Political Correctness

1. Illustration
In this context we will show to you about how the political correcness
was build in the world. As we know that political correcness purpose is stopping racism.
Political correc based The Random House Dictionary defines political
correctness as an outlook marked by or sticking to a typically progressive
tradition on issues involving race, gender, or sexual attraction. Political
correctness is about the way people interact with other people. . With
political correctness, groups of people who historically have not worked or
played together in the past have a set of rules for language use, so as not
to offend or insult each other.
Because words and deeds usually originate from ideas and can lead
into real life, it seems appropriate that people of different backgrounds
and beliefs try to use a common language that is helpful, one that builds
each other up. Viewed in these terms, political correctness is an action of
respect that will be around for a long time because many people believe
that this is the direction towards a successful global community: harmony
in diversity.

2. Context
As times change and societies grow, new language is created to reflect
this growth and change. One of the more controversial developments that
has gained peoples attention in North America since the late 1980s is
what is meant by the term political correctness. The Random House
Dictionary defines political correctness as an outlook marked by or
sticking to a typically progressive tradition on issues involving race,
gender, or sexual attraction.
When political correctness first took root in North America, many
people thought it was merely college campus humor, like referring to
higher government taxation as revenue enhancement or calling
bankruptcy a positive restructuring. Some people even thought stories
about political correctness--called PC--were about personal computers-also called PCs-- and did not pay attention. But when the company that
makes the popular board game Scrabble announced it was eliminating
nearly 100 words from its dictionary because they were politically
incorrect, people knew political correctness was having an impact.
To further highlight the increasing public interest in political
correctness, notice how many times it was mentioned in U.S. newspapers.
Politically correct appeared in print 1,533 times in 1991, 2,672 times in
1992, and 4,643 times in 1993. Political correctness even made it to the
best selling book list of 1994 with James Finn Garners book, Politically
Correct Bedtime Stories, a funny look at traditional bedtime stories in light
of modern politically correct standards.

In 1995 two professors at a university in California said a help-wanted

ad seeking a dynamic classroom teacher was unfair and politically
incorrect because of the word dynamic. The professors reasoned that the
word dynamic showed a cultural bias because women from some cultures
operate entirely effectively--in classrooms and elsewhere--in a more
subdued and non-dynamic manner. The white-maleoriented word
dynamic was changed to the multiculturally nondiscriminatory word
excellent.
Some other examples of politically correct language include changing
broken family to binuclear family, maiden name to birth name,
and visually impaired to partially sighted.
Political correctness is about the way people interact with other people.
Recently, in the State of North Carolina, for example, a judge made a
comment about a female attorney defending someone accused of
robbery, saying that he did not like to argue with a pretty girl. This was
not a PC thing to say. The result was a Supreme Court decision requiring a
new trial for the attorneys client.
The ideals behind political correctness have a far-reaching effect
because the world is gradually becoming one large lobal village. With
political correctness, groups of people who historically have not worked or
played together in the past have a set of rules for language use, so as not
to offend or insult each other.
Because words and deeds usually originate from ideas and can lead
into real life, it seems appropriate that people of different backgrounds
and beliefs try to use a common language that is helpful, one that builds
each other up. Viewed in these terms, political correctness is an action of
respect that will be around for a long time because many people believe
that this is the direction towards a successful global community: harmony
in diversity.

3. Constructive
Political correctness or political correctitude (adjectivally, politically correct; both
forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is the attitude or policy of being excessively careful not
to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to have a disadvantage.
Mainstream usages of the term politically correct began in the 1990s by rightwing politicians.
In modern usage, the terms PC, politically correct, and political correctness are
generally pejorative descriptors, whereas the term politically incorrect is used by opponents
of PC as an implicitly positive self-description, as in the cases of the conservative, topical
book-series The Politically Incorrect Guide, and the liberal television talk-show
program Politically Incorrect. Disputing this framework are advocates for ending
discrimination and scholars on the political Left who suggest that the term was redefined in
the early 1990s by conservatives and libertarians for strategic political purposes.

There are two political form. It is political correct and political incorrec. Political correc is
means using words or behavior which will not offend any group of people, and political
incorrectness is mean that they do not care if they offend or upset any group of people in
society who have a disadvantage, or who have been treated differently because of their sex,
race, or disability.
As times change and societies grow, new language is created to reflect
this growth and change. One of the more controversial developments that
has gained peoples attention in North America since the late 1980s is
what is meant by the term political correctness. The Random House
Dictionary defines political correctness as an outlook marked by or
sticking to a typically progressive tradition on issues involving race,
gender, or sexual attraction.
When political correctness first took root in North America, many people thought it was
merely college campus humor, like referring to higher government taxation as revenue
enhancement or calling bankruptcy a positive restructuring. Some people even thought
stories about political correctness--called PC--were about personal computers--also called
PCs-- and did not pay attention.
There are examples of a political correctness movement in other languages and cultures.
Based conservapedia site Examples of political correctness is changing the terminology used
to describe people with disabilities. In the past the term "lame" is perfectly acceptable and is
not considered offensive. At a certain point, such as the American Senate Republican leader
Bob Dole decided "lame" degrading and preferred term changed to "disabled." It is also,
ultimately deemed offensive and "disabled" become the preferred term. Today, even
"disabled" is considered degrading some and "differently abled" and "disabled" are used by
people. The same can be said for the use of the term change for Black Americans: "Negro"
and "colored," all things that can be accepted, be offensive during the 1970s and the "AfroAmerican" and "Black" began to be used, which in turn gives way to "African-American,"
and in wider use, "people of color. 'One perceived problem with" Negro "is that many people,
especially the South, seem to have trouble pronouncing it, pronounce as" nigra. "
Besides, there are some people oppose the idea of political correctness. They reason is the
white skin people is a noble people and the black skin or negro is slave man and must be
destroyed. As you know that the main factor racism in another country is a differen skin.
We cant requred who is born. What is from rich or poor parents, black or white skin. It is no
problem, cause The ideals behind political correctness have a far-reaching
effect because the world is gradually becoming one large lobal village.
With political correctness, groups of people who historically have not
worked or played together in the past have a set of rules for language
use, so as not to offend or insult each other.
History of the term
The term politically correct did not occur much in the language and culture of the U.S.
until the late 20th century, and its earlier occurrences were in contexts that did not
communicate the social disapproval inherent to the contemporary terms political
correctness and politically correct. In the 18th century, the term "Politically Correct"
appeared in U.S. law, in a political-lawsuit judged and decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in
1793. The first recorded use of the term in the typical modern sense is stated in William

Safire's Safire's Political Dictionary to be by Toni Cade in the 1970 anthology The Black
Woman, where she wrote "A man cannot be politically correct and a chauvinist too".
Early-to-mid 20th century
In the early-to-mid 20th century, contemporary uses of the phrase Politically Correct
were associated with the dogmatic application of Stalinist doctrine, debated between formal
Communists (members of the Communist Party) and Socialists. The phrase was
a colloquialism referring to the Communist "party line", which provided for "correct"
positions on many matters of politics. According to American educator Herbert Kohl, writing
about debates in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s,
The term politically correct was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty
to the CP line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against
Communists, and was meant to separate out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral
ideas from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and defend party positions regardless
of their moral substance.
Uncommon Differences, The Lion and the Unicorn Journal
History of the phenomenon
Main articles: Gender-neutral language and People-first language
Whilst the label "politically correct" has its particular origins and history, it only partially
overlaps with the history of the phenomenon to which the label is now applied. While the use
of "politically correct" in the modern sense is a label dating to the early 1990s, the
phenomenon so labelled developed from the 1960s onwards. This phenomenon was driven by
a combination of the linguistic turn in academia and the rise of identity politics both inside
and outside it. These led to attempts to change social reality by changing language, with
attempts at making language more culturally inclusive and gender-neutral. This meant
introducing new terms that sought to leave behind discriminatory baggage attached to older
ones, and conversely to try to make older ones taboo, sometimes through labelling them "hate
speech". These attempts (associated with the political left) led to a backlash from the right,
partly against the attempts to change language, and partly against the underlying identity
politics itself. "Political correctness" became a convenient rightwing label for both of these
things it rejected.
In the American Speech journal article Cultural Sensitivity and Political Correctness:
The Linguistic Problem of Naming (1996), Edna Andrews said that the usage of culturally
inclusive and gender-neutral language is based upon the concept that language represents
thought, and may even control thought. Andrewss proposition is conceptually derived from
the SapirWhorf Hypothesis, which proposes that the grammatical categories of a language
shape the ideas, thoughts, and actions of the speaker. Moreover, Andrews said that politically
moderate conceptions of the languagethought relationship suffice to support the reasonable
deduction ... [of] cultural change via linguistic change reported in the Sex Roles journal

article Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Attitudes Toward

Sexist/Nonsexist Language (2000), by Janet B. Parks and Mary Ann Robinson.
Moreover, other cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics works, such as the
articles "Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between
Language and Memory" (1974) in the Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, and
The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice (1981) in the
journal Science indicated that a persons word-choice has significantframing effects upon the
perceptions, memories, and attitudes of the speaker and of the listener.
Consequently, the advocates of culturally inclusive language and of gender-neutral
language have proposed that such locutions are necessary, because:
1. The rights, opportunities, and freedoms of discriminated people are
restricted when they are reduced to racial and sexual stereotypes.
2. Stereotyping is implicit, unconscious, and facilitated by
availability and acceptability of pejorative labels and terms.

the

3. Rendering pejorative labels and terms socially unacceptable, the

prejudiced users of such language then must consciously think
about how they describe someone unlike him- or herself.
4. Labelling is a conscious action, and the elimination of a stereotype
then shows the labelled persons individual identity as a man or a
woman who is unlike the prejudiced speaker.
A common criticism is that terms chosen by an identity group, as acceptable descriptors
of themselves, then pass into common usage, including usage by the racists and sexists whose
racism and sexism, et cetera, the new terms mean to supersede. Alternatively put, the new
terms gradually acquire the same disparaging connotations as the old terms. The new terms
are thus devalued, and another set of words must be coined, giving rise to lengthy
progressions such as Negro, Colored, Black, Afro-American, African-American,and so on,
(cf. Euphemism treadmill).
Practical application
The principal applications of political correctness concern the practices of awareness and
toleration of the sociologic differences among people of different races and genders; of
physical and mental disabilities; of ethnic group and sexual orientation; of religious
background, and of ideological worldview. Specifically, the praxis of political correctness is
in the descriptive vocabulary that the speaker and the writer use in effort to eliminate the
prejudices inherent to cultural, sexual and racist stereotypes with culturally neutral terms,
such as the locutions, circumlocutions, and euphemisms presented in theOfficial Politically
Correct Dictionary and Handbook (1993) such as:

Intellectually disabled in place of mentally retarded

African American in place of Black and Negro, in the United States

Native American in place of Indian, in the United States

First Nations in place of Indian, in Canada

Gender-neutral
terms
such
as
of fireman and firewoman,
police
of policeman and policewoman

Value-free terms describing physical disabilities, such as visually

impaired in place of blind and hearing impaired in place of deaf

Value-free cultural terms, such as Holiday season and Winter

holiday, in place of Christmas

firefighter
officer

in
in

place
place

In the event, opponents of such compound-descriptor words and prolix usages, apply the
terms politically
correct, political
correctness,
and PC as
pejorative
and obscurantist criticism, denoting, and connoting apparently excessive deference to
particular social sensibilities, at the expense of common-sense considerations of language,
thought, and action. Conversely, opponents of political correctness then employed the
term politically incorrect to communicate that they were unafraid to ignore the social
constraints inherent to politically-correct speech. From such opposition emerged the
culturally liberal television talk-show program Politically Incorrect (19932002) and the
culturally conservative book series of The Politically Incorrect Guide to a given subject, such
as the U.S. Constitution, capitalism, and the Bible. In these cultural and sociological matters,
the term denotes and connotes that the speaker and the writer use language and proffer ideas,
and practice behaviors that are unconstrained by a perceived "liberal" orthodoxy, and by
over-sensitive concerns about expressing political biases that might offend people who do not
share such cultural perspectives.

Identity politics

The post-structuralist philosopher Julia Kristeva was one of the early proponents of
promoting feminism and multiculturalism through analysis of language, arguing (in the word
of the New York Times, 2001) "that it was not enough simply to dissect the structure of
language in order to find its hidden meaning. Language should also be viewed through the
prisms of history and of individual psychic and sexual experiences. ... this approach in turn
enabled specific social groups to trace the source of their oppression to the very language
they used." However in 2001 Kristeva said that these views had been simplified and
caricatured by many in the United States, and that (in the words of the Times) "political
assertion of sexual, ethnic and religious identities eventually erodes democracy."

Some conservatives argue that the true purpose of "political correctness"

and multiculturalism is undermining the values of the Western World, attributing both to what
they describe as "Cultural Marxism" (which has only a tenuous link to the Cultural
Marxism recognised in mainstream academia). This use is popular among some rightwing English-speaking political pundits, who see themselves in a cultural war with Marxists
they believe to have subverted Western institutions like schools, universities, media,
entertainment industry and religion. This approach elides the significant philosophical and
political differences between the thinkers associated with cultural Marxism (many associated
with the Frankfurt School) and proposes that cultural change is brought about by a covert
conspiracy of academics rather than, as cultural Marxists argue, by deep-rooted social,
political and economic forces. This usage originates with a 1992 essay in a Lyndon
LaRouche movement journal, and is covered in Frankfurt School conspiracy theory.
Examples include Patrick Buchanan, writing in the book The Death of the West: How
Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Culture and Civilization (2001) that
"Political Correctness is Cultural Marxism, a rgime to punish dissent, and to stigmatize
social heresy, as the Inquisition punished religious heresy. Its trademark is
intolerance." Similarly, University of Pennsylvania professorAlan Charles Kors and
lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect political correctness to Marxist Frankfurt School
philosopher Herbert Marcuse. They claim that liberal ideas of free speech are repressive,
arguing that such "Marcusean logic" is the base of speech codes, which are seen by some
as censorship, in US universities. Kors and Silvergate later established the Foundation for
Individual Rights in Education, which campaigns against PC speech codes

4. Conclusion
Political correctness or political correctitude (adjectivally, politically correct; both
forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is the attitude or policy of being excessively careful not
to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to have a disadvantage.

The Random House Dictionary defines political correctness as an

outlook marked by or sticking to a typically progressive tradition on
issues involving race, gender, or sexual attraction. When political
correctness first took root in North America, many people thought it was
merely college campus humor, like referring to higher government
taxation as revenue enhancement or calling bankruptcy a positive
restructuring. Some people even thought stories about political
correctness--called PC--were about personal computers--also called PCs-and did not pay attention . Higher taxation is called revenue
enhancement, bankruptcy is called positive restructuring, a broken
family is called a binuclear family, maiden name is called birth name
and visually impaired is called partially sighted. The ideals behind
political correctness have a far-reaching effect because the world is
gradually becoming one large global village. With political correctness
groups of people who historically have not worked or played together in
the past have a set of rules for language use, so as not to offend or insult
each other.

Alzheimers Disease
1. Illustration
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease, is the
most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it
progresses, and eventually leads to death. It was first described by German psychiatrist and
neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Most often, AD is
diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less-prevalent early-onset
Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. In 2006, there were 26.6 million people worldwide with
AD. Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.
Although Alzheimer's disease develops differently for every individual, there are many
common symptoms. Early symptoms are often mistakenly thought to be 'age-related'
concerns, or manifestations ofstress. In the early stages, the most common symptom is
difficulty in remembering recent events, known as short term memory loss. When AD is
suspected, the diagnosis is usually confirmed with tests that evaluate behaviour and thinking
abilities, often followed by a brain scan if available, however, examination of brain tissue is
required for a definitive diagnosis. As the disease advances, symptoms can include confusion,
irritability, aggression, mood swings, trouble with language, and long-term memory loss. As
the person's condition declines they often withdraw from family and society. Gradually,
bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. Since the disease is different for each
individual, predicting how it will affect the person is difficult. AD develops for an unknown
and variable amount of time before becoming fully apparent, and it can progress undiagnosed
for years. On average, the life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately seven years.
Fewer than 3% of individuals live more than 14 years after diagnosis.

2. Context
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common cause of intellectual deterioration in
middle-aged and elderly North Americans, affecting more than two and one-quarter million
men and women over the age of 65. The usual symptoms of AD are memory loss and a
progressive loss of mental faculties. Presently, there is no cure for Alzheimers disease.
The human brain is a complex organ that acts like a main control room for the rest of the
body. It gathers information,controls body movements, and activates emotions and thoughts.
The brain does this by using a chemical called acetylcholine to send signals to and from brain
cells. Alzheimers disease causes a breakdown in the neurons of brain cells by creating a
shortage of acetylcholine.
Once affected by Alzheimers, it becomes increasingly difficult for the brain to perform
its main functions. These changes in the brain are so intense and crippling that a person
diagnosed with Alzheimers disease usually dies within 10 years.
For a long time the symptoms of Alzheimers disease (memory loss, slurred speech, and
confusion) were thought to be the natural side-effects of getting old. AD went unrecognized
because victims often seemed physically healthy; it was just their memory and general mental
performance that were affected.

In 1906, Alois Alzheimer, a German neuropathologist, discovered two abnormalities in

the brain of a fifty-six year old woman who died of severe mental problems. For a long time
Alzheimers discovery was overlooked because doctors of that era (and for many years
afterwards) thought these irregularities were only the normal consequences of human aging.
In the mid-1980s Alzheimers theories were re-examined and AD came to be recognized
as the most common cause of mental decay in the elderly. In fact, the many problems related
to AD are considered so great that Alzheimers disease has been called the disease of the
century by doctor and author Lewis Thomas.
Although the cause of Alzheimers disease is still unknown, two risk factors have been
identified: advanced age and genetic history. The risk of eveloping AD is less than one
percent before the age of 50, but the risk increases as a person gets older. If a person reaches
age 90, they have a 30 percent chance of developing Alzheimers disease.
In families that already have a member with Alzheimers disease, relatives have a 50
percent chance of developing AD because the tendency is passed on as a genetic trait. Recent
research has discovered a consistent abnormal gene site on chromosome 21 of people affected
with Alzheimers disease. Scientists are hopeful that this finding is a step in the direction of a
cure.
Because the exact cause of Alzheimers disease has not yet been determined, an effective
treatment or a cure is still not available. Present treatments include drugs to relieve patients
symptoms. Support groups and counseling are also available for families living with AD.
Scientists and medical researchers are optimistic that the same medical advances that are now
extending life for everyone will soon help eliminate Alzheimers disease as well.

3. Constructive
Alzheimers disease affects the brain by causing a breakdown in the neurons of brain
cells, so that not enough acetylcholine is produced.. Progressive deterioration eventually
hinders independence, with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily
living. Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary, which
leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions (paraphasias). Reading and writing skills are
also progressively lost. Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes
and AD progresses, so the risk of falling increases.
A. Characteristics
The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.
Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years
before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can
affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss,
which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire
new information.
B. Earl
In people with AD the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to
a definitive diagnosis. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive

functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent

than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of
the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit
memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are
affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories.
C. Moderate
Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence, with subjects being unable to
perform most common activities of daily living. Speech difficulties become evident due to an
inability to recall vocabulary, which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions
(paraphasias). Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost. Complex motor
sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses, so the risk of falling
increases.
D. Advanced
During the final stage of AD, the person is completely dependent upon
caregivers. Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to
complete loss of speech. Despite the loss of verbal language abilities, people can often
understand and return emotional signals. Although aggressiveness can still be present,
extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common symptoms. Persons with Alzheimer's
disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks without any
assistance. Muscle mass and mobility deteriorate to the point where they are bedridden, and
they lose the ability to feed themselves. AD is a terminal illness, with the cause of death
typically being an external factor, such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia, not the
disease itself.
Alzheimer's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral
cortex and certain subcortical regions. This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected
regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal
cortex and cingulate gyrus. Degeneration is also present in brainstem nuclei like the locus
coeruleus. Studies using MRI and PET have documented reductions in the size of specific
brain regions in people with AD as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to
Alzheimer's disease, and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults.
The cause for most Alzheimer's cases is still mostly unknown except for 1% to 5% of cases
where genetic differences have been identified. Several competing hypotheses exist trying to
explain the cause of the disease:

Genetic

The genetic heritability of Alzheimer's disease (and memory components thereof), based
on reviews of twin and family studies, range from 49% to 79%. Around 0.1% of the cases are
familial forms ofautosomal (not sex-linked) dominant inheritance, which usually have an
onset before age 65. This form of the disease is known as early onset familial Alzheimer's
disease. Most of autosomal dominant familial AD can be attributed to mutations in one of
three genes: those encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins 1 and 2. Most
mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein
called A42, which is the main component of senile plaques. Some of the mutations merely
alter the ratio between A42 and the other major formse.g., A40without increasing

A42 levels. This suggests that presenilin mutations can cause disease even if they lower the
total amount of A produced and may point to other roles of presenilin or a role for alterations
in the function of APP and/or its fragments other than A. There exist variants of the APP
gene which are protective.

Diagnosis

Alzheimer's disease is usually diagnosed based on the person's history, history from
relatives, and observations of the person's behaviours. The presence of
characteristic neurological and neuropsychologicalfeatures and the absence of alternative
conditions is supportive. Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography (CT)
or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and with single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to help exclude
other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia. Moreover, it may predict conversion
fromprodromal stages (mild cognitive impairment) to Alzheimer's disease.
Assessment of intellectual functioning including memory testing can further characterise
the state of the disease. Medical organisations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and
standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians. The diagnosis can be confirmed
with very high accuracy post-mortem when brain material is available and can be
examined histologically.
Intellectual activities such as playing chess or regular social interaction have been linked
to a reduced risk of AD in epidemiological studies, although no causal relationship has been
found.
At present, there is no definitive evidence to support that any particular measure is effective
in preventing AD. Global studies of measures to prevent or delay the onset of AD have often
produced inconsistent results. Epidemiological studies have proposed relationships between
certain modifiable factors, such as diet, cardiovascular risk, pharmaceutical products, or
intellectual activities among others, and a population's likelihood of developing AD. Only
further research, including clinical trials, will reveal whether these factors can help to prevent
AD.
Medication
Long-term usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a
reduced likelihood of developing AD. Human postmortem studies, in animal models, or in
vitro investigations also support the notion that NSAIDs can reduce inflammation related to
amyloid plaques. However, trials investigating their use as palliative treatment have failed to
show positive results, apparently because the brain NSAID concentration after an oral
NSAID dose is exceedingly small.[128] No prevention trial has been completed. Hormone
replacement therapy, although previously used, may increase the risk of dementia

Lifestyle
People who engage in intellectual activities such as reading, playing board games, completing
crossword puzzles, playing musical instruments, or regular social interaction show a reduced
risk for Alzheimer's disease. This is compatible with the cognitive reserve theory, which
states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing the
individual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations. Education
delays the onset of AD syndrome, but is not related to earlier death after diagnosis. Learning
a second language even later in life seems to delay getting Alzheimer disease. Physical
activity is also associated with a reduced risk of AD.
Diet
People who eat a mediterranean diet have a lower risk of AD, and it may improve outcomes
in those with the disease. Those who eat a diet high in saturated fats and simple
carbohydrates have a higher risk. The mediterranean diet's beneficial cardiovascular effect
has been proposed as the mechanism of action. There is limited evidence that light to
moderate use of alcohol, particularly red wine, is associated with lower risk of AD. There is
tentative evidence that caffeine may be protective. A number of foods high in flavonoids such
as cocoa, red wine, and tea may decrease the risk of AD.
Reviews on the use of vitamins and minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to
recommend them. This includes vitamin A, C, E, selenium, zinc, and folic acid with or
without vitamin B12. Additionally vitamin E is associated with health risks. Trials
examining folic acid (B9) and other B vitamins failed to show any significant association
with cognitive decline. In those already affected with AD adding docosahexaenoic acid, an
Omega 3 fatty acid, to the diet has not been found to slow decline.
Curcumin as of 2010 has not shown benefit in people even though there is tentative evidence
in animals.There is inconsistent and unconvincing evidence that ginkgo has any positive
effect on cognitive impairment and dementia. As of 2008 there is no concrete evidence
that cannabinoids are effective in improving the symptoms of AD or dementia. [153] Some
research in its early stages however looks promising.

C. Conclusion

Alzheimers disease is the most common form of brain disorder in North America,
affecting more than two and one-quarter million men and women over the age of 65.
The brain functions like a main control room for the rest of the body. It gathers
information, controls movements, and activates thoughts and emotions. It
communicates with the body by using the chemical acetylcholine to send signals to and
from brain cells.
Alzheimers disease affects the brain by causing a breakdown in the neurons of brain
cells, so that not enough acetylcholine is produced.
The two groups which are at most risk to develop Alzheimers disease are elderly
people and people who have close relatives with the disease.