Bladder cancer is associated with cigarette smoking and is the most common

Papillary lesions are superficial and extend outward from the mucosal layer
NG tube is removed once peristalsis has returned
Cutaneous urinary diversion: external ostomy bag to collect urine, Conventional
ileal conduit
Kock pouch: bladder, self cath every 1-2h then 4-6h
Ureterosigmoidiostomy colon, cath in rectum, void every 2h, NEVER enema,
suppositories or laxatives
TURP: performed if the Pt has urethral obstruction and his physical status is not
amendable to Tx. Continuous bladder irrigation is ordered after TURP to remove
blood clots and residual tissue. 3 Way Foley
Osteodystrophy: bones become deminieralized
Hemodialysis: transporting blood from the Pt through a dialyzer, a semi
membrane filter in a machine. 4-6h 3x a week
Fistulas: Palpate for a thrill. Note the color of the skin and nailbed. B4 discharge
observe for disequilibrium syndrome
intravenous pyelogram IVP: evaluate the structure and function of the Kidneys,
renal pelvis, ureters, bladder. NI: No cath, hot flush, metallic taste in mouth, NPO
for 8H prior, empty bladder before IVP
ESRD: end-stage renal disease. kidneys unable to regain normal function,
develops slowly over an extended period of time, result of kidney disease or
other disease process that compromises renal blood flow. most common causes:
chronic urinary obstruction, severe hypertension, diabetes, PKD.
S/S: elevated BUN (more than 50), eleveated creatinine (more than 5), elevated
K+ and Na+, decreased Mg+, yellow-gray skin, 1st sign is decreased alertness,
headache, lethargy, anorexia, pruritus (itchy skin), urine smelling breath,
kussmaul's respirations.
NI: low K+, Na+, protein diet. fluid restriction (300-600 ml above urine output), no
salt substitutes
Nephrostomy - incision created between kidney and skin to drain urine directly
from the renal pelvis through the use of a nephrostomy catheter. post-op, LPN to
monitor for hemorrhaging and infection, care for surgical site and prevent injury.
NO MORE THAN 5ml
Acute glomerulonephritis: freq in children and young adults. Caused by Strep.
1

Not considered cured until urine is free of protein and RBC for 6months. Return
to activity after 1 month.
Acute Renal Failure: Initiation phase: reduced blood flow to the nephrons to the
point of acute tubular necrosis, death of cells
Chronic Renal Failure: intrarenal. Kidneys are so damaged that they do not
remove protein and electrolytes from the blood and do no maintain acid-base
balance. Stage 1-5. BUN and serum rise.
What blood test is done to evaluate for impaired renal function, which is affected
very little by dehydration, malnutrition, or hepatic function? Serum creatinine
The nurse is caring for a patient who is taking digoxin once a day for treatment of
congestive heart failure. He now has a new order to begin taking spironolactone
(Aldactone). Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this patient?
Monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity.
The nurse is caring for a patient with acute renal failure (oliguric phase). What
would the nurse expect to assess on a patient with this diagnosis? Anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, and decreased urine output
Embolization: occlusion of the renal artery to kill tumor cells.
Cryoablation: cryoprobe needles freeze and then thaw cancer cells, eventually
destroying cancer cells
Functions of kidneys: produce rennin to help regulate BP, lose waste, maintain
acid-base balance.
Upper Urinary Tract: Kidneys, Renal Pelves and ureters
Lower Urinary Tract: Bladder, urethra and pelvis floor muscles.
Blood supply to each kidney consist of artery (rises from aorta) and vein (empties
into vena cava)
Parenchyma: functional tissue of kidney
Bladder holds 300-500mL of urine.
Glomerular: filtration of plasma
Tubular Reabsorption: filtrate enters Bowmans cap and either reabsorbed or
excreted as urine.
Tubular Secretion: renal pelvis and down each ureter to the bladder

150ml of Urine is normal in the bladder

Bladder is full if percussion results in Dull sound
U need to pee when theres 150mL of urine
pH of urine 4.6-8

specific gravity 1.003-1.030

Spastic (Overactive) bladder: caused by any spinal cord lesion above the voiding
reflex arc, T12 and above
Flaccid (atonic) bladder: caused by trauma, T12-L1. Pt feels no pain. Double
voiding (relaxes for 1-2mins attempts to void again
Azotemia: excessive nitrogen in blood.
Bosniak Class of Renal Cysts: 1: Benign 2: smooth w sharp margins 3: clusters
of cyst, irregular shaped, exploratory surgery 4: malignant solid components
Prostatectomy
Transurethral: using a resectoscope to pass through penis and bladder
Suprapubic: incision in abdomen, bladder is opened and gland removed by finger
Radical: incision through perineum between balls and rectum
Retropubic: low abdominal incision, bladder is NOT opened
No more than 1000ml should be removed bc it causes bladder spasms