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Introduction
Barbara Rivolta
Introduction
Ductile fracture
Brittle fracture
Barbara Rivolta
Introduction
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(1)
(2)
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(3)
Substituting (3) in (2):
(4)
If we make the assumptions that a0~l/2, then
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If the energetics of the fracture process are considered, the fracture work
done per unit area during fracture is given by:
This energy is equal to the energy required to create the two new
fracture surfaces (2gs):
Or:
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Substituting in (4):
Example:
Estimate the theoretical fracture stress of iron if the surface energy is 1.2
J/m2
E = 200 GPa; a0 = 0.25 nm
max = ?
Experience with high strength steels shows that a fracture strength in
excess of 2 GPa is exceptional. Engineering materials typically have
fracture stresses that are 10 to 1000 times lower than the theoretical value.
This leads to the conclusion that flaws or cracks are responsible for the
lower than ideas fracture strength of engineering materials.
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Example:
Calculate the fracture stress for a brittle material with the following
properties:
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brittle fracture:
cleavage mechanism
intergranular mechanism
ductile fracture:
microvoid coalescence mechanism
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Cleavage fracture
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Cleavage fracture is the most brittle form of fracture which can occur
in crystalline materials
The possibility to have cleavage fracture is increased by lower
temperature and higher strain rates
Cleavage fracture of metals occurs by direct separation along
crystallographic planes due to a simple breaking of atomic
bonds. For example, iron cleaves along the cube planes (100) of its
unit cell.
(100)
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Cleavage fracture
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This causes the relative flatness of a cleavage crack within one grain.
The neighboring grains have different orientations, so the cleavage crack
changes direction at a grain boundary to continue propagation on the
preferred cleavage plane.
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Cleavage fracture
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Microscopically
Transgranular cleavage
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Cleavage fracture
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can propagate
on
two
parallel
The two parallel cracks can join by overlapping if they are on the same
plane, or by a secondary cleavage to form a step.
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Cleavage fracture
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Cleavage fracture
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When the crack passes a grain boundary, two situations can occur:
if the twist angle is low, the crack propagates from a grain to the other
with continuity
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Cleavage fracture
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if the twist angle is high (a grain with different orientation), the crack
must reinitiate on the now differently oriented cleavage plane.
It may do so at a certain number of places and spread out in the new
crystal. This gives rise to the formation of a number of cleavage steps,
which may join and form a river pattern.
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Cleavage fracture
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Cleavage fracture
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Intergranular fracture
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It is the fracture mechanism wherein the crack prefers to follow the grain
boundaries.
Intergranular fracture
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Intergranular fracture
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Intergranular fracture
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Ductile fracture
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A crack often origins from second phases, i.e. from particle of different
dimensions.
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The large particles are often very brittle and they cannot accomodate
the plastic deformation of the matrix. They fail early, with small
amount of plastic deformation. The do not play a role in the process of
ductile fracture itself.
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Ductile fracture
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Oval dimples
cavities
microvoids
Equiaxial and
round shape
dimples
coalescence
of microvoids
Final rupture
Fracture
by shear
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Ductile fracture
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Ductile fracture
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Schematic representation
Large voids in AISI 4340 linked by
narrow void sheets consisting of small
microvoids.
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Ductile fracture
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Ductile fracture
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Ductile fracture
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