HEAT

1. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the heating curves obtained
when 50 g and 80 g of the solid substance are heated
respectively. The melting point of the substance is 78oC.

Diagram 9.1

Diagram 9.2
(a) (i) What is the meaning of melting point?
[1 mark]
(ii)Based on the information and the observation on Diagram 9.1
and Diagram 9.2, compare the mass, the time taken to reach the
melting point and the time taken by the substance to change
into liquid completely. Relate the mass and the time taken by the
substance to change into liquid completely to make a deduction
on the relationship between the mass and the latent heat of
fusion absorbed by the substance.
[5 marks]

(b)

Diagram 9.3 shows the phenomenon of sea breeze.

Diagram 9.3
Using the concept of specific heat capacity, explain how the
phenomenon of sea breeze occurs.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows a design of central heating system used in
cold country to
heat and keep houses warm.

Diagram 9.4
Suggest and explain how to build a house central heating system
which can function effectively based on the following aspects:
i) The specific heat capacity of the liquid
ii) The boiling point of the liquid
iii) The properties of material used for transmission pipe
iv) The size of the fan used to blow the heat from radiator

[10
marks]
2. Diagram 9.1 shows a boy pouring hot coffee into a cup. The hand of
the boy is not scalded by the coffee droplets that are spattered from
the kettle. Diagram 9.2 shows hot coffee spilling over and getting
onto his hand and his hand gets scalded because of the higher heat
capacity in it.

(a) What is meant by heat capacity? [1 mark]

(b) (i) Observe Diagrams 9.1 and 9.2, compare the temperature of
the coffee, the mass of the coffee droplets spatters on his hand
and the coffee from the kettle spils on it and the injury to the
hands. State the relationship between the mass of the coffee and
the injury that occurs. [4 marks]
(ii) State the relationship between the heat capacity and the
mass. [1 mark]
(c) Diagrams 9.3 shows a radiator of a car.

Water is used as a cooling agent in a radiator. Explain how water is used

as a cooling agent in the radiator.
[4 marks]
(d) You are required to give some suggestions to design an efficient
thermometer to be used in physics laboratory. Using your
knowledge about heat and properties of materials, explain how to

built a thermometer which can function effectively based on the

following aspects,
(i)
Strength of the thermometer
(ii)
Choice of the thermometric liquid
(iii)
Sensitivity of the thermometer
(iv)
Design of the thermometer so that the scale can easily be
read
(v)
Melting point and freezing point of the liquid
[10
marks]
3. (a) Diagram 9.1 and 9.2 shows two different situations that happen
in our daily life. Diagram 9.1 shows a hand touching a hot kettle and
Diagram 9.2 shows a hand holding an ice. Both are having different
temperatures. The arrow in both diagrams indicates the direction of
heat flow.

(i) What is meant by temperature?

[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 and 9,2, compare the temperature of the objects,
the effect of heat experienced by the hands and the direction of heat
flow. Relate the direction of the heat flow to the difference in
temperature between objects which are in thermal contact.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the phenomenon of sea breeze which occur
during the day. Explain this phenomenon.
[5
marks ]

(c) Diagram 9.4 shows a desk lamp placed on a desk used by a student.
This type of lamp is not suitable to be used as a study lamp.

Diagram 9.4
Explain the modifications that can be made to improvise the desk lamp
used by the student. Emphasize your explanation in the following
aspects:
(i) comfort the person who will use the lamp.
(ii) to reduce the heat transfer for the desk lamp
(iii) the design of the lamp desk
(iv) safety features of the lamp
(v) the energy efficiency of the lamp
[ 10 marks ]
4. (a) Figures 9.1 and 9.2 show two types of metal block of the same
mass being heated using similar heaters for 10 minutes. Both
metal blocks have the same initial temperatures of 30 oC. The
specific heat capacity of copper is 387 J kg-1 oC -1 and 900 J kg-1
oC -1 for aluminium.

(i) The specific heat capacity of copper is 387 J kg -1 oC-1?

What is meant by the statement above?
[1 mark ]
(ii) Using Figures 9.1 and 9.2, compare the increase in temperature and
the specific heat capacity of the metals used. Relating the heat
supplied, the heat absorbed and the specific heat capacity of the
metals, deduce a relevant physics concept.
[5 marks ]
(iii) Name the physics principle that explains the above situation.
[1 mark ]
(b) A student standing near the beach could feel the cool breeze from
the sea on a hot day. Explain how the cool breeze from the sea
occurs.
[3 marks ]
(c) A parachutist intends to jump in the Artic region where the
temperature ranges from 72oC to 0oC. He needs to measure the
daily temperature of the region where he will be doing his jump by
using a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
(i) State two suitable characteristics for the liquid used in the
thermometer and explain your answer.
[4 marks ]
(ii) Explain three other important characteristics in building the
thermometer. [6 marks ]
5.

(a) Figure 9.1(a) shows a boy pouring hot coffee into a cup. The
hand of the boy is not scalded by the coffee droplets that are
spattered from the kettle. Figure 9.1.(b) shows hot coffee spilling
over and getting onto his hand and his hand gets scalded
because of the heat capacity in it.

Figure 9.1(a)

Figure 9.2 (b)

i) What is meant by heat capacity?

( 1 mark )
ii) Using diagrams 9.1(a) and 9.1(b) , compare the situations , when the
coffee droplets spatters on his hand and when the hot coffee from
FIGURE 9.1

FIGURE 9.2

the kettle spills onto his hand. State the relationship between the
heat capacity and the mass . ( 5 marks)
(b) Explain why water is normally used as a cooling agent in a car
engine.
( 4 marks)
(c) An aluminium pan of mass 500 g is heated from 25 C to 105
C . How
much heat is absorbed by the pan ?
1

( The specific heat capacity of almunium is 910 Jkg

(4 marks)

(d) As a researcher, you wish to produce an ideal cooking pan which

saves gas for the purpose of cooking. Using the appropriate
physic concepts, suggest and explain the modifications required.
(6 marks)

DIAGRAM 9.1
DIAGRAM 9.2
What is meant by heat? [1 mark]
Observe situation in diagram 9.1 and diagram 9.2. Compare the
coldness of the floor tiles and the coldness of the water in the
swimming pool. State the relationship between the heat content
of the floor tiles and the
water in the swimming pool in
both situations.
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the car engine radiator. Explain why is water used
in the cooling system of the car ?
(a) ( i)
(ii)

DIAGRAM 9.3
6. Diagram 9.1 shows a student standing at the edge of a
swimming pool with his right foot on a tiled floor while his left
foot reaches into the water during the day time. His left foot
feels colder than his right foot. On the other hand , if this action
is repeated at night his left foot that is in the water with feel
warmer than his right foot which is on the tiled floor, as shown in
Diagram 1.2.

(a) In the car factory , En Ahmad realized that the engine always
become overheated. Using a suitable physics concept, explain the
required modification needed to design an engine that can operate
longer and to prevent damage to the engine due to overheating. You
should use your knowledge of heat to explain these suggestions,
include the following aspects:
(i) the design and structure of the radiator.
(ii) the characteristic of cooling material.
(ii) the suitable of boiling point.
[10 marks]
7. Diagram 9.1 shows an ice cube melting when heat is absorbed
from the surrounding. Diagram 9.2 shows a kettle of water boiling
when heat is absorbed from the fire.

6.(a) Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show two mercury thermometers X
and Y used to measure the boiling point of pre water. The two
thermometers have equal bulb volume but different capillary length.

DIAGRAM 9.1

DIAGRAM 9.2

(a) What is meant by heat?

[1 mark]
(b) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the processes
that take place in both situations and the type of heat needed
for both processes to occur.
Relate the processes with the type of heat needed to deduce
a relevant physics concept. Name the physics concept
involved.
[5 marks]
(c) (i) Your body sweats when you are feeling hot. How does
sweating helps to cool down your body?
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) Explain why a scald from steam is more serious than the
one from boiling water?
[ 2 marks ]
(d) Diagram 9.3 shows a simple solar waterheating system.
Energy from the
Sun falls on the solar panel. Water
is pumped around the system so that a store of hot water is
made available in the tank.

DIAGRAM 9.3

Using suitable physics concepts, explain the required

modification needed in
designing an efficient solar
water-heating system. The modification should include the
following aspects:
(i)
pipes design
(ii)
material used
(iii) heat absorption
[10 marks]

(i)
(ii)

Explain what is meant by the sensitivity of a measuring

instrument?
[1 mark]
With reference to Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2, compare the
temperature measured by the two thermometers, the length
of mercury threads, the diameter of the capillary tube and the
sensitivity of the thermometers. Relate the length of the
mercury threads and the temperature measured, make a
deduction regarding the sensitivity of the thermometer and
the diameter of the capillary tube of the thermometer.
[5 marks]

(b) Using your knowledge of heat capacities to explain phenomena

sea breeze and land breeze.
[4 marks]
(c) A housewife decides to cook a meat. She is given two pots, a
aluminium cooking pot and a clay pot.
(i) Explain which pot is more suitable to be used if the housewife
want to keep the food at a high temperature for a long time
(ii) Give twp advantages of pot in (c)(i).
[10 marks]

7.(a) Diagram 7.1 and Diagram 7.2 show a block of copper and a
block of aluminium of equal mass heated by identical immersion
heater of 50 W each.

Specific heat capacity of copper = 387 Jkg-1 oC-1

Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 Jkg-1 oC-1
The temperature-time graphs for the two experiments are shown in
Diagram 7.3 and Diagram 7.4 respectively.

specific heat capacity ?

8. Figure 9.1 and Figure 9.2 show two test tubes containing same
mass of water and iron powder respectively. The water and the
iron powder have different specific heat capacity, and they are
heated at the same rate.

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Temperature of water = 35oC

Temperature of iron
powder = 85oC
Specific heat Capacity of water = 4200 Jkg-1oC-1
capacity Specific Heat
of iron powder = 460 Jkg-1oC-1
(b) Based on Figure 9.1 and Figure 9.2, compare the temperature
and specific
heat capacity of water and iron powder. Relate
the change in temperature and the specific heat capacity to
come up with a conclusion of the physics concept
involved.
[5]
(c) When a few drops of ether is dropped on a students hand, his
hand felt cool. Explain how this happen . [4]

(i)

What is meant by specific heat capacity of a substance?

[1 mark]
(ii)
With reference to Diagram 7.3 and Diagram 7.4, compare the
mass, the change temperature and the energy absorbed by
the objects. Relate the energies supplied to the objects, the
masses of the objects and the change of temperature of the
objects, deduce a relationship between the specific heat
capacity and the change of temperature of the objects.
[5 marks]
(iii)
Find the mass of copper used in the experiment.
(ii)
[4 marks]
(b) You are given some materials to make a cooking pot. The materials
are copper, wood and aluminium. Using the materials to explain how you
are going to make the simple cooking pot.
[10 marks]

Figure 9.3
Figure 9.3 shows a food container used for keeping the food warm.
Using the appropriate physics concepts, explain the modifications to a
food container so that
(i)
it is able to maintain the temperature of food for a longer
time
(ii) it can be moved from one place to another
[10]

(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
9. (a) (i) What is meant by melting point?
[1 mark]
(ii) Describe in molecular terms the change that takes place in a
solid when it melts.
[3 marks]
(b) Diagram 9.1 shows a thermometer placed in melting ice. Diagram
9.2 shows the thermometer after some salts is added to the ice.

(i) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, Compare the

temperatures of the melting ice and purity of the ice.
[2 marks]
(ii) Relating the purity of the ice and the melting temperature
to deduce a suitable physics concept.
[1 mark]
(iii) Predict what happen to the melting temperature if more
salt is added to the ice.
[1 mark]
(c) The effect mentioned in (b)(iii) is not observed if sand is added to
ice. Explain this.
[1 mark]
(d) Diagram 9.3 shows a container to keep ice cream without melting
for a few hours. The temperature of the ice must be about -80C in
order to prevent the ice cream from melting.

The amount of space between the outer and inner containers.

The type of ice filling the space between the two containers.
The method by which the water due to the melting ice can be
removed from the outer container without disturbing the ice cream.
The design of the cover for the inner container.
[12 marks]
10. (a) Diagram 10.1 shows two objects of different temperature in
thermal contact.

(i) What is ment by temperature? [1mark]

(ii) Using Diagram 10.1, compare the temperature of the objects,
the effect of heat experienced by the objects and the direction
of heat flow. Relate the direction of the heat flow to the
difference in temperature between objects which are in thermal
contact. [ 4 marks]
(b) Diagram 10.2 shows the phenomenon of land breeze which occurs
during night time.

Explain this phenomenon.

(c) Diagram shows a ceiling lamp used by a student as a study lamp.
Explain the modifications that can be made to the ceiling lamp so that it
can be used by the student as a study lamp. In your explanations
emphasise the following aspects:
You are required to design such a container. In your design, you are to
emphasise the following aspect:
(i) The material of the outer container.
(ii)The material of the inner container.

food service and restaurant. In your design, emphasise the

following aspects:

(i) Comfort of the student

(ii) reduce energy loss
(iii) the design of the study lamp
(iv) safety features of the lamp
(v) the energy efficiency of the lamp [ 10 marks]
11. Diagram 9.1 shows the preservation of fresh fish in a market by
using ice cubes.
Diagram 9.2 shows the steaming of food by placing it over a work
containing boiling water.

(a) What is meant by heat? [ 1 mark]

(b) Using Diagram 9.1 and 9.2, compare the changes in states of
water to the release and absorption of heat. Relate the mass
of the water and the amount of heat released or absorbed by
the water during the process of the changes in states to
deduce a relevant physics concept. [5 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.3 shows the phase transitions of water.

States the direction of the flow of the latent heat involved and
explain the effect of the heat on the molecules of water
during the processes. [4 marks]
(d) Diagram 9.4 shows the cross section of a household
refrigerator. Explain how you would modify the refrigerator in
Diagram 9.4 into a high quality commercial refrigerator for

(i)

The size, structure and material of the refrigerator

cabinet
(ii)
Ways to improve the efficiency of process of
compression and release of the coolant
(iii)
Practices or features for efficient use of the electrical energy.
[10 marks]
12. (a) Diagram 9.1 shows two bodies in thermal contact.

(i)
(ii)

What is meant by temperature? [ 1 mark]

Based on Diagram 9.1, compare the rate of flow of heat
and the change in temperature of both bodies. Deduce
a relevant physics concept that is related to be flow of
the heat when the bodies have the same temperature
at the end of the process. [ 5 marks ]
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows the heating curve for substance Q.

(a) What is meant by specific heat capacity?

(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2, compare the situations when
two half-boiled eggs are prepared and four half-boiled eggs
are prepared. State the relationship between the heat
supplied and the mass.
(c) A car engine produces a great amount of heat. A suitable
cooling agent is needed to prevent overheating of the engine.
Suggest one suitable cooling agent and explain the suitability
as a cooling agent in a car engine.

(i)

Based on the graph, states the physical state of

substance Q at BC and CD. [2 marks]
(ii)
Heat energy is supplied to substance Q continuously.
State the effects of the heat supplied to the particles
of substance Q at BC and CD. [ 2 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a conventional rice cooker used at homes.

Explain how you would design a rice cooker that can be used to
cook rice efficiently.
Your suggestions should be based on the following aspects:
(i)
Able to cook the rice with less time and energy
(ii)
Ways to keep the rice warm when the rice cooker is switched of.
[ 10 marks]
13. Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 show containers used to prepare halfboiled eggs. Both are filled with water of the same temperature.

(d) Diagram 10.3 shows a kettle with an aluminium body. The

mass of the kettle is 1.2 kg and is supplied with 48 kJ of heat.
What is the final temperature of the kettle if the initial
temperature is 28oC? (The specific heat capacity of aluminium
is 910 Jkg-1 oC-1) [3 marks]
(e) As a scientist, you are instructed to produce an ideal kettle
which is suitable for the purpose of boiling water. Using the
appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain the
modifications required.