Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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2010-09-26
Outline
Why LNG?
What is LNG ?
Applications of LNG
LNG trade and LNG chain
Gas pre-treatment
Gas liquefaction
LNG storage and loading
LNG transport
LNG receiving terminals
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What is LNG ?
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LNG Density
1 m3 LNG corresponds
to 600 Sm3 natural gas
S = Standard state, 15C, 1 atm
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Formula
MW (kg/kmol)
Nitrogen
N2
28.013
- 195.5
- 209.9
Methane
CH4
16.043
- 161.6
-182.5
Ethane
C2H6
30.07
-88.6
-183.3
Propane
C3H8
44.097
-42.0
-187.7
nButane
nC4H10
58.124
-0.5
-138.4
iButane
iC4H10
58.124
-11.8
-159.6
nPentane
C5H12
72.151
36.06
-129.8
MW=Molecular weight
NBP=Normal Boiling Point
NFP= Normal Freezing Point
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Peak-shaving plants
Smaller plants that are connected to a gas network. During the period of the year when gas
demand is low, natural gas is liquefied and LNG is stored. LNG is vaporized during short
periods when gas demand is high. These plants have a relatively small liquefaction capacity
(as 200 tons/day) and large storage and vaporization capacity (as 6000 tons/day). Especially
in the US many such plants exist
Small-scale plants
Small-scale plants are plants that are connected to a gas network for continuous LNG
production in a smaller scale. The LNG is distributed by LNG trucks or small LNG carriers to
various customers with a small to moderate need of energy or fuel. This type of LNG plants
typically has a production capacity below 500 000 tpa. In Norway and China several plants
within this category is in operation.
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LNG Chain
LNG Cold Utilization
Cold Energy
Power
Recover
y
Gas
Production
Remote
Cooling
Pipelin
e
15-20 %
Super Freeze/
Cryogenic
Storag
e
LNG
Plant
30-45 %
Air
Nitrogen,
Oxygen,
Liquefaction:
Argon
LNG
Shipping
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Electricit
Transmissio
y
n
En
Use
d
r
Gas
Distributio
n
Gas
Marketing
En
Use
d
r
LNG
Receiving
Terminal
10-30 % 15-25 %
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Power
Generatio
n
UHV
kJ/kg
0
55496
51875
50345
49500
49011
UHV
kWh/kg
0
15,42
14,41
13,98
13,75
13,61
GHV
WobbeIndex =
=
spgr
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UHV
MJ/Sm3
0
37,66
65,97
93,90
121,69
149,56
GHV
MW
28.964
LHV
kJ/kg
0
50010
47484
46353
45714
45351
GHV:
spgr:
MW:
LHV
kWh/kg
0
13,89
13,19
12,88
12,70
12,60
LHV
MJ/Sm3
0
33,93
60,39
86,45
112,38
138,39
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Applications of LNG
Pipeline gas for household and industry
Gas fired power production
Maritime fuel
Fuel for cars and buses
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Mariscal
Sucre
Deltana
Angola LNG
Brass
LNG
Source: CERA
RasGas 1-5
RasGas 6/7
Persian LNG
Abu Dhabi
LNG
Oman LNG
Sakhalin
Damietta
Gassi
Touil
Skikda
Atlantic
Idku
LNG Mauritania
Bolivia LNG
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Yamal
Marsa el Brega
Peru LNG
NLNG
1-6
NLNG 7/8/9
Pars LNG
QG IV (Iran)
QG III
QG II
QG I
Baltic LNG
Arzew
OK
LNG
NIOC LNG
Bintulu
Arun
Yemen
LNG
Brunei
Central Salawesi
Tangguh
Ichthys
Sunrise
Darwin LNG
Bontang
Pilbara
Gorgon
Pluto
Browse Basin
Australia
NWS 1-5
Akwa Ibom
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End
flash
HHC
Extraction
(C5+)
Power
&
heat
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Jetty
Compressors
Air cooled
condensers
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Cold boxes
(Heat exchangers)
Mercury removal
Mercury can cause corrosion problems, especially in aluminium heat exchangers
Requirement: Max 0.01 g/Nm3
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-200oC
-100oC
-150oC
-50oC
0oC
Precooling
Liquefaction
Subcooling
50oC
Pressure [bara]
Expansion
10
JT Throttling
1
-900
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End
-800 flash -700
-600
-500LNG
-400
-300
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-200
-100
100
200
Liquefaction process
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CO2
C1
Pressura(Bara)
N2
Ethylene
C2
C3
10
n-C4
LNG Range
1
-200
-150
-100
-50
Temp(C)
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50
Shell
Linde/Statoil MFC Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (Snhvit, 4.3 Mtpa start up 2007)
Axens Liquefin (No references)
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45 bar
1.4 bar
19 bar
1.4 bar
LNG -155 C
-96 C
Methane
Ethylene
Propane
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-32 C
7 bar
12 C
NG
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NG
12 C
30 bar
NG
6,5 C
12 C
99,8 C
-155 C
LNG
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5 bar
-155 C
-155,5 C
Refrig
C1
0.897 0.360
C2
0.055 0.280
C3
0.018 0.110
nC4
0.001 0.150
N2
0.028 0.100
100
NG
12 C
30 bar
50
NG 60 bar
6,5 C
Temperature, C
12 C
99,8 C
0
-155 C
LNG
5 bar
-155 C
-155,5 C
-50
NG bubble point
line
-100
-150
-200
-1500
-1000
-500
0
Enthalpy, x 10^6 kJ/hr
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500
1000
1500
Temperature, C
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Duty, x 10^6 kJ/hr
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1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
C3MR Process
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Heat exchangers
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Refrigerant liquid
supply (if needed)
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Hot stream
outlet
Flooded
Tube bundle submerged in boiling
liquid
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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Block or Core
Header
Nozzle
Width
Stacking height
Length
Passage outlet
Cover sheet
Parting sheet
Heat transfer fin
Distribution fin
Side bar
End bar
Production of plate-fin
heat exchangers (Linde)
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Rollover - principles
evaporation
heat
T2> T1
2< 1
T1
1
heat
composition change
Rollover of the liquid phases
may then occur
This gives a sudden pressure
increase due to flash vaporization
T = Temperature (C)
= Density (kg/m3)
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LNG ships
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LNG Carriers
Growth in the average capacity
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LNG Receiving
Terminals
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Vaporizer options
Need a heat source
Basically the following options are available (or a combination of them):
Heat from seawater
Open Rack Vaporizers ORV
Heat of combustion, by burning a portion of the natural gas
Submerged Combustion Vaporizers SCV
Heat from waste heat recovery or by direct burning of natural gas
Direct Fired Heaters DFH
Heat from ambient air
Ambient Air Vaporizers - AAV
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Thank you
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