Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Users Manual
Shawna Berg
Greg Brobst
Josh Edmonds
Allison McGuire
Robyn Menard
Bryan Tracy
Table of Contents
List of Figures.......................................................................................................................3
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................5
0.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................6
1.0 Creating a Design Simulation .......................................................................................6
1.1 Opening SuperPro Designer .....................................................................................................................6
6.4.4 Specifying Stream Components of a Discrete Input Stream (Components, Etc. Tab) ............78
6.4.5 Editing the Composition of a Discrete Input Stream (Composition, Etc. Tab) .......................79
6.4.6 The Composition, Etc. Tab for an Intermediate or Output Discrete Stream ...........................81
6.4.7 Setting the Density Value (Density Tab).................................................................................82
6.5 Physical Characteristics............................................................................................................................84
6.5.1 Changing the Color, Style, and Thickness of the Stream ........................................................86
6.5.2 Editing the Tag Properties.......................................................................................................87
6.5.2A Changing the Tag Name.........................................................................................87
6.5.2B Editing the Tag Text Style......................................................................................88
6.5.2C Editing the Appearance of the Tag Frame..............................................................89
6.5.2D Editing the Location of the Stream Tag .................................................................89
6.5.2E Picking Up and Applying a Stream Style ...............................................................90
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Specifying Mode of Operation for Plant .............................................................7
Figure 2.1: Changing Mode of Operation within New Flowsheet.........................................8
Figure 3.1: Accessing Physical Units Options.......................................................................9
Figure 3.2: Setting Default Physical Units ..........................................................................10
Figure 4.1: Accessing the Pure Components Database .......................................................12
Figure 4.2: Registering pure components available in database..........................................13
Figure 4.3: Registering pure components not available in database....................................14
Figure 4.4: New Component Registration ...........................................................................15
Figure 4.5: Editing Properties of Pure Components ............................................................16
Figure 4.6: Properties of Pure Components.........................................................................17
Figure 4.7: Registering Stock Mixtures ...............................................................................27
Figure 4.8: Registering a Stock Mixture Not in Database ...................................................28
Figure 5.1: Adding a Unit Procedure.....................................................................................40
Figure 5.2: A Vessel Procedure in a Fermentor.....................................................................40
Figure 5.3: Reversing the Flow Direction of a Unit Procedure .............................................41
Figure 5.4: A Procedure Flowing Right-to-Left ....................................................................42
Figure 5.5: Accessing the Procedure Data Window ..............................................................42
Figure 5.6: The Procedure Data Window for a Batch Process ..............................................43
Figure 5.7: Accessing the Equipment Data Window.............................................................44
Figure 5.8: The Equipment Data Window.............................................................................45
Figure 5.9: Choosing the Equipment for a Unit Operation....................................................46
Figure 5.10: Accessing the Breakpoints Window..................................................................48
Figure 5.11: The Breakpoints Window..................................................................................49
Figure 5.12: The Breakpoint Window with Automatic Material Pull-In...............................50
Figure 5.13: Breakpoint Window with Automatic Push-Out ................................................51
Figure 5.14: The Different Breakpoint Settings ....................................................................52
Figure 5.15: The Breakpoints Sub-menu ...............................................................................53
Figure 5.16: Accessing the Unit Procedure Icon Style Window ...........................................54
Figure 5.17: The Unit Procedure Icon Style Window ...........................................................54
Figure 5.18: Changing the Color of a Unit Procedure Icon...................................................55
Figure 5.19: The Edit Procedure Labels Window .................................................................56
Figure 5.20: The Name Tag: Text Window...........................................................................57
Figure 5.21: The Name Tag: Frame Window........................................................................58
Figure 5.22: Picking Up a Unit Procedure Icon Style ...........................................................59
Figure 5.23: Applying a Unit Procedure Icon Style ..............................................................60
Figure 6.1: Appearance of Bulk and Discrete Streams.........................................................61
Figure 6.2: Different Types of Process Streams ..................................................................61
Figure 6.3: Location of the Connect Mode Button ..............................................................62
Figure 6.4: Input Ports .........................................................................................................63
Figure 6.5: Output Ports.......................................................................................................63
Figure 6.6: How to Reach the Properties Window for a Stream .........................................65
Figure 6.7: Bulk Stream Properties Window.......................................................................65
Figure 6.8: Steps Taken to Register a Pure Component or Stock Mixture to a Bulk
Stream ................................................................................................................67
List of Tables
Table 5.1: Unit Operations Available in Unit Procedures ....................................................31
Table 11.1: Pollutant Categories...........................................................................................135
0.0 Introduction
The following users manual is formatted for easy use by both SuperPro masters and
those with no prior simulation experience. If you have no previous experience with
SuperPro, read the manual chronologically to ensure that the proper functions are
performed in the correct order. For users familiar with the SuperPro simulation
package, this manual can be navigated through easily by the use of the table of contents
and index. This particular manual targets a pharmaceutical audience and may leave out
information concerning the software that does not pertain to this industry.
Note: Keywords underlined in blue font are hyperlinked to the glossary to allow the user
to gather additional information, if needed, about a particular term.
File>>New
After selecting New and before the simulation will open a new flowsheet, the user must
define whether the process is batch or continuous. After choosing to start a new
flowsheet by selecting File and New, the following interface, Figure 1.1, will appear.
The user must choose a primary mode of operation and annual operating time for the
design before the remainder of the designing process can take place. The following
section will discuss the two possible selections for mode of operation in SuperPro.
Batch
o Scheduling information is required
7
Continuous
o
o
o
o
Mixed Mode
Once selected, the interface shown above in Figure 1.1 will appear and can be used to set
the mode of operation needed for your process.
Note: Though the program allows the user to change the mode of operation during and
after the design process, making a change late in the design will require the user to revise
earlier steps. It is suggested that the user finalize the mode of operation before adding
unit operations and procedures and as early in the design process as possible.
After selecting Physical Units Options, the following interface, as shown in Figure 3.2,
will appear.
10
The default settings for physical units can be changed by using the button and scrolling
through the unit options. The following units are available for the above categories:
Time in: yr, mo, s, min, h, day, wk
Mass in: lbmol, mol, kmol, lb, MT, ton, oz (troy), oz (avdp), g, kg
Volume in: yd3, L, Mgal, Kgal, gal, ft3, m3
Composition in: ppb, ppm, [01]
Concentration in: lbmol/gal, kmol/L, micro-mol/L, mmol/L, mol/L, micro-g/L, mg/L,
g/cm3, g/L
Density in: g/cm3, g/L
Temperature in: deg R, deg K, deg F, C
Pressure in: inH2O, inHg, cmH2O, mmHg, psi, atm, bar, Pa
Note: Though a physical property may be assigned default units, the units can be
changed within streams and operations during the process. In other words, choose
11
default physical units that are most often used in your process or that you want for your
generated data, but understand that these units are not binding for all operations.
12
Once in the Pure Components Database, shown in Figure 4.1, components can be
registered by selecting the appropriate component and instructing SuperPro to register
the component. To register pure components available in database:
1) Select chemical needed for the simulation by either:
a. Typing name of chemical in entry box
b. Scrolling up/down in Pure Component Database and selecting a chemical
2) Click the Register button
Figure 4.2 depicts the necessary actions to register pure components available in the
database.
13
Once Register is chosen, the registered component will appear in the Registered Pure
Components section, located on the right side of Figure 4.2.
Note: The Pure Components Database can be altered at any point in the simulation
process. It is not necessary to register all components that will appear in the flowsheet at
one time, but it is recommended that users form the habit of registering components early
in the simulation process to prevent from having to return to the Pure Components
Database multiple times.
The physical constants for the components in the Pure Components Database are
already defined within the database. Unless specified by the program, no additional
physical constants need to be added to these pure components, but can be modified for a
specific design case. Physical properties can only be edited for registered components.
14
If the user is uncertain of the properties of a pure component, the best option may be to
add the new component temporarily. If new accurate information is found later in the
design process, the new component can be inserted into the database permanently.
After selecting New, the following interface, as shown in Figure 4.4, will appear.
15
16
property values of the new component can be changed by the procedure described in
Section 4.2, Editing Physical Properties of Pure Components.
Note: Remember that any property not defined by the user is automatically set as the
corresponding property of the default component.
17
After selecting the Properties option, an interface presenting the ID portion of the
components properties will appear. Within the properties function are the following
categories:
ID
Physical (Constant)
Physical (T-dependent)
Aqueous
Economics
Pollutant Categories
These categories can be chosen by clicking on the tabs located on the top of the interface.
For example, if the Physical (Constant) tab is chosen, the following interface, as shown
in Figure 4.6, will appear on the screen.
18
Because these pure components were registered from the Pure Components Database,
most, if not all, of their physical properties are included. These properties are set as a
default within the simulation program, but can be changed for a particular process. Pure
Components added by the user, as described in Section 4.1.2, will require the user to
manually add the physical properties of the component. A further discussion on
components properties can be found in the following section, Section 4.1.4.
19
Aqueous
Economics
Pollutant Categories
Note: All of the above mentioned categories are not necessary for all calculations.
However, it is important to recall which properties are defined and which are denoted by
the default component. It is important to provide accurate values for as many properties
as possible to prevent having to define these properties later and from generating errors in
the simulation data.
The following sections will discuss in further detail the properties included in the above
mentioned categories as well as the operations where these properties are utilized. The
user should take note which properties are necessary for particular operations, to ensure
that this property data is accurate.
ID
Name
This is the formal name of the pure component, either supplied by the simulation
program when the database was developed or by the user when a new component
was introduced. The Name portion of the ID cannot be changed once the pure
component is introduced. The Name can consist of up to 31 characters.
Trade Name
The Trade Name may or may not be different from the Name of the pure
component. The Trade Name is the name widely known in the market or
industry. This name was either supplied by the simulation program when the
database was developed or by the user when a new component was introduced.
Unlike the Name, however, the Trade Name can be changed later and must be
unique. The Trade Name can consist of up to 31 characters.
Formula
This property is the formula of the pure component. It was either supplied by the
simulation program when the database was developed or by the user when a new
component was introduced. The Formula can be changed later in the process and
does not have to be unique. The Formula can consist of up to 31 characters.
Chemical Abstract Serial Number (CAS Number
)
The CAS Number may or may not be available for a particular component. It
was either supplied by the simulation program when the database was developed
or by the user when a new component was introduced. The CAS Number must
be unique and can consist of up to 31 characters.
Company ID
20
Companies may have their own number system for denoting certain components
used in their process. This tag number is reserved primarily for this purpose.
This property was defined by the user when the new component was introduced,
but can be changed later. Uniqueness is not necessary for this property. The
Company ID can consist of up to 31 characters.
Is Biomass
This property consists simply of a True/False prompt to denote whether or not the
component can be treated as a biomass. This property is used to denote biomass
components within all biological reactors.
Physical (Constant)
Main Properties
Molecular Weight
(g/gmol)
o Used in distillation, flash drums, condensers, absorbers,
strippers, electrostatic precipitators, and all reactors
EIR Report: Environmental Impact Report
-presents information that describes the effects of the process output streams on the
environment
-contains a detailed tabulation of all chemicals that are regulated by the EPA or denoted
as hazardous by the user
Enthalpy of Formation
(J/gmol)
o Used in energy balances
Normal Boiling Point
(C)
o Used in distillation, flash drums, condensers, and to determine
the phase of a given component
o From this information the simulation program decides whether
to use the density correlation provided by the user or the ideal
gas law to determine density
Normal Freezing Point
(C)
o Used to determine if a given component is in liquid or solid
form
Critical Properties
Temperature (C)
o Used in distillation, flash evaporation, and condensation
Pressure (bar)
o Used in distillation, flash evaporation, and condensation
Compressibility Factor
21
o Used in distillation, flash evaporation, and condensation
Acentric Factor
(omega)
o Currently not needed for this version of the simulation program
Miscellaneous
Henrys Constant
4
3
* 10 (atm-m /gmol)
o Used in absorption, stripping, and VOC emission calculations
Particle Size (microns)
o Used in filters and centrifuges
Default Volumetric Coefficient
o Used to estimate the density of a stream that contains this
component
Physical (T-dependent)
Density (g/L)
Used as a conversion between mass and volumetric flow rates and to
calculate the concentration of streams
Calculated by the following equation:
D = a + bT , where T is in K
SuperPro allows the user to enter values for a and b for user defined
components and to edit a and b for components available in the Pure
Components Database
For densities in the vapor phase, SuperPro assumes the ideal gas law
and calculates the density accordingly
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
-a national organization that attempts to lead the nations environmental science,
research, educational, and assessment efforts by:
Developing and enforcing regulations for hazardous chemicals
Offering financial assistance to state and educational institutions for
environmental research
Performs environmental research to understand current environmental problems
Strives to further environmental education in the public arena
Evacuate
-complete removal of unit procedure contents
Heat Capacity
(J/gmol-K)
Liquid/Solid Cp
o Used in energy balances
Gaseous Cp
22
Heat of Vaporization
(J/gmol)
Currently not needed for this version of the simulation program
Calculated using the following equations
T
Tr = , where T is in K
Tc
Hv = a (1 T ) , where T is in K
Watson correlation
SuperPro allows the user to enter values for a and b for user defined
components and to edit a and b for components available in the Pure
Components Database
Aqueous
Used primarily for the calculation of the environmental properties of streams and for
operations dealing primarily with waste treatment and pollution prevention
operations.
Diffusivity Properties
6
o In Water *10 (cm2/s)
Used in VOC emissions calculations
3
o In Air *10 (cm2/s)
Used in VOC emissions calculations
Bio-Degradation Properties
o Intermediate Stream
23
-a stream that carries material out of a unit procedure and into a different unit procedure.
Components and flowrates for an intermediate stream are usually calculated by
SuperPro. The exception is when the Pull-Out operation is used.
Kmaxo
Oxygen Ratios
o
o Clean-in-Place (CIP)
o -used for cleaning processes using a cleaning agent
24
Nitrogen Ratios
o TKN: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
o (g N/g)
Used to calculate the TKN value of the streams
Denotes the Kjeldahl nitrogen contribution of the
component
o NH3: Ammonia Nitrogen (g N, as NH3/g)
Used to calculate the NH3 value of the streams
o NO3-NO2 : Nitrate/Nitrite Nitrogen
o (g N, as NO3, NO2)/g)
Used to calculate the NO3-NO2 value of streams
Denotes the NO3-NO2 contribution of the component
Log10 (octanol/water)
o Currently not needed for this version of the simulation program
o Used to indicate the hydrophobicity of a component
o Helps determine a components tendency to become sludge
Carbon ratio
o TOC: Total Organic Carbon
o (g C/g)
Used to calculate the TOC values of streams
Denotes the organic carbon contribution of a
component
Phosphorus ratio
o TP: Total Phosphorus
o (g P/g)
Used to calculate the TP value of streams
Denotes the phosphorus contribution of a component
o CaCO3 (CaCO3/g)
Used to calculate the CaCO3 value of streams
Denotes the CaCO3 contribution of the component
Solids Ratios
o Solid?
User can define if component is a dissolved or
suspended solid
o TS: Total Solids (g solids/g substance)
Used to calculate the TS value of streams
Denotes the fraction of a component that is dissolved or
present as a suspended solid
o TSS/TS: Total Suspended Solids (g TSS/g TS)
Used to calculate the total TSS value of a stream based
on the TSS values of the stream components
25
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Economics
Supplier
o Name
o Comments
26
Pollutant Categories
27
If a primary biomass is formed in a reaction and both the primary biomass and water
components have been specified, the simulation program will automatically adjust
intracellular water amount to satisfy the biomass water content specified in registration.
28
Note: The primary biomass component relates to components that have the Is option
selected.
29
30
Figure 4.8 depicts the necessary actions to register stock mixtures not available in the
database.
31
Note: If the mixture already exists in the Stock Mixture Database, the program will ask
for confirmation that the properties of the mixture are to be updated. Once confirmation
is made, the new mixture will be added to the Stock Mixture Database to be used for
future design cases
Name
This is the formal name of the stock mixture, either supplied by the simulation
program when the database was developed or by the user when a new mixture
was introduced. The Name portion of the ID cannot be changed once the stock
mixture is introduced. The Name can consist of up to 31 characters.
Trade Name
The Trade Name may or may not be different from the Name of the stock
mixture. The Trade Name is the name widely known in the market or industry.
This name was either supplied by the simulation program when the database was
developed or by the user when a new component was introduced. Unlike the
Name, however, the Trade Name can be changed later and must be unique. The
Trade Name can consist of up to 31 characters.
32
Local Name
Companies may have their own number system for denoting certain mixtures used
in their process. This tag number is reserved primarily for this purpose. This
property was defined by the user when the new mixture was introduced, but can
be changed later. Uniqueness is not necessary for this property. The Local Name
can consist of up to 31 characters.
Composition
Available Ingredients
Mixtures can be made up of either:
Pure Components
Other Stock Mixtures
Ingredient Composition
Can be defined as either:
Mass
Molar
Density (g/L)
Used as a conversion between mass and volumetric flow rates and to
calculate the concentration of streams
Calculated by the following equation:
D = a + bT , where T is in K
SuperPro allows the user to enter values for a and b for user defined
components and to edit a and b for mixtures available in the Stock
Mixtures database
For densities in the vapor phase, SuperPro assumes the ideal gas law
and calculates the density accordingly
Economics
33
34
In an Air-Lift Fermenter
Agitate
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Crystallize
Evacuate
Extract/Phase Shift
Ferment (Kinetic)
Ferment (Stoichiometric)
Gas Sweep
Heat
Hold
Continuous Reaction Procedures
Stoichiometric: In a
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Fermenter
Ferment (Stoichiometric)
Hold
Stoichiometric: In a Seed
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Fermenter
Ferment (Stoichiometric)
Hold
Stoichiometric: In an Air-Lift Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Fermenter
Ferment (Stoichiometric)
Hold
Kinetic: In a Fermenter
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Ferment (Kinetic)
Hold
Kinetic: In a Seed Fermenter Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Ferment (Kinetic)
Hold
Environmental: Well-Mixed
Bio-oxidize*
Aerobic BioOxidation
Hold
Environmental: Plug Flow
Bio-oxidize*
Aerobic BioOxidation
Hold
Environmental: Trickling
Bio-oxidize*
Filtration
Hold
Environmental: Anoxic
Bio-oxidize*
Reaction
Hold
Environmental:
Hold
Neutralization
Neutralize*
Environmental: Wet Air
Hold
Oxidation
Oxidize*
Environmental: Incineration
Hold
Incinerate*
Environmental: UV
Hold
Radiation
Radiate*
Pressurize
Pull In
Pull Out
Purge / Inert
React (Equilibrium)
React (Kinetic)
React (Stoichiometric)
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Vaporize/Concentrate
Vent
35
Filtration Procedures
Microfiltration (Batch)
Dead End
Nutsche
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate (Batch)*
Hold
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate (feed & bleed)*
Hold
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate (Batch)*
Hold
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate (feed & bleed)*
Hold
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate (Batch)*
Hold
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate (feed & bleed)*
Hold
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Concentrate(Batch)
Diafilter*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Filter*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Dry Cake
Filter*
Gas Sweep
Heat
Cake Wash
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Filter*
Gas Sweep
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Hold
Purge / Inert
React (Stoichiometric)
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Wash Cake
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer Out
36
Rotary Vacuum
Air Filtration
Belt
Granular Media
Electrostatic Precipitation
Centrifugation Procedures
In a Decanter Centrifuge
Disk-Stack
Bowl
Basket
Centritech
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Filter*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Filter*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Filter*
Hold
Filter*
Hold
Hold
Precipitate*
Centrifuge*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Centrifuge*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Centrifuge*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Filter*
Gas Sweep
Hold
Centrifuge*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Purge / Inert
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Wash Cake
Homogenization Procedures
High-Pressure
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Homogenize*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
37
Bead Milling
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Homogenize*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Chromatography/Adsorption Procedures
Gel Filtration
Elute*
Equilibrate
Hold
Load*
PBA Chromatography
Elute*
Equilibrate*
Hold
Load*
EBA Chromatography
Elute*
Equilibrate*
Hold
Load*
Ion Exchange (for
Hold
Demineralization)
Load*
Regenerate*
Wash*
Drying Procedures
Freeze
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Dry*
Extraction Procedures
In a Mixer-Settler
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Extract*
Hold
Differential
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Extract*
Hold
Centrifugal
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Extract*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Phase Change Procedures
Crystallization (Continuous) Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Crystallize*
Hold
Regenerate
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Wash*
Regenerate*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Wash*
Regenerate*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Wash*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Transfer In
Transfer Out
38
Storage Procedures
Batch: Blending Tank
Batch: Receiver
Agitate
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Evacuate
Extract / Phase Split
Gas Sweep
Heat
Hold
Agitate
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Evacuate
Extract / Phase Split
Gas Sweep
Heat
Hold
Agitate
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Evacuate
Extract / Phase Split
Gas Sweep
Heat
Hold
Agitate
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Evacuate
Extract / Phase Split
Gas Sweep
Heat
Hold
Agitate
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool
Evacuate
Extract / Phase Split
Gas Sweep
Heat
Hold
Pressurize
Pull In
Pull Out
Purge / Inert
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Vent
Pressurize
Pull In
Pull Out
Purge / Inert
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Vent
Pressurize
Pull In
Pull Out
Purge / Inert
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Vent
Pressurize
Pull In
Pull Out
Purge / Inert
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Vent
Pressurize
Pull In
Pull Out
Purge / Inert
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Vent
39
Batch: Silo
Continuous: Vertical On
Legs Tank
Continuous: Silo
Continuous: Hopper
Heat Exchange Procedures
Heating
Electric Heating
Cooling
Heat Exchanging
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Pull In
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Store*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Store Solids*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Handle Solids Flow*
Hold
Pull Out
Store Solids*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Heat*
Hold
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Heat*
Hold
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Cool*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Exchange Heat*
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
40
Heat Sterilization
Mixing Procedures
Bulk Flow
Discrete Flow
Component Flow
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Sterilize*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Mix*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Mix*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Mix*
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Charge
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Mix*
Mix Solids*
Transfer In
Transfer Out
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Split*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Split*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Split*
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
Hold
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
Split*
41
After the necessary unit procedures have been determined, the user can add those unit
procedures to the simulation.
To add a unit procedure select:
Unit Procedures >> [Type of Procedure] >> [Procedure]
Figure 5.1 below depicts the steps needed to add a vessel procedure in a fermentor.
42
After the procedure is selected, the Add Step cursor will appear:
Click on the simulation where you want the unit procedure to appear. A visual of the
procedure will then appear on the flowsheet. For the example of a vessel procedure in a
fermentor, the following image will appear to represent the procedure:
43
Note: To move a unit procedure after it has been added to the simulation, click on the
procedure and drag it to the new location. If more than one procedure needs to be
moved, select each procedure by pressing the Shift button and left-clicking. Once all
procedures are highlighted (they will appear red), click and drag them to the new
location. Precise movements of one pixel can be made using the arrow keys on the
keyboard.
Each unit procedure has a unique appearance that correlated to how the equipment would
appear in reality.
To add more procedures, follow the same steps until all of the procedures needed in the
process are present.
It is important to pay close attention to the location and orientation of each procedure
when adding it to the simulation. SuperPro will automatically add the procedure in the
standard left-to-right orientation. However, it is often necessary to show the procedure
flowing right-to-left. This needs to be done immediately after the procedure is added,
before any streams are connected. To change the orientation of the procedure, right click
on the procedure to open the menu, and select:
Flip (reverse flow direction)
After Flip has been selected, the input and output ports will flow right-to-left, as shown
in Figure 5.4.
44
After all of the necessary unit procedures are added to the simulation, the user then has
the option to edit the procedure data within each unit procedure.
45
The Scheduling tab allows the user to designate the operating mode of the procedure.
There are only two fields on this tab that are editable by the user. The number of cycles
per batch can be specified, and it can be told to operate in Stagger Mode. More
information on scheduling can be found in Chapter 8. The other tabs in the Procedure
Data window include Throughput, in which the user can choose to include the procedure
in the throughput analysis, and Description, which is a blank text box that allows the user
to enter comments about the procedure.
Note: For a batch process, the Continuous option on the Scheduling tab is gray and
cannot be selected by the user. For procedures that are running constantly during a
continuous process, this option will be available.
46
After Equipment Data has been selected, the following window will appear:
47
Equipment
Purchase Cost
Adjustments
Scheduling
Throughput
Comments
Allocation
Note: This section will be focusing on the Equipment tab. For information about Cost
Analysis, refer to Chapter 10. For information about Scheduling, refer to Chapter 8.
48
The different sections of the Equipment tab include selection, size, and description.
Selection
used by the procedure. To ensure that the shared equipment is being used by
the other procedure, perform the same steps to choose the equipment.
Note: The selection of the equipment takes place under the Select option in
the Selection section of the Equipment tab. The other option, Request New
is not editable by the user, due to the fact that SuperPro automatically
determines the type of equipment used based on the unit procedure. Also note
that equipment can only be shared in batch processes. For a continuous
process, separate equipment is required. Therefore, in a continuous process,
the Select option appears gray and is not editable by the user.
Size
The Size Section of the Equipment tab allows the user to set the equipment
size or have SuperPro perform the calculations. If the user chooses to size
the equipment, the simulation is in Error! Reference source not found.. If
SuperPro is instructed to perform the calculations, the simulation is in
Error! Reference source not found..
Description
The Description section of the Equipment tab contains information about the
physical aspects of the equipment. The information includes:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Name
Type
Number of Units
Error! Reference source not found.
Error! Reference source not found.
Error! Reference source not found.
Error! Reference source not found.
Height
Diameter
Design Pressure
Error! Reference source not found.
When in Design Mode, the areas that are editable by the user are: Max.
Volume, Max. Allowable Working Volume/Vessel Volume Ratio,
Height/Diameter Ratio, Design Pressure, and whether the vessel is an ASME
Vessel. All other areas are calculated and set by SuperPro.
When in Rating Mode, the areas that are editable by the user are: Number of
Units, Volume, Height/Diameter Ratio, Design Pressure, and whether the
vessel is an ASME Vessel. All other areas are calculated and set by
SuperPro.
50
51
In some special cases, there are other options available. If there is an automatic material
pull-in, an option will be present to insert a breakpoint after the automatic pull-in, as is
show in the figure below:
52
53
There are three different settings that can be chosen when designating breakpoints:
To set and activate a breakpoint, click once on the box next to the operation that will
follow directly after the breakpoint. When a breakpoint is set and active, it will be
designated by a black check in the square. Once a breakpoint is set and active, it can be
changed to set and inactive by clicking once more on the square. A set but inactive
breakpoint is designated by a black check in a gray square. To remove or clear the
breakpoint, click again on the box and the check will be removed. These three settings
are illustrated in Figure 5.14.
54
After breakpoints have been set, a red circle with a white X appears on the simulation
where the breakpoint is located. If a breakpoint is set but inactive, it appears as a gray
circle with a white X. These indicators can be seen in Figure 5.15 below. The menu
changes slightly after breakpoints are added to include a sub-menu for editing
breakpoints. The new menu appearance is shown in the figure below:
55
The Edit option allows the user to return to the Breakpoint Window to edit the
breakpoints. The Clear All option removes all breakpoints, the Activate All option
activates all of the set breakpoints, and the Deactivate All option deactivates all set
breakpoints.
Note: If there are no deactivated breakpoints, there will not be an Activate All option on
the Breakpoints sub-menu. Likewise, if there are no activated breakpoints, there will not
be a Deactivate All option on the Breakpoints sub-menu.
56
After Edit has been selected, the following window will appear:
57
58
After Edit Labels has been selected, the following window will appear:
The Procedure Name and Equipment name can both hold up to 15 characters, while the
Procedure Description can hold up to 31 characters. The label will appear with the
Procedure Name and Equipment Name on one line, separated by a / delimiter, and the
Procedure Description will follow on the next line:
Procedure Name / Equipment Name
Procedure Description
2) To remove the tag completely, click on the box in front of Show Label to remove
the x.
3) To change the font of the tag, click on the Font button to open a separate font
window in which the user can select the desired font, size, and font style.
4) To change the color of the tag text, click on the Font button to open the font
window and click on the drop down menu labeled Color to choose from a list of
colors.
5) To change the color of the background of the tag, click on the Color button on the
Name Tag: Text tab to open a separate color window in which the user can select
the desired color. Note that a color can be chosen only if the text background is
specified as Opaque. If the desired background is clear, choose the Transparent
option. This will allow any lines behind the tag to show through.
In addition to editing the text of the tag, it is also possible to have a frame around the tag.
The following section with discuss this option.
60
2) Click the circle in front of the style of choice. Choices include solid, dotted,
dashed, dash-dot, dash-dot-dot, and invisible.
3) Click the circle in front of the thickness of choice. Note that different thicknesses
are only available for solid lines. All options other than 1 pt are non-editable
when a style other than solid is selected.
4) Click on the button marked Colors to open a separate color window in which
the user can select the desired color.
Because there are so many options to customize the appearance of the unit procedure icon
and tag, SuperPro has a function that allows the user to pick up a style and apply it to
another unit procedure icon and tag.
61
button on the
An alternate way to pickup a unit procedure icon style is to click the
Visual Objects Toolbar along the right side of the SuperPro window.
After a unit procedure icon style has been picked up, it is possible to apply that style to
another unit procedure. To do this, right-click on the unit procedure icon and select:
Style >> Apply
62
button on the
An alternate way to apply a unit procedure icon style is to click the
Visual Objects Toolbar along the right side of the SuperPro window.
Bulk streams have flow rates such as kg/h or kg/batch, where the amount of
medium in the stream is apparent in the value of the flow rate.
Discrete streams have flow rates such as vials/batch or bottles/batch, where each
vial contains a particular mass or volume, making it possible to calculate the
amount of medium in the stream.
63
Note: It is not necessary to specify explicitly the nature of the stream. SuperPro will
automatically designate the type of stream based on which Error! Reference source not
found. the stream is connected.
Discrete flow is only available for five of the unit procedures that SuperPro offers.
These procedures include Flow Mixing, Flow Splitting, Generic Boxes, Grinding, and
Shredding. Flow mixers and flow splitters use the same type of stream as inputs and
outputs, so, for example, a discrete flow mixer will have a discrete output. Generic boxes
allow the user to change a discrete stream to a bulk stream and vice versa. Discrete
grinders and shredders have discrete inputs and bulk outputs. For more information on
these unit operations, refer back to Section 5.0.
SuperPro distinguishes between bulk and discrete streams in three ways: the color of
the stream, the appearance of the port, and the stream properties. For a bulk stream, the
stream is drawn black and the input port is designated by an arrow. For a discrete stream,
the stream is drawn blue and the input port is designated with a small square next to the
arrow. These differences can be seen on a flow splitter shown below in Figure 6.1.
Note: Discrete flows are also designated as DS-101 (as opposed to S-101) and the
procedure description is automatically set as Discrete Flow Splitting for the flow
splitter using discrete flows. If an operation has a discrete flow in, it must also have a
discrete flow out.
In addition to the two types of streams, there are three categories of process streams:
Input Stream
, Intermediate Stream
, and Error! Reference source not found.. These streams are highlighted below in
Figure 6.2.
64
To enter Connect Mode, click the Connect Mode button on the main toolbar:
When in Connect Mode, the cursor will change to the Connect Mode Cursor:
Note: The simulation will remain in connect mode after you draw the stream(s). To
leave connect mode and return to Select Mode
, click the Arrow button next to the Connect Mode button.
Temporary Connect Mode is convenient for drawing only one stream.
To enter Temporary Connect Mode, hold down the Control (Ctrl) key on the
keyboard and double-click to begin the stream. To end the stream, double-click
again.
65
2) To change the direction of the stream, click once on an open area. The stream
will bend at a 90 degree angle. Click once more to change direction again.
3) Double-click on an open area to end the stream.
66
67
The properties window for a bulk stream has four tabs: Composition, etc., Density,
Env. Properties, and Comments. To access the properties window for a stream, rightclick on the stream and select:
Simulation Data
68
The interface presented in the above figure can be used to specify the components and
flowrates of streams. The following sections will describe these functions in further
detail.
69
Note: If the component or mixture to be added does not appear on the list of
Registered Ingredients, refer to Section 4.1.1 on how to register components.
4) Click the >>> button to add the component or stock mixture to the stream.
Figure 6.8 below depicts the necessary actions to specify the stream components of a
bulk input stream.
Figure 6.8: Steps Taken to Register a Pure Component or Stock Mixture to a Bulk Stream
Once pure components and stock mixtures are registered in the Simulation Data
Interface, the user has the option to edit the composition of each component in a stream.
Setting the total flowrate and the mass composition of the stream
Note: When setting ingredient flows, SuperPro will automatically calculate the total
flowrate based on the ingredient flows entered. Therefore the total flowrates cannot be
manually edited and the boxes appear gray.
71
Figure 6.10: Steps Taken to Set the Mass Composition and Total Flowrate of a Bulk Input Stream
Note: SuperPro will automatically calculate the ingredient flows based on the mass
composition and total flowrate. Therefore the component flows cannot be manually
altered while setting mass compositions.
72
While the Density, Env. Properties, and Comments tabs are the same for all three types
of streams, the Composition, Etc. tab is different for an input stream than for an
Intermediate or Output stream. Figure 6.11 below shows the Composition, Etc. tab for
Intermediate and Output streams.
Figure 6.11: The Composition, Etc. Tab for Intermediate and Output Streams
Note: The only difference between this section for Intermediate and Output Streams
and that for Input Streams is the lack of the Registered Ingredients section. SuperPro
will automatically calculate the components and flows of the streams based on the inputs
and unit operations and, therefore, this section does not need to be included.
73
74
3) If the density is unknown, SuperPro can calculate the density based on the
contribution to each ingredient in the stream.
4) Click the circle in front of the word Calculated to access the Volumetric
Contribution Coefficients area.
5) Click the circle in front of Ingredient
6) or Component
7) based on the data to be inputted. If all of the ingredients are pure components,
there will be no difference between the Ingredients and Components options.
8) Click on the cell in the Coefficient column to enter edit mode.
9) Enter the desired coefficient.
75
76
77
Figure 6.16: How to Reach the Stream Properties Window for a Discrete Input Stream
After you have selected Simulation Data, the following window will appear:
78
79
80
Figure 6.20: The Entity Tab for Intermediate and Output Discrete Streams
Note: The only difference here is the inability to alter the description and flowrates of
the entity. SuperPro will automatically update the description and flow of the entity
based on the input entity.
81
82
Figure 6.22: Setting the Composition of a Discrete Input Stream Using Ingredient Flows
Note: When setting ingredient flows, SuperPro will automatically calculate the total
flowrate based on the ingredient flows entered. Therefore the total flowrates cannot be
manually edited and the boxes appear gray.
83
Figure 6.23: Steps Taken to Set the Mass Composition and Total Flowrate of a Discrete Input
Stream
Note: SuperPro will automatically calculate the ingredient flows based on the mass
composition and total flowrate. Therefore the component flows cannot be manually
altered while setting mass compositions.
84
Figure 6.24: The Composition, Etc. Tab for Intermediate and Output Discrete Streams
Note: SuperPro will automatically calculate the components and flows of the streams
based on the inputs and unit operations, so these fields cannot be edited by the user.
85
3) If the density is unknown, SuperPro can calculate the density based on the
contribution to each ingredient in the stream.
4) Click the circle in front of the word Calculated to access the Volumetric
Contribution Coefficients area.
5) Click the circle in front of Ingredient
6) or Component
7) based on the data to be inputted. If all of the ingredients are pure components,
there will be no difference between the Ingredients and Components options.
8) Click on the cell in the Coefficient column to enter edit mode.
9) Enter the desired coefficient.
86
Figure 6.26: Setting the Density Based on Ingredient or Component Contributions for a Discrete
Stream
Note that intermediate and output streams from flow mixers or splitters do not include a
Density tab. This is because the density of the intermediate and output streams are the
same as the input stream.
87
88
After Edit Tag Name is selected, the following window will appear:
To change the tag name, enter the desired name in the text box and click OK to accept
the change.
90
91
92
93
To apply the style to another stream, right-click on the stream and select:
Style>>Apply Style
Note: If the style of a stream has not been picked up, the Apply Style option will not be
present.
94
95
The available operations will be different for different types of unit procedures. For
example, a fermentation procedure, as in Figure 7.2, gives the user twenty-four options
for types of operations, where a mixing tank only has three options. To access a list of
the available operations, refer back to Table 5.1.
To add a particular operation, simply click on the desired operation in the left-hand
Available Operations Column and select:
>>Add>>
The selected operation will then be added to the right-hand Operation Sequence
Column. Additional operations can be added to the operation sequence, however, the
SuperPro functions >>Add>> and >>Insert>> are sensitive to the order in which they
are utilized.
For example, if the operation sequence presented in Figure 7.3 below is the current
sequence and the user wants to incorporate a TRANSFER OUT operation after the
FERMENT operation, simply:
1) Highlight the FERMENT option (as shown in Figure 7.3)
2) Highlight the TRANSFER OUT option
3) Select >>Add>>
96
Once these steps are taken, TRANSFER OUT will be added as an operation following
the FERMENT operation, as shown in Figure 7.4.
97
To add an operation between two current operations, the >>Insert>> function needs to be
utilized. For example, to insert a TRANSFER IN operation before the FERMENT
operation and after the CHARGE operation, simply:
1) Highlight the FERMENT option
2) Highlight the TRANSFER IN option
3) Select >>Insert>>
As shown in Figure 7.5, the TRANSFER IN operation is now inserted between
CHARGE and FERMENT.
98
Once operations are added or inserted in the operation sequence, they can be deleted by
highlighting the particular operation and selecting the Delete button, as shown above in
Figure 7.5.
Note: It is important to develop the proper operation sequence early in the process.
Once additional specifications are made in the simulation, the operation sequence can be
changed or reordered, however changing the sequence may cause problems with
scheduling and other design parameters.
99
The user is given the option to rename an operation to allow for easy reference, such as,
for example, saying Charge Glucose versus Charge Water or to utilize the
terminology familiar to a particular business.
100
For example, if Charge-1 were selected from the above figure, the following interface, in
Figure 7.8 would appear.
101
As showing in Figure 7.8 above, the Operation Data Interface allows the user to
manually input operation characteristics for the following categories:
Operation Conditions
Emissions
Labor, etc.
Description
Scheduling
102
For more complicated operations, such as reactions and fermentations, additional tabs
such as Reactions and Volume will be present. For these types of operations, the user is
required to specify the kinetic and stoichiometric data as well as the maximum allowable
and minimum allowable volume for that procedure. For additional information on the
functions of each individual operation, refer to the Help menu of SuperPro that is
located in the top right-hand corner of the flowsheet, as shown in Figure 7.9.
Users can access the Help Topics section of this menu and search for more specific
information on the many types of operations.
103
This menu lists the unit operations that are present in the unit procedure in the order that
they were added to the procedure. If the operations are not in the desired sequence, refer
to Section 7.1 for information on how to change the order of the operations.
Note: Scheduling is only necessary for batch processes. Continuous processes require no
scheduling information in order for the procedure to run.
Once the order of the operations has been verified, the scheduling process can begin. The
user should choose the first operation in the unit procedure and they will arrive at a
screen similar to Figure 8.2.
1) Click on Oper. Conds tab. Note: The Oper. Conds tab will automatically
appear on top when the Unit Operation Properties window is opened.
2) Specify setup time.
3) Specify process time (three methods: user specified, simulation calculated,
master-slave relationship).
104
To continue directly to the next operation for the unit procedure, select:
OK>>
105
106
Once the user chooses the Setup button, a screen similar to Figure 8.4 will appear.
The Slave Operation at the top of Figure 8.4 should be verified as the operation that the
user is currently scheduling. The user must then specify the Master Procedure. The
master procedure can be specified as either the same as the slave operations procedure,
or as another procedure in the process.
107
Once the master procedure is chosen, the Master Operation can be specified. This is
done by choosing to match a single operation or to match a sequence of operations.
Choosing to match a single operation will specify to SuperPro that the slave operation
should take the same amount of time as the master operation, while choosing to match a
sequence of operations will specify that the slave operation should take the same amount
of time as a group of operations in sequence.
108
When matching a sequence of operations, the user should specify which operation the
master sequence should start with and which operation it should finish with (i.e., the
beginning of the slave operation should start at the same time as the master operation that
is chosen in the Starting With box, and the slave operation should end at the same time
as the master operation that is in the Ending With box). As indicated by Figure 8.5, the
master operations are chosen by clicking on the down arrow next to the corresponding
box.
109
110
The next task in the scheduling process is to indicate when each operation should start.
This can be done in the Start Time section of the scheduling screen (see Figure 8.8). If
the starting time of the operation is known, the user can indicate a start time shift. If the
starting time is not known, a scheduling relationship can be used to determine when the
operation will begin. The four scheduling relationships are:
Note: When using a scheduling relationship, remember that indicating a start time shift
will cause a shift from the beginning of the relationship time specification.
111
112
113
Figure 8.9: Start Time Relationship Relative to Another Operation in this Procedure
114
Figure 8.10: Start Time Relationship Relative to Another Operation in Another Procedure
Once the start time and the duration time have been completely specified according to the
procedures above, scheduling for the operation in the unit procedure is complete. This
process should be repeated for all of the operations in each unit procedure. When the
scheduling process is finished, the simulation should run to completion without any
scheduling errors. Scheduling errors for specific operations can be corrected by ensuring
proper scheduling according to the above procedures.
115
Selecting this option will bring up a screen similar to Figure 8.12. This figure is an
overview of all the scheduling information for the process. It indicates the total time to
complete a batch, the number of batches that can be made in a year, the amount of time
the process will be running through out the year, and the longest procedure and
bottleneck of the process. The number of batches per year can be user specified by
clicking on the circle in front of Set by User, in the number of batches per year section.
If there are changes made to the scheduling process after this screen is viewed, click on
Update Sched. Outputs to update this scheduling summary.
116
117
Operations GC
Equipment GC
Operations GC (Multiple Batches)
Equipment GC (Multiple Batches)
The Operations Gantt Chart displays the time involved in each operation, segmented
by the unit procedures in which the operations take place. The Operations Gantt Chart
for multiple batches contains the same information, but includes more than one batch run.
The Equipment Gantt Chart displays the time involved in each operation, segmented by
both the unit procedures and the equipment in which the operations take place.
118
Once the first operation is selected, the user will see a screen similar to Figure 9.2 and
should click on the Labor, etc. tab at the top of the screen.
119
Once the labor window is open, the user should first choose the type of operator for the
operation. To access a list of the available types of operators, click on the word
Operator to make a down arrow appear and then click the down arrow next to it. The
list of available operator types is shown below in Figure 9.3. The type of operator chosen
should be decided by the type of operation. If the user prefers a more generalized labor
assessment, the general operator can be used instead of a more specific one.
120
Next, the user should specify the value of the operator in Labor-hrs/hr or Labor-hrs/cycle
by clicking on the corresponding box and the downward arrow associated with it (see
Figure 9.4).
121
Once the operator and units are determined, the number of operators can be changed by
clicking on the Add Labor or Delete Labor buttons (see Figure 9.5).
122
Component Costs
Stream Costs
Equipment costs
Labor & Utility costs
123
The following sections will describe how to determine each of these costs using
SuperPro and how to use SuperPro to perform an economic evaluation of the process.
Selecting properties will bring up the Component Properties interface, which will look
similar to Figure 10.2. To input economic information such as purchasing price, selling
price, or waste treatment cost, the Economics tab must be selected, as is done in the
following figure.
124
1) If the component is a reactant, the user should specify the purchasing cost of the
component.
2) If the component is a product, the user should specify the selling price of the
component.
3) If the component is a waste product or byproduct, the user should specify the
waste treatment or disposal cost.
These costs can be specified by clicking on the box next to the corresponding cost
description, as shown above in Figure 10.2. Then the known values from suppliers or
other sources can be entered into the appropriate space. There is also space available to
specify the supplier from whom the component is purchased and any comments regarding
the component.
125
The Revenue, Raw Material, and Waste Streams Specification Interface, as shown below
in Figure 10.4, allows the user to specify which streams will be a source of income, and
which screens will be a cost to the process. The streams on this interface are separated
into groups of input streams and output streams.
stream is the desired product or a particular component in the stream is the desired
product. If a particular component of the product stream is the desired product, click on
the down arrow next to the corresponding box and select that component.
Figure 10.4: Revenue, Raw Material, and Waste Streams Specification Interface
127
Revenue
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Emissions
All of the output streams are listed on the left side of the Specifying Output Stream
Classifications interface. To specify the classification of the stream, the user should click
on the down arrow next to the corresponding box in the classification column of the table.
Then the unit cost of treatment/disposal or selling price of the stream can be specified in
the third column. Some streams may be automatically determined by SuperPro, but
most will need to be set by the user. Finally, once the streams have been classified and
quantified, they can be marked as hazardous if applicable, using the fifth column in
Figure 10.5.
128
129
Choosing this command will bring up a screen similar to Figure 10.8. On this screen, the
purchase cost tab should be selected so the equipment economics can be viewed and
further specified if necessary. In most cases, SuperPro will indicate a equipment cost
based on user specified size and capacity that was discussed in Chapter 5. The cost that
is specified is adjusted for the year 2004, but can be altered by clicking on the box and
entering the desired value.
130
131
In order for SuperPro to accurately determine the utility costs of the process, it is
necessary to input the rate at which the utilities are being used. To do this, click the box
next to Rate, for each utility, and enter the desired value.
132
Note that choosing this command does not bring up any additional interfaces. Instead,
SuperPro does the calculations internally and the user can then generate the economic
evaluation report. To access this report, select:
Tasks >> Generate Economic Evaluation Report (EER)
133
Performing this command will bring up the screen below, which requires the user to save
the economic evaluation report as a file. This file can be opened in WordPad or Notepad.
134
After the Economic Evaluation Report has been saved, the file can be opened and
viewed. To view the Economic Evaluation report, select:
View >> Economic Evaluation Report
as shown in figure 10.13. This command will bring up all the economic information for
the process including total revenue and payback period.
135
Figure 11.1: Selecting the component or stock mixture for registering emissions and environmental
classifications
136
Note: To access the Component Registration window for a Stock Mixture, select:
Tasks>>Register Pure Components & Mixtures>>Stock Mixtures
After the Component Registration window is open, click on the number beside the
component of choice to highlight the component and click the Properties button to
access the Pure Components Properties window:
137
The following table presents the major categories of emissions based on information
given by SuperPro.
Category
Category I
Total Particulate:
materials which
could not be
detected by NJ Air
Test Method 1
(See Note 6)
138
VCM
TVOS
Category II
Total VOC
(Volatile Organic
Compound):
materials which
could not be
detected under NJ
Air Test Method 3
Category III
Acid Gases:
materials that are
acid gases and may
or may not be
detected as a
particulate using
NJ Air Test
Method 1 or as
VOC using
Method 3
EVOS
HAP-VOC
Other VOC
HAP-ACID
ACID
Category IV
HAP-GAS
Extraordinarily
Toxic Gases
(ETG)
GAS
Category V
CO
A. Carbon Monoxide
NOx
CO
Category VI
NOx
Category VII
Category VIII
SO2
Base
139
Note 1:
For the purpose of SuperPro simulation, the above categories will be used to
characterize all air pollutants and raw materials. Substances that cannot be fit into the
above categories and subcategories, may be listed individually or included in a userdefined category (see Section 4.1.4B).
Note 2:
The biological subcategory includes infectious substances that require practices, safety
equipment, and facilities that represent a Biosafety Level 2 or higher as denoted by the
Biosafety in Biomedical and Microbiological Laboratories Report in Section III.
Note 3:
The Dioxin subcategory includes the following isomers of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
(CDDs) and CAS Number
-a unique numeric identifier that designates one substance
Charge
- a method for adding an input to the unit
Chlorinated dibenzofuran (CDFs)
:
2,3,7,8-TCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
2,3,4,7,8-PECDF
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF
For more information about Dioxin compounds see Error! Reference source not
found..
140
Note 4:
Includes the following substances:
Methane
Trichlorofluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Chlorodifluoromethane
Trifluoromethane
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane
1,2,-Dichloro-1,1,2,2 Tertafluoroethane
Chloropentafluoroethane
Note 5:
Extraordinarily Toxic Gases
Name
Boron Trichloride (BCl3)
Boron Trifluoride (BF3)
Bromine Chloride (BrCl)
Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)
Chlorine Pentafluride (ClF5)
Chlorine Trifluoride (ClF3)
Diborane (B2H6)
Dichlorosilane (H2Cl2Si)
Hydrogen Selenide (H2Se)
Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)
Oxygen Difluoride (OF2)
Ozone (O3)
Perchloryl Fluoride (ClFO3)
Phosphorous Trifluoride (PF3)
Selenium Hexafluoride (SeF6)
Stibine (SbH3)
Sulfur Tetrafluoride (SF4)
Sulfuryl Fluoride (SF2O2)
Tellurium Hexafluoride
(TeF6)
Tetrafluorohydrazine (N2F4)
CAS Number
10294-34-5
7637-07-2
13863-41-7
10049-04-4
13637-63-3
7790-91-2
19287-45-7
4109-96-0
7783-07-5
7783-41-7
7783-41-7
10028-15-6
7616-94-6
7783-55-3
7783-79-1
7803-52-3
7783-60-0
2699-79-8
7783-80-4
10036-47-2
141
Note 6:
CAS Number
7782505
7647010
7664393
Note 9:
Includes the following chemicals:
Name
Phosphine (PH3)
Arsine (AsH3)
CAS Number
7803-51-2
7784-42-1
Note 10:
Includes the following chemicals:
Chemical Name
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
CAS Number
75070
60355
75058
98862
53963
107028
79061
79107
107131
107051
142
4-Aminobiphenyl
Aniline
o-Anisidine
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from
gasoline)
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bromoform
1,3-Butadiene
Calcium cyanamide
Caprolactam
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Cresols/Cresylic acid (isomers and
mixture)
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cumene
2,4-D, salts and esters
DDE
Diazomethane
Dibenzofurans
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Dibutylphthalate
1,4-Dichlorobenzene(p)
92671
62533
90040
1332214
71432
92875
98077
100447
92524
117817
542881
75252
106990
156627
105602
133062
63252
75150
56235
463581
120809
133904
57749
7782505
79118
532274
108907
510156
67663
107302
126998
1319773
95487
108394
106445
98828
94757
3547044
334883
132649
96128
84742
106467
143
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis(2chloroethyl)ether)
1,3-Dichloropropene
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
N,N-Diethyl aniline (N,NDimethylaniline)
Diethyl sulfate
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
3,3'-Dimethyl benzidine
Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
Dimethyl formamide
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, and salts
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3epoxypropane)
1,2-Epoxybutane
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane)
Ethyl chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethylene dibromide
(Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1,2Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene imine (Aziridine)
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1Dichloroethane)
Formaldehyde
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
91941
111444
542756
62737
111422
121697
64675
119904
60117
119937
79447
68122
57147
131113
77781
534521
51285
121142
123911
122667
106898
106887
140885
100414
51796
75003
106934
107062
107211
151564
75218
96457
75343
50000
76448
118741
87683
77474
67721
144
Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric
acid)
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lindane (all isomers)
Maleic anhydride
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide (Iodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert butyl ether
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Methylene chloride
(Dichloromethane)
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
(MDI)
4,4-Methylenedianiline
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene
(Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
p-Phenylenediamine
822060
680319
110543
302012
7647010
7664393
7783064
123319
78591
58899
108316
67561
72435
74839
74873
71556
78933
60344
74884
108101
624839
80626
1634044
101144
75092
101688
101779
91203
98953
92933
100027
79469
684935
62759
59892
56382
82688
87865
108952
106503
145
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(Aroclors)
1,3-Propane sultone
beta-Propiolactone
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1,2Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methyl
aziridine)
Quinoline
Quinone
Styrene
Styrene oxide
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
(Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
2,4-Toluene diamine
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
o-Toluidine
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (isomers and mixture)
o-Xylenes
75445
7803512
7723140
85449
1336363
1120714
57578
123386
114261
78875
75569
75558
91225
106514
100425
96093
1746016
79345
127184
7550450
108883
95807
584849
95534
8001352
120821
79005
79016
95954
88062
121448
1582098
540841
108054
593602
75014
75354
1330207
95476
146
m-Xylenes
p-Xylenes
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds (inorganic
including arsine)
Beryllium Compounds
Cadmium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cyanide Compounds1
Glycol ethers2
Lead Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Fine mineral fibers3
Nickel Compounds
Polycylic Organic Matter4
Radionuclides (including radon)5
Selenium Compounds
108383
106423
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147
Figure 11.3: Selection of VOC and Acid gas for emissions consideration
148
149
User-defined pollutant categories can be added by selecting the square to the left of the
input box (indicated by the red arrow in Figure 11.5) and typing the name of the category
in the input box.
150
The designation of solid waste, liquid waste and emission depend on the physical state of
the exiting waste stream from a unit operation. SuperPro typically pre-selects each
component and mixture to be a solid, liquid and emission waste source. In order to
change the environmental impact classification of a component or mixture, the user must
access the Pollutant Categories window as specified in Section 11.1. In order to select
or deselect the option of reporting a component as a solid waste, liquid waste or
emissions, the user must toggle the preceding box so that desired specifications are
marked with an X and undesired specifications contain empty boxes.
The user is responsible for designating a pure component and/or mixture as a hazardous,
SARA 313 or 33/50 source of waste with the aid of the following information:
Information on both hazardous and SARA 313 reportable chemicals are accessible at the
following URL: http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/RY2003ChemicalList.pdf
Listed 33/50 wastes:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
Chromium and chromium compounds
Cyanide compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Mercury and mercury compounds
Nickel and nickel compounds
Once the appropriate hazardous material classifications have been determined, the user
inputs the selections in the same manner as was performed for defining emissions
categories.
Note: If the component or mixture is considered a hazardous waste, a concentration limit
in units of ppm (parts per million) must be specified.
Access Pollutant Categories window. Toggle the box for the appropriate hazard
consideration and waste consideration so that an X appears in the box. Figure 11 depicts
the selection of Is Reported in Liquid Wastes?>>Is Hazardous>>threshold value of
0.500ppm for Sodium Hydro Phosphate. To finish and save selections, select OK.
151
152
Note: SuperPro will prompt the user to designate a name and location for saving the
generated emissions report. The file type should be left at default designation, THR File
(*.ems). In addition, SuperPro, by default, saves the file in the same directory as the
simulation file and names the emissions report by the same file name as the simulation.
If the user desires to name the file under a different name, or desires to save the file in a
different directory, SuperPro will not be able to access the report when prompted to
generate a viewable emissions report.
153
Note: SuperPro will prompt the user to designate a name and location for saving the
generated emissions report. The file type should be left at default designation, EIR File
(*.eir). In addition, SuperPro, by default, saves the file in the same directory as the
simulation file and names the emissions report by the same file name as the simulation.
If the user desires to name the file under a different name, or desires to save the file in a
different directory, SuperPro will not be able to access the report when prompted to
generate a viewable environmental impact report.
154
Note: SuperPro automatically searches the file directory containing the simulation file
for files with the same name as the simulation file, but with the appropriate extension
(.ems and .eir for emissions and environmental impact reports, respectively). If the
appropriate file is located, SuperPro will automatically generate a text file containing
the calculated information for emissions or environmental impact.
If the user has decided to save the generated emissions and/or environmental impact
report under a different name or file directory than defaulted by SuperPro, the
generated report may be viewed by performing the following selections:
View>>Any Report
SuperPro will then prompt the user to specify the directory and file to open.
155
156
The second section of the emissions report presents information on the total emissions
per batch. Again, a comparison between calculated values and allowable values is given
for further comparison. Figure 11.11 depicts the emissions report on a per batch basis.
Figure 11.11: Illustrates the per batch portion of the emissions report.
9. Hazardous streams
10. Pollution indices
Stream section: Each stream is described by its name, source and destination procedure
(or INPUT/OUT). A list of each streams environmental and aqueous properties is
included (TOC, COD, ThOD, etc.) as concentrations (in mg/l) and daily demands (kg
carbon/day or kg oxygen/day). SuperPro denotes the beginning of the stream section
with the following title:
**** LUMPED ENVIRONMENTAL STREAM PROPERTIES SECTION ****
Overall balance section: Presents the total environmental load (increase or decrease) as
reflected by the values of TOC, COD, etc. of all streams entering and leaving the process.
Two tables are generated: 1) one presents the values either on a per hour basis (only
choice for continuous processes) or on a per batch basis (batch processes); 2) the second
table has the same numbers on a yearly basis. SuperPro denotes the beginning of the
overall balance with the following title:
**** OVERALL BALANCE Section ****
Component fate section: Presents the allocation of each chemical that either enters or is
produced by the plant facility to all waste gateways. The first column presents the
cumulative amounts of each chemical entering in any of the input streams of the plant,
and the next three columns present the amounts leaving the plant in all waste streams
(solid, liquid or gaseous). SuperPro denotes the beginning of the component fate
section with the following title:
**** COMPONENT FATE Section ****
SARA 313 chemicals section: Presents an accurate account of all SARA 313 chemicals
entering and leaving the plant as well as their difference. SuperPro denotes the
beginning of the SARA 313 chemical section with the following title:
**** SARA 313 CHEMICALS Section ****
33/50 chemical section: Presents an accurate account of all 33/50 chemicals entering and
leaving the plant as well as their difference. SuperPro denotes the beginning of the
33/50 chemical section with the following title:
**** 33/50 CHEMICALS Section ****
Solid waste section: Consists of two parts. Part 1 enumerates all streams that are
characterized as solid waste by listing their composition (weight %), flowrate (in kg/h)
and annual flowrate (kg/year). Part 2 presents a detailed accounting from the component
point of view; it shows how the total amount of each component leaving as solid waste is
distributed in each stream. SuperPro denotes the beginning of the solid waste section
with the following title:
158
Liquid waste section: Consists of two parts. Part 1 enumerates all streams that are
characterized as liquid waste by listing their composition (weight %), flowrate (in kg/h)
and annual flowrate (kg/year). Part 2 presents a detailed accounting from the component
point of view; it shows how the total amount of each component leaving as liquid waste
is distributed in each stream. SuperPro denotes the beginning of the liquid waste
section with the following title:
**** LIQUID WASTE Section ****
Emissions section: Consists of two parts. Part 1 enumerates all streams that are
characterized as emissions by listing their composition (weight %), flowrate (in kg/h) and
annual flowrate (kg/year). Part 2 presents a detailed accounting from the component
point of view; it shows how the total amount of each component leaving as emissions is
distributed in each stream. SuperPro denotes the beginning of the emissions section
with the following title:
**** EMISSIONS Section ****
Hazardous streams section: Reports the hazardous streams. The format of this section is
similar to those of waste streams. SuperPro denotes the beginning of the hazardous
streams section with the following title:
**** HAZARDOUS STREAMS Section ****
Pollution indices stream: Presents certain ratios that are indicative of the environmental
kindness (or lack thereof) of a design case. The first index presented applies to processes
that have a main revenue stream (e.g. manufacturing facilities with a main product
stream). It reports the ratio of total amount of waste (solid, liquid and emissions)
produced per kg of main revenue stream processed. The next three indices are similar but
report each of the three separate categories of wastes instead. The next four indices apply
to processing plants that employ raw materials. It reports the ratio of total, solid, liquid
and gaseous waste produced per kg of raw material utilized. SuperPro denotes the
beginning of the emissions section with the following title:
**** POLLUTION INDICES Section ****
159
Glossary
33/50 EPA Program
-targeted 17 priority chemicals and set as its goal a 33% reduction in releases and
transfers of these chemicals by 1992 and a 50% reduction by 1995, measured against
a 1988 baseline
-sought to foster a pollution prevention ethic, encouraging companies to focus on
reducing releases of chemicals rather than treating and disposing of wastes
Acentric Factor
160
CAS Number
-a family of chemicals that contain one to eight chlorine atoms attached to the carbon
atoms of the parent chemical, dibenzofuran
Clean-in-Place (CIP)
-used for cleaning processes using a cleaning agent
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand
-amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize 1g of the component
Component
-can be a pure constituent in a stream or a stock mixture. Some components can be
broken down into Ingredient
. For example, air is a component that can be broken down into nitrogen and oxygen.
Compressibility Factor
- Z; corrects the gas density for deviations from the ideal gas law
Connect Mode
-mode entered after clicking the Connect Mode button. Allows user to draw several
streams in a row.
Continuous
-procedures carried out continuously (i.e. they are on all the time
Discrete Stream
-discrete streams have flow rates such as vials/batch or bottles/batch, where each vial
contains a particular mass or volume, making it possible to calculate the amount of
medium in the stream.
DVDS/VDS: Degradable Volatile Dissolved Solids
-fraction of the volatile dissolved solid amount of a component that is biodegradable
DVSS/VSS: Degradable Volatile Suspended Solids
-fraction of the volatile suspended solid of the component that is biodegradable
161
-the enthalpy change associated with the formation of a compound from its
constituent elements
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
-a national organization that attempts to lead the nations environmental science,
research, educational, and assessment efforts by:
Developing and enforcing regulations for hazardous chemicals
Offering financial assistance to state and educational institutions for
environmental research
Performs environmental research to understand current environmental
problems
Strives to further environmental education in the public arena
Evacuate
-complete removal of unit procedure contents
Heat Capacity
-the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree, and has units of
energy per degree
Heat of Vaporization
-the energy required to change a gram of a liquid into the gaseous state at the boiling
point is called the "heat of vaporization"
Henrys Constant
-the ratio of the aqueous-phase concentration
of a chemical to its equilibrium partial pressure in the gas phase
Ingredient
162
163
Intermediate Stream
-a stream that carries material out of a unit procedure and into a different unit
procedure. Components and flowrates for an intermediate stream are usually
calculated by SuperPro. The exception is when the Pull-Out operation is used.
Kmaxo
-maximum biodegradation rate constant
Ks
-half-saturation constant
Log10 (octanol/water)
-used to indicate the hydrophobicity of a component
-helps determine a components tendency to become sludge
Master-Slave Relationship
- relationship formed between two operation to determine the duration time of the
slave piece of equipment based on the duration time of the master operation
Mixed Mode
-a combination of both a (cyclical) mode where there is a dead time (or off time)
and procedures carried out continuously
Molecular Weight
-the sum of the weights of the atoms of which it is made
NO3-NO2 : Nitrate/Nitrite Nitrogen
164
Pull-In
- allows the user to take in a material without directly knowing the amount of material
needed
Pull-Out
- allows the user to take out a material without directly knowing the amount of
material needed
Pure Components Database
-from this dialog you can:
SARA 313
-the vapor pressure associated with a saturated vapor (one which cannot contain more
liquid molecules)
Select Mode
-typical mode while in SuperPro in which streams and operations can be clicked on
and selected.
Selling Price
-cost associated with the activities of the marketing and sales department. Their
values are zero by default, assumes this cost is zero.
Setup Time
-time it takes for the equipment to be initialized and setup
Steam-in-Place (SIP)
-used to clean processes using steam
Stock Mixtures Database
-system pool of mixtures with pre-specified property values (including composition)
ready to be used (registered) in your design case
165
Stream Elbow
-a right angle bend in a stream, changing the stream from horizontal to vertical and
vice versa.
Temporary Connect Mode
-allows the user to draw a single stream and automatically returns to Select Mode
after the stream is drawn.
ThOD: Theoretical Oxygen Demand
-theoretical amount of oxygen needed to oxidize 1g of the component
-often equal to the COD
TKN: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
-Kjeldahl nitrogen contribution of the component
TOC: Total Organic Carbon
-organic carbon contribution of a component
TP: Total Phosphorus
-denotes the phosphorus contribution of a component
Transfer In
-allows the user to take in a material, but unlike Pull In, requires user to specify
amount of material needed
Transfer Out
-allows the user to take out a material, but unlike Pull Out, requires user to specify
amount of material needed
TS: Total Solids
-fraction of a component that is dissolved or present as a suspended solid
TSS/TS: Total Suspended Solids
-fraction of solid component that is suspended in solution
Turnaround Time
-time that it takes to return a piece of equipment back to its original condition (i.e., to
prepare it for the next process, cleaning, resetting, etc.)
Unit Operation
-represents the simplest physiochemical transformation step that can be modeled in
the simulation
166
Unit Procedure
- a piece of equipment in which a sequence of modeled unit operations takes place
VDS/TDS: Volatile Dissolved Solids
-fraction of the dissolved solid of a component that is volatile
VSS/TSS: Volatile Suspended Solids
-fraction of the suspended solid component that is biodegradable
Waste Treatment or Disposal Cost
-the cost of treating and/or disposing of certain process outputs, such as undesirable
by-products, solvents, etc
167
Index
#
A
Acentric Factor ................................................ 20, 156
Agitate ............................................................. 31, 156
B
Batch.......................................................... 7, 109, 156
Biomass ..................................................... 19, 25, 156
BOD5 ............................................................... 22, 156
Breakpoint ............................................................... 48
Bulk Conversion Factor................................... 76, 156
Bulk Stream..................................................... 60, 156
C
CaCO3 ............................................................. 22, 156
CAS Number ..................................... 15, 19, 138, 157
Charge ....................................................... 31, 95, 157
Chlorinated dibenzofuran (CDFs) ................ 137, 157
Clean-in-Place ................................................. 31, 157
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand ........... 21, 154, 157
Color (see style)
Component ........................................ 11, 66, 120, 157
Component Registration.......................................... 11
Compressibility Factor .................................... 20, 157
Connect Mode ................................................. 62, 157
Continuous ......................................... 8, 101, 154,157
Cost
Component ....................................................... 121
Stream............................................................... 123
Equipment ........................................................ 127
Labor & Utility ................................................. 128
D
Default Physical Units............................................... 9
Density .................................................................... 82
Discrete Stream ............................................... 60, 157
DVDS/VDS ..................................................... 23, 157
DVSS/VSS ...................................................... 23, 157
E
EIR: Environmental Impact Report......... 25, 148, 158
Emissions .............................................................. 133
Enthalpy of Formation..................................... 19, 158
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency ........ 24, 158
Equipment Data............................................... 44, 127
Evacuate .......................................................... 31, 158
H
Heat Capacity ..................................................20, 158
Heat of Vaporization .......................................21, 158
Henrys Constant .............................................20, 158
I
Ingredient............................................. 30, 66, 72, 158
Input Stream .................................... 61, 126, 154, 158
Intermediate Stream................................... 61, 92, 159
J
K
Kmaxo .............................................................21, 159
Ks.....................................................................21, 159
L
Labor Requirements ..............................................115
Log10...............................................................22, 159
M
Master-Slave Relationship.............................103, 159
Mixed Mode ......................................................8, 159
Mixture Registration................................................11
Mode of Operation.....................................................7
Molecular Weight ............................................19, 159
N
NO3-NO2..........................................................22, 159
Normal Boiling Point.......................................19, 159
Normal Freezing Point.....................................19, 159
O
Operations........................................ 7, 31, 49, 92, 159
Operation Data.......................................................101
P
Procedure Data ........................................................42
Process Time .................................................101, 159
Pull-in ....................................................................160
Pull-Out .................................................................160
Pure Components Database ....................... 11, 20, 160
Q
168
R
Register
Components........................................................ 11
Mixtures.............................................................. 11
S
SARA 313 ....................................... 25, 146, 153, 160
Saturation Vapor Pressure ............................... 20, 160
Scheduling ............................................................. 101
Select Mode..................................................... 62, 160
Selling Price ............................................ 76, 121, 160
Setup Time .................................................... 102, 160
Special Components ................................................ 25
Steam-in-Place................................................. 31, 160
Stock Mixtures Database................................. 26, 160
New stock mixtures ............................................ 28
Stream Elbow .................................................. 62, 161
Style
stream ................................................................. 84
unit procedure icon ............................................. 53
T
Tag
Unit procedure.................................................... 56
Stream................................................................. 87
Temporary Connect Mode............................... 62, 161
ThOD: Theoretical Oxygen Demand.............. 21, 161
U
Unit Operation ............................. 8, 31, 101, 147, 161
Unit Procedure.........................................................31
V
VDS/TDS: Volatile Dissolved Solids.............23, 162
VSS/TSS: Volatile Suspended Solids.............23, 162
W
Waste Treatment or Disposal Cost .......... 23, 122, 162
X
Y
Z
169