m^i^SitmM^m^^i^tim^am^M^m^m^^uimi,^^^
ej
1
(9
I
.\ 2*^
t
«
>
llsiiis'
350 082
tAMmtMiaifcajnif '•<'t»»<4AiJ^-tt^t->Ji»»-i-.Mai.^^ ^m^mM^utmmi<mma^^mmti^mii^aimMmmm*^^imdmMitiimitM,MAi
<
ca
5
S
SO
c
I
©
1
i
.2
§
1
to
-llilll I
78
55 fi r>g3
•MM^tt«^itfa^te&>MU&«^^Mil&MtM^MrtM^^M«iiiy^^ Me^mimm^k^i,Siuim^^*,^m*i^Li,it^^^^^^^mMM^m^
ca
i
I
erf
1-
f
o
1
I
-.5
.1
i
s
. mil
350 ' 084
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i^tA^m^mmm ^m»mtmdm ««M>iM^kaM>i^rii^biM«MMiMte*iid>riMi^tes^iM^nMt^U«iMiA*>*a •kUlAiMiyi^UlMilteWMMa
I
CM
m
1
i
2
I
g
CM
llilll
^^0 08S
i<*h»^»t->»-.Ji->»>.*.*i»taM.^^ •«JJiaMi»l>M»MJ»Jt».ai«k»aaj>«»JIMMi^^
ea
I
o
1
I
ca
I
.a
S
to
81
S5f) fog
mm*
3.001 003"
4004 010"
5.0Jt 030"
&031 lOO"
t l O l WStf
* > 3flO"
'0
rigyrs A 27 Rodioactiv® fallout in th© 24-hoyr ptriod bifinnlnf 1830 6.0.1,27 April 1952
r t
I I700 GCT I mil
21730 GCT I S W l
3 1730 GCTBApnI
4 1630 GGT I my
5 1215 GCT 7m
6 1
.m G C T I W y
T l l l GCT IJmt,
allss GCT SJSM
U Unextw0bt.d
Pigurs A 29 Radioactive fat lout in ths 24-hour period bsginning 1830 G.C.T, 29 April 1952
PRECVITATIW
~ I P E T A T I I O NU)M
LlnXt GCT I l\pr~l
217s OCT iSl\p~l
3 1730 OCT ZWnl
4 1630 GCT 1 Moy
Figurs A.30 R@rrS"loacll~(bfallout. in the 24-h@ur perisd bsginnlng 1830 GGX, 30 April 1952
Figure A.32 Rediocl~tivelollout in the %$-hour period beginning 1830 GC.T, 2 May 1952
PREClPlTATlON
PREEIP1T&TIMU CODE W T MOE
I F X X ) GCT I npil
21730 WT IS&ml
3 1730 W BApd
% I630 GCT I May
51215 GCT 7Mcry
6 l?W GCTBMoy
7 1155 GGT I June
a 1 1 5 5 GCT 5-
U UMrtWolotid
Figure A.33 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1830 G.C.T, 3 May I952
bigrrrr A.34 Radioactive tallout in Ike M-hwr period bsginning 1838 GG.T, 4 May 1952
I •
. ^
-J s : ,a» = » 1 _ ^
IsumEO mKR.d/m/lt^/doy
1 cau^T)
o MSH-VOLUME AIR FILTER,d/m/nunr'
leuRSTl
1 (WEOIPITATION
mBdmrmoH eom BURST CODE
imm 1.1700 SCT lAiiril
ITKW ZI73O0CTI9*i»il •
3.0«-0.03" 3.1730 8CTSA|»il
400*-O.IO" 4.1830 BCT IMoy
9.aii-030" 9.815 SOT 7 M i j
. »03l-1.00" 61200 GCTZSMsy
11.01-300" 7 i m GOT t Jw«
, • ». > 3.00" a i m OCT sjim
Flprt A.36 Radlooctwe fallout In tht 24-hour ptriod b©f inning t830'6.C.T., 6May 1952
•.^^itt^i'-Mit.i.i^Jii'^Bi.miiii^^ Mmitm^i,mm^k»imimimdiiii^^miim^immSiim^iti^mtamm
i
o
S
»
d
o
ro
m
OS
"O
.2
o.
i
3
©
O
O
O
R5
<
iZ
•n'o'o'o-a'h fi
gogssa |i
lliilg?'^.
350 CS7
^.^=;fi.,..^,....^im...,,a.i>^^^^ AM^asgs^sSiS!i^iSm^;/^Siidm
OJ
lO
0>
d
S
1
• |
©
1
C4
i
1
5
93
350 QBH
.a^^Wi^^^^^^MM^i^i^^ariift^^Mi^ M^s^^^tetii^ta^teM^te^t^M^te^^MMa^MAw^te^^^^toMU
ca
s
ui
I
o
i.
"5
§
ro
3£?-c/
0^9
MliMUtf^itfitelMtfbAc^^M^MWMttHIl MMilteiikMMl^<iMUMHlaiMllMMMi«Mfi^&AMrfM«teteaMHt
>«
o
2
O
O
d
o
.2
«
a.
S
3
.2
P§§§§§SI|i O
^' Niiiiiiili
o
11
i mill I
31-0 ICO
llilll :
9S
3&CI 101
>„^.^AAje^j»Jiiit,a»J...at..^..^.a.<aai,i..iiuAa^M«i^^ imumia^ia&jiliulimiiiiiiim
Oi
m
05
S
ui
s
I
o
I
t
ca
-I
I
s
OJ
l l i l l l •!
350 102
Mtitf*ltfM,rft«i iduk^^Mmmm^^Mmm, MWbWaAi^*. m^^i^m^mM mi»M^^Mmk»tm^aMt^m^mS»mia^i^M^m,
i
rO
d
d
I
OJ
5
8
ro
^^llilll I
3liCI 103
,itu^,,^u,,,^ii.astiilt,,,alstusaii^MiuMa.^i:!tis^ UiUEM>;a.:i>a,UdUll<.^>nlli»»i..bM«Ct>>.i<^^ «d«&.4«.M^bM;«^
el
m
I
©
1
i
.1
1*
4
3&y 104
i^,ummm^sidtm.MMii»,^umsi,MmdM,im^iAtimmi»4dii^^ uu^Mii»m^i>^>ti*^mi^dM&t,Me^»mi^mU^^aMim
el
I
o
r^i/#
*"' teff^ar^fcoaiastes
i- ->—,tOg
^l£|l^:^ »
1
I
iniri I
il§§385
im
SIJO 105
i 4
F l p r i A.46 Rodlooeti?© fallout In ths 24-hour ptriod beglnnlnf 1830 6.C.T., 16 Moy 1952
midtmimtmmi^mmlmA, ..,«..«...4..«.,&AAaa.i,,M^^
S
I
o
i
I
.1
o
§
iiiiliii;
|| illiS5§5'^
102
BhU 107
imi^bA^ttmmAta^mm^i u^ri^k^,^rfiAkaa«M^Mi^&iM^^M«Hii.MJ^M4MAiutea ^i^^Aimi»smmtiti^&tdimi^i^mt^t^^kit,.'^.M,iimmti^
m
m
(9
m
I
o
1
I
I
i
1
I
103
35(1 i^g
»mS^A,iMiUa„ti^£Md,i^,M^^ iMt^mmm^ MAkMimJMAkilliMtAMll .,MiiUtea«Mte*>Uw*te>iaM&Ai>te>iMi.;.<Ui.
CM
m
d
o
ro
CD
5
o
Ob
3
O
•B
o
g
L 5s§§§§ll§li 1
il Nsiiiiiili <
111111 I
£04
350 109
I 4 y |. f
Flfyfi A.50 Rodloaetiv® foliout In m% 24-hoyr ptriod b i f inning 1830 G.G.T., 20 May 1952
att^kUda tAibMite^^i^tfAMUteaiMtfttiiaiSKi .Aj-.ya..ifA*.M«a..A.dfayA^^
05
I
o
1
OJ
®
g
i gII ifIIII^
i_ Sl8§g§§§§||
!i siiiiiiiiil
•f i'r§"§ii -
11 |ili§sg5^
196
^'S^\ 111
ea
ca
ca
at,
S
(9
s
I
•o
©
1
I
cy
I
.2
o
s
gS§sii§§5|.|
iig?iiiii||
lOT
350 1X2
Co
o
cc
Figyrs A.53 Radiooetivt foliout in tht 24-hour period becfinning 1830 G.G.T., 23 May 1952
t t
&M«Ml^Aate(UMtf>at^Uii^MMte>&l.«.MM<Mk t^adtt£tai»aiMMMttM^ikiMaa
itrnt^mm^aiMiidi^mm^^hm^mmMMmmtmiMMm^
^
o
om
m
.2
m
i
5
m
to
109
350 lU
t^^tit^^immAt^^i^m^Amimmidmt^y^m^i^^^ttmi^MiA^m^MimM^^Ammitmti^miimim ^hHMl^M>M.iriMal&*MiMMMiM^Mte^i^«^
ca
10
ca
5
o
I
5
I
1
it||?l|!ll
§§§|§§§§ti
iiiiiiiiii ID
•s <
I
a
M9
3S0 lis
miummmim^i^m^iiiAmAim,itMmm>^^m>miMtMm»mmtlitmuMmAmtitihdmtM^ imtiS^iii^ittmmlmm
C4
m
ca
I
a
I
I
5
I
I
m
35CI 116
C*3
Flpr® A.57 Radlooctiva foliout in tht 24-hour period beginning 1830 a C t , 27 May 1952
'/
.AdMdtirite^u Mtim»M..^ifct«* tl^a^imbMmbmltilJukmmlimmiiuMi^tiM
i^^m tUlattmmiimmtitim
C4
ca
CD
f
©
I
I
.2
o
g
113
35(l' 118
to
^
FIgur® A.59 Radioactlvt fallout In tht E4-h©yr period btginnlng 1830 6.0.1, 29 May 1952
f t
ttM^di^ii^»ii^amii^im>^»,^^hamti^miMt,iim^m^mM^mmi^A^iMl^i6i^^mm^t^^^umim^^ <^«te^*J^te^ttt*
ca
s
i
I
s
ca
1
s
1
o
115
350 120
i^b,midm^^mmdm>MiAmm,i»m»hmMimimmmtit,tmmam jMtoMai..i«t^*a#.M>jll«.Aa>..*l^^
a
S
O'
I
•a
©
I
OJ
§§iis§§§
^iiiiiii: (0
.., I illlll I
ii Iilllll!:
116
3S0 121
|i
I
l i-'l soi Bti i*,«i
a
i S«j '>-•^«i
111
•35» -•.122-
titkmmiiit^mMiiamMmtSmiiSm Ut^^m^JM^^i^^^^ia^^^liimm ^iim.M^^^idmA,Mf*mmiMmimA,,^,^iMuMM,,Mmi,mMdmi,M^iimiimmi
CJ
2
3
£
.£
f
o
a.
I
3
O
•B
Illlll I
ilii5§5
118
350 123
tMtmmkmMimm^»i.t^M ,^^M^m^i^mM,ti^mM»^,mimmmtim M^t^tili^kmt^U^m^tid^imi^m tH^i^AmUtMtiit^t.
ro
O
O
I
o
I
I
ca
5
I
I
o
s
tei§§§§§§§ii
^iiiiiiiiii s
Illlll :
119
35fi 124
imi,,Siimm..^umi.a^»dm,mMMiim,Miu,^^
ca
s
d
o
so
00
I
o
'i
€L
I
ea
.2
o
§
<
s
ISO
35§ 12J
% I
Flpr® A.66 Radioaetlv® fallout in th® 24-hoyr period beginning 1830 6.G.T, .5 June 1952
mmk^n^i tMiM A^m iMttAriMUIaiUku.a^ia^steM^Akaia^ttett
m
c
->
S
ui
o
I
CM
5
g
s
II§111 I
- Bl »« •# a) Hi t -
12t
350 127
^^^te a^WuMMi^^^ikA^tlte ^mmuMm^ttm^^i^^U^A^ mminUaii^^Mmtmmiim
Illlll f
ilsiili^
OS
3&II 128
Fipr® A.69 Rodiooetivi fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1830 6.C.T., 8 Jun@ 1952
»f t «
' 1
! 1t , I I
Figure A.70 Rodionetiv® fslloyt In th® 24-hour period b®§inolng 1830 6.0.1, 9 Uuns 1952
»m,,amt,Jm^ii^m:^d^U^»mSitmm •ii^<Ba.».aia«»A>Jia^tf*M.^A^^M*,*iMM.i^^
3
-3
CD
I
©
1
I
5
<
126
3511 131
lri^&te^*A«tt«tMSMk>a^<ii*d«^te«tt^MMxl» m^mi^^ii^mm^MkiUm^kmm,^m0a^mt^Ai,m*J^i^imu^^^^^mm»i-Ai^^iAmmi^i)m
s
1
o
1
*
w
5
I
I
iiilil!:
i»
5^0 132
,^d^aim^aiim,^i^^^^Amm^^mdmimiiMim,m^tkmmim.ti^ •A^tiailKtMlaMiaiMkMU l^fowU,.<^^At
cu
-3
s
I
©
i
-3™^ ;=z^^::^''Z^l
5
MJt^^-iil I
a»
.2
o
g
immih
gllSSSISIIl
Siiiiiiiili
1
ro
I <
a
!
Illlil I
128
^^"^^'^ 133
,,MMMm,M^L^kLsm^idtAAi,ki,.A;h^i,.Mi^^ uimA^iimami^^^^ttMmim
m
i
m
13
O
I
.1
8
^
iiiin f
llllagi*
3Stt 134
^^^d^UAj^^tmm ,^mM*mmmmmmitmM^mmittii»mmimJm.iii^,mtdm
cy
m
05
s
€0
f
-a
o
CM
I
.2
o
§
lO
130
350 135
iim^mmmimm»^iiimniii»AiM>im yim^m^ummMiAm^^mm^^^^mimmiiA^mmmiim^ihA,
m
9
f
©
1
I
.2
o
s
mill
131
35iJ 136
<o
<3
c
c
I
1
m
.2
g
1
5
.132
35"tf 137
VI » I
*,
m
o
Co
FifUfi A.78 Radlooetlve follout In tht 24-tioyr ptriod biginning 1830 6.C.T., 17 June 1952
to
c
Flgurt A.79 Rodiooctlvt fdtlouf In tht 24-hour ptriod biflnnlng 1830 6.C.T., 18 June 1952
APPENDIX B
135
350 1,^0
debris was predicted to fall on most of the eastern United States.
This estimate was based on the 300- and 200-mb trajectories, at lower
levels the trajectories indicated a weatweu-d movement of debris.
Actually, only two isolated patches of activity were found in the
East, both associated with heavy rain. Aa can be seen from Figure
A.24, rain occurred over a large area, however, only three stations
received significant amounts of radioactive ralnout. It is evident
that the rain was necessary to bring debris down rapidly from high
elevations, although the lack of activity at the other stations in
the rain eerea. is difficult to explain. Where the air mass structure
is vertically unstable, the downward transport of debris from high
levels by turbulent mixing is more effective, as ceui be seen from
the maps for the 24-hour periods beginning 1830 GOT, 7 May and 1
Jxine 1952. However, in each of these cases, precipitation was
also present, so that it was necessary only for debris to have been
brought down to the levels at which the rain was formed.
136
360 i/^x
FIGURE B.l OBSERVED AND PREDICTED AREAS OF FALLOUT
W-
ta
OB
Co
Co
I (
J
FIGURE B.7 OBSERVED AND PREDICTED AREAS OF FALLOUT
^
I r J ' '
X , 4 1
f i
I II ^ 1 , ' /- r
1 r
4
i i
• •> < 1
^ *• 1 vf ^ . i ' '• r' * i
CO
tn
iif%S?fti^i^ttii^l^i^ih&^ ^^'-'^''^'^-^^
^l^^^i^^^S^^^S^^ihii^^^^^ Mtei f-ailg'UiS.'*^^
\'
T
I
r --
4.
^:£ ^
' .=" .i.T ^ •--.
••tite',-^oii •»«
^ jwofla"
"K:
.-y-""^
/^
lit-
7
I
"-'--p.-
i>(< I
Ti
FIGURE B.12 ORIGINAL (DOTTED LINE) AND RECOMPUTED (SOLID LDIE) 16,000-FT TRAJECTORIES FOR THE SECOND BURST, AND
THE ASSOCUTED WIND FIELD
148
350 l^d