Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Deterioration Theories of
Reinforced Concrete
Design, Materials and Workmanship
Embedded Metal Corrosion-induced cracking
and spalling
Reduction in Structural Capacity
Chloride Penetration
Carbonation
Corrosion
Process
Concrete is a highly
alkalinity material (pH=12).
Embedded steel is
protected from corrosion by
a passivating film bonded to
the bar surface.
Corrosion-an
electrochemical process is
accelerated in an acidic
environment
Emmons, 1993, p.9
Corrosion Promotors
Chloride
Penetration
Chlorides penetrate into
concrete due:
Surface moisture
Crack
Construction joint
Cast-in chloride
Corrosion Threshold
Standard Threshold:
The concentration level of chloride ions at which the
protective passivity layer on the surface of the
embedded steel breaks down and corrosion initiates.
An international recognized threshold of the chloride
concentration is of 0.40% by weight of cement for a
concrete with 400 kg/m3 of portland cement (i.e.
corresponding to a critical chloride content of about
0.05-0.07% by weight of concrete).
Carbonation
pH is lowered by:
CO2+H2O+Ca(OH)2->CaCO3+2H2O
Carbon dioxide penetrates into the pores
of concrete by diffusion
Concrete protection of the steel is LOST!
The process proceeds by 1mm annually,
15years -> 15mm threshold
Fire Damage
Temperature gradient
is built up (21C800C)
Spalling of expanding
concrete
Cement mortar
converts to quicklime
at 400C
Re-bar loses tensile
capacity at 700C
0.3
Normal
300
Pink
600
Whitish Grey
10
Load Effects
Re-bars are placed in
the concrete to provide
tensile strength
Concrete is poor in
tension, good at
compression
Tension Cracks are
formed
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12
where
(t ) =
[R, t ] [S , t ]
2 [R, t ] + 2 [S , t ]
13
Corrosion-induced damage
Spalling /
Delamination
Limit state
Cracking
Onset of corrosion
t0
Time
t1
tL
14
C ( x, t ) = C s 1
2 3Dc t
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
x=2, Cs=0.1, Dc=10-8
x=2, Cs=0.1, Dc=2.5x10-8
x=2, Cs=0.1, Dc=5x10-8
0.02
0.01
Year
51
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
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where
c
(D) = the mean of the depth of carbonation in mm;
Kc = the carbonation rate factor in mm/year1/2; and
t = time in years
( D) = K
Kc = cenv cair a( f ck + 8)
where
cenv = the environmental coefficient;
cair = the coefficient of air content;
fck = the characteristic cubic compressive strength of concrete (MPa);
and
a, b = carbonation constants
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1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
P r o b a b ility o f fa ilu r e
P r o b a b ility o f F a ilu r e
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
conc strength =10MPa
conc strength =20MPa
conc strength =30MPa 0.2
conc strength =40MPa
0.2
0.1
0.1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Age (years)
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95 100
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Age (years)
90
95 100
19
20
10
Target / Design
Service Life
Environmental
Effects
Degradation
Mechanisms
Mechanical
Design
Parameters
Durability
Parameters
Depth of
deterioration of
concrete
Corrosion of
Reinforcement
Concrete Cover
Diameters of
Rebars
Other Factors
Strength of
Concrete
Permeability of
Concrete
Type of Cement
& Reinforcement
Curing Method
Structural
Dimensions
21
Process
Degradation
Mechanical
Static loading
Deformation
Deflection, cracking,
failure
Cyclic loading
Fatigue, deformation
Deflection, cracking,
failure
Impact loading
Fatigue
Vibration, deflection,
cracking, failure
Acid production
Leaching
Biological
Micro-organisms
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11
Degradation factor
Process
Degradation
Chemical
Soft water
Leaching
Disintegration of concrete
Acid
Leaching
Disintegration of concrete
Acid
Neutralization
Steel depassivation
Acidifying gases
Neutralization
Steel depassivation
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbonation
Chlorides
Penetration, destruction of
passive film
Steel depassivation
Expansion of steel, loss of
diameter in rebars, loss
of bond
Stress / chlorides
Stress corrosion
Failure in prestressing
tendons
Sulphates
Crystal pressure
Disintegration of concrete
Silicate reaction
Expansion, disintegration
Carbonate reaction
Expansion, disintegration
Carbonate aggregate
Degradation factor
Process
23
Degradation
Physical
Temperature change
RH change
Expansion
Shortening, lengthening,
restricted
deformation
Shrinkage, swelling
Shortening, lengthening,
restricted
deformation
Disintegration of
concrete
Heat transfer
Scaling of concrete
Floating ice
Abrasion
Cracking, scaling
Traffic
Abrasion
Running water
Erosion
Surface damage
Turbulent water
Cavitation
Caves
24
12
Degradation factor
Process
Degradation
Use
Normal use
Maintenance / upkeep
Management
Deterioration and
obsolescence
Deterioration
Abuse / vandalism
Cannot be ascertained
Cannot be ascertained
Errors of communication
Cannot be ascertained
Uncertainties of
manufacture and
execution
Cannot be ascertained
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Repair Strategy
Repair strategy is dependent of the intended
building service life.
Very different repair tactics are devised for
different intended life spans.
Five different tactics are set out:
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13
Minimum Life
Short Life
Medium Life
Tactic 1
(Hazard Removal)
Tactic 2
(Defects Repair)
Tactic 3
(Deteriorated Repair)
Long Life
Identification of
hazards
Identification of
defects
Tactic 4
(Rehabilitation)
Tactic 5
(Redevelopment)
Diagnosis
Repair System
Determine the extents of
deterioration
Determine the cause(s) of
deterioration
Stability of elements
Financial viability
Acceptability of disruption
Repair Methods
Removal of hazards
(T1)
Replacement of defective
elements (T2, T3, T4)
Replacement of deteriorated
elements (T3, T4)
27
Repair
Tactic Codes
Intended
Further
Building Life[1]
T1
Hazard removal
only
oRemove hazards
oApply cosmetic repair
oFulfill statutory / minimum requirements
T2
Repair of defects
oT1
oRemoval of defective elements
oRepair / make good the defects
T3
Medium life
(11-20 years)
Repair of
deteriorated
elements
oT1 + T2
oRepair / replacement of deteriorated elements
oRemove all carbonated and chloride
contaminated concrete
oMinimize the source(s) / cause(s) of
deterioration
T4
Rehabilitation
oT1 + T2 + T3
oUpgrade to the latest / a better standards
oApply preventive / protective measures
T5
Redevelopment
[1]
Tactics
Descriptions
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Case
Causes
Chloride
Concentration
Water
Ingress
Repair Methods
Carbonation
For T3 and T4
Repair
Stop
water
source
For T4 only
Prevention of
Cl- attack
Protective
coating
Legends:
(1)
H=
High chloride content, i.e. Cl- > 0.4% (by weight of cement)
(2)
L=
Low chloride content, i.e. Cl- < 0.4% (by weight of cement)
(3)
Y=
Water ingress
(4)
N=
No water ingress
(5)
F=
(6)
M=
Mildly carbonated, i.e. carbonation front < 15mm depth and did not exceed
reinforcement
(7)
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Item
Repair Methods
Descriptions
Patch repair of
spalled concrete
T2b
Partially recasting of
concrete structural
elements
T2c
Repair of defective
components / systems
Repair / replacement
of defective
components
T3b
T3c
Minimize the
source(s) / cause(s) of
deterioration
30
15
Repair Methods
Descriptions
Upgrade of structural
elements
T4b
Upgrade of services
Item
Preventive
Measures
31
Descriptions
Protective
coating
T4d
Cathodic
protection
T4e
Re-alkalization
T4f
Chloride
extraction /
Desalination
16
References
The End
For enquiries, please send email to
Edward CY YIU
Department of Real Estate and Construction
The University of Hong Kong
ecyyiu@hkucc.hku.hk
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