1128

0.522
T *02 2160.91
From Rayleighs flow table for =1.4and

=0.522
T *02

M2=.4

P2
1.961
P2*
P02
1.961
P02*
T2
0.615
T2 *
P2 P *2 1.196
1.759 1.196
= 3.44 x10 5N/m2
T2=T2* x.615
=1801.18K
P02=3.849 x10 5N/m2
Stagnation pressure loss
P0=P01-P02
=4.11 x10 5-3.84 x10 5
=.261 x10 5N/m2
Heat supplied Q=CP(T02-T01)
=1005(1128-376)
=755.7 x10 3J/kg
Normal Shocks
When there is a relative motion between a body and fluid, the disturbance is created
if the disturbance is of an infinitely small amplitude, that disturbance is transmitted

through the fluid with the speed of sound. If the disturbance is finite shock waves are
created.

Shock Waves and Expansion Waves Normal Shocks

Shocks which occur in a plane normal to the direction of flow are called normal
shock waves. Flow process through the shock wave is highly irreversible and cannot
be approximated as being isentropic. Develop relationships for flow properties before
and after the shock using conservation of mass, momentum, and energy
In some range of back pressure, the fluid that achieved a sonic velocity at the
throat of a converging-diverging nozzle and is accelerating to supersonic velocities in
the diverging section experiences a normal shock. The normal shock causes a
sudden rise in pressure and temperature and a sudden drop in velocity to subsonic
levels. Flow through the shock is highly irreversible, and thus it cannot be
approximated as isentropic. The properties of an ideal gas with constant specific
heats before (subscript 1) and after (subscript 2) a shock are related by

Assumptions

1. Steady flow and one dimensional

2. dA = 0, because shock thickness is small
3. Negligible friction at duct walls since shock is very thin
4. Zero body force in the flow direction
5. Adiabatic flow (since area is small)
6. No shaft work
7. Potential energy neglected

Intersection of Fanno and a Rayleigh Line

Fanno and Rayleigh line, when plotted on h-s plane, for same mass velocity
G, intersect at 1 and 2.as shown in fig. All states of Fanno line have same stagnation
temperature or stagnation enthalpy, and all states of Rayleigh line have same stream
thrust F / A. Therefore, 1 and 2 have identical values of G, h0 and F / A. from 1 to 2
possible by a compression shock wave without violating Second Law
Thermodynamics. A shock is a sudden compression which increases the pressure
and entropy of the fluid but the velocity is decrease from supersonic to subsonic.

A change from states 2 to 1 from subsonic to supersonic flow is not possible in

view Second Law Thermodynamics. (Entropy can not decrease in a flow process)

Governing Equations
(i) Continuity
mx m y

AV x AV y
x Vx y Vy (Shock thickness being small Ax = Ay)

Gx = Gy (Mass velocity)
Mass velocity G remains constant across the shock.
(ii) Energy equation
SFEE: q sh h 2 h1

h2

V22 V12
g z 2 z1
2

V22
V2
h1 1
2
2

Across the shock

hy

Vy2
2

hx

Vx2
2

h ox h oy
Tox Toy

To remains constant across the shock.

(iii) Momentum
Newtons second law

Fxx

mVxx cv mVxx out mVxx in

t

Px A Py A 0 mVxx out mVxx in

m Vy Vx AV Vy Vx y AVy2 x AVx2

Momentum gives

Px A Py A y AVy2 x AVx2
Px A x AVx2 Py A y AVy2
Fx Fy

Impulse function remains constant across the shock.

Property relations across the shock.
(1)

Ty
Tx

Energy
h ox h oy
Tox Toy

(1)

For the isentropic x ox

Tox
K 1 2
1
Mx
Tx
2

K 1 2
Tox Tx 1
Mx
2

.......... (2)

Similarly
K 1 2
Toy Ty 1
My
2

Combining (1), (2) and (3)

K 1 2
K 1 2
Tx 1
M x Ty 1
My
2
2

............ (3)

 K 1 2
1 2 M x

Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y

Ty

(ii)

Py
Px

Momentum
Fx = Fy

Px A x AVx2 Py A y AVy2
y Vy2
x Vx2
Px 1

Py 1
Px
Py

Px 1 KM2x Py 1 KM2y
1 KM 2
x

2
Px 1 KM y
Py

(iii)

y
x

Equation of state P = RT

Px x RTx
Py y RTy

Px

x RTx Px Ty

y Py Tx Py

RTy
2
x 1 KM y

y 1 KM 2x

K 1 2
1 2 M x
K 1

1
M 2y

(iv)

Vy
Vx

Continuity equation
x Vx y Vy

Vy
Vx

x
y

Equation of state
P = RT

Px x RTx
Py y RTy

K 1 2
Mx
1 KM 2y 1
2

Vx 1 KM 2x 1 K 1 M 2
y

Vy

(v)

Poy
Pox

For the isentropic x ox

K

Pox K 1 2 K 1
1
Mx
Px
2

For the isentropic (y oy)

K

K 1 2 K 1
1
My
Py
2

Poy

K 1 2 K 1
Poy Py 1
My
2

Poy
Pox

But

K 1 2 K 1
Py 1 2 M y

Px 1 K 1 M 2
x

Py

Px

1 KM 2x
1 KM 2y
K

Poy
Pox

K 1 2 K 1
My
1 KM 2 1
x
2

2
1 KM y 1 K 1 M 2
x

(vi) Entropy change (S)

S Sy Sx

Cp ln

Ty
Tx

R ln

Py
Px

Cp ln

Toy
Tox

R ln

Poy
Pox

R ln

Poy
Pox

K
1
K

M 2y
2 1

KM

x
2
Sy Sx R ln

2
K

1
1 KM y 1
M 2x

(vii) Relation between M 2x and M 2y

Prove that

M 2y

2
2
K 1 Mx

2K

M 2x 1
K 1

We have

K 1 2
1 2 M x

(1)

Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y

Ty

Toy Tox

(2)

1 KM 2
x

Px 1 KM 2y

(3)

Px M x Py M y

Tx
Ty

Py

Equation (3)

Py2
Px2

M 2y

M 2x

Ty
Tx

K 1 2
2
Mx
1 KM 2 M y 2 1
x
2

2
K 1 2
My
1 KM y M x 1
2

1 KM
2
x

K 1 2
M 2y 1
M y 1 KM 2y
2

K 1 2
M 2x 1
Mx
2

K 1 2
L.H.S. = 1 2KM 2x K 2 M 4x M 2y 1
My
2

K 2 K 1 4 2
K 1 2
M 2y 1 2KM 2x K 2 M 4x
M y K K 1 M 2x M 2y
Mx My

2
2

M 2y

2KM 2x M 2y

M 4x M 2y

K
K 1 4

M y K K 1 M 2x M 4y
2

K 1 M4 M4
x

Similarly R.H.S.

M 2x 2K 2x M 2y K 2 M 2y M 2x

K
K 1 4
M x K K 1 M 2y M 4x
2

M2y M2x K 2 M4x M2y M4y M2x

Since M y M x

K 1 M 4 M 4
y

K 1 4
M y M 4x K K 1 M 2x M 4y M 2y M 4x
2

K 1 2

M 2y M 2x 1
M y M 2x KM 2x M 2y 0
2

So M 2y M 2x cannot be equal to zero

Hence 1

K 1 2
M y M 2x KM 2x M 2y
2

K 1 2
M y M 2x KM 2x M 2y 1
2

2
y

M 2y

2
KM 2x M 2y 1
K 1

M 2x

2K
2
M 2x M 2y
M 2x
K 1
K 1

2K
2

M 2y 1
M 2x
M 2x
K 1
K 1

2
M 2x
2
My K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Property relations in terms of incident Mach Number Mx.
(1) Prove

Py
Px

2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1

Momentum Fx = Fy

Px 1 KM2x Py 1 KM 2y
Py
Px

1 KM 2x
1 KM 2y

2
M 2x
but M 2y K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1

Py
Px

1 KM 2x
2
2
K 1 Mx
1 K

2K

M 2x 1
K 1

1 KM K2K 1 M
2
x

2
x

2K

M 2x 1 K
M 2x

K 1

K 1

(1)

 2K

Dinominator Dr
M 2x 1 K
M 2x
K 1

K 1

2K
2K
K 1 K 1
M 2x
K
1 KM 2x

K 1
K 1
K 1 K 1

K 1
1 KM 2x substitute in equation (1).
K 1

Py
Px

(2)

2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1
K 1 2 2K

M x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1

Prove that
2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
Ty

Energy
h ox h oy
Tox Toy

K 1 2
1 2 M x

Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y

Ty

2
M 2x
M 2y K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
K 1 2 2K

K 1 2
1

Mx
M 2x 1
M
x
Ty
2
K

2
2K
K

1
2
Tx

M 2x 1
M 2x
M 2x

K 1 K 1
K

1
2
K

2 2K M 2 1
x
K 1

Denominator, Dr

2K
K 1 2
M 2x 1 1
Mx
K 1
2

M 2x

2
2

2K K 1
2 4K K 1
2 K 1
K 1 2 M x 2 K 1 M x 2 K 1

K 1 2 2K

1
M x
M 2x 1

Ty
2
K 1

Hence

2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
K

(3) Prove that

Poy
Pox

K 1 2 K 1
1
Mx

K
1
2
K

2
2

KM x

K 1 2
K 1
K 1
1
Mx

For the isentropic x ox,

K

Pox K 1 2 K 1
1
Mx
Px
2

K 1 2 K 1
Pox Px 1
Mx
2

K 1 2 K 1
Poy Py 1
My
2

Poy
Pox

But
Py
Px

K 1 2 K 1
Py 1 2 M y

......... (1)

Px 1 K 1 M 2
x

Py
Px

is obtained from momentum as

1 KM 2x
1 KM 2y

2
2
K 1 Mx
2
But M y

2K

M 2x 1
K 1

Py

Px

Py

1 KM 2x
2
2
K 1 Mx
1 K

2K

M 2x 1
K 1

Px

2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1

M 2x
K 1 K 1
2
1
2K

K 1 2
2
M 2x
M 2x 1
1
My
2 K 1
K 1

2

K 1 2
K 1 2
K 1 2 2K

1
Mx
1
Mx
1
M x
M 2x 1

2
2
2

K 1

Equation (1) becomes

K

Poy
Pox

K 1
K 1

M 2x

2 K 1
K 1
2K

Mx

1
2K
K 1

K 1
M 2x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1

K 1
K 1 2
Mx

K 1
2K
2

M 2x
K 1
K 1 K 1 2 2K
2
K 1
1
M x
Mx

2
K 1
K 1
K

K
1
K 1 K 1

2K

M 2x

K 1
K 1

K 1 2 K 1
Mx

2
K 1

1
M 2x

Poy
Pox

1
K 1 K 1

2K

M 2x

1
K 1

K 1 2 K 1
Mx

2
K 1

1
M 2x

K 1 2
Mx
2
(4) Prove that

K 1 2
Vx
Mx
2
Vy

M 2x

Vx2
C2x

Vx2 M2x C2x

Vy2 M2yC2y
Vy2
Vx2

M 2y
M 2x

Ty
Tx

......... (1)

K 1 2
Mx
2
But

Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y
2
Ty

2
M 2x
But M 2y K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Substituting and simplifying

K 1 2 2K

M x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1

2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
Ty

............ (2)

Substituting (2) in (1), we have

2
2
K 1 Mx
2K
K 2 1 2 2K

2
1
Mx
M 2x 1

2
M

1
Vy K 1 x
2

K 1

Vx2
M 2x
K 12 M 2
x
2 K 1

 2
K 1 2
M 2x 1
Mx

K 1
2

2
K 1 M 4
x
2 K 1
2

2 K 1 2
K 1 2
Mx
Mx

1
1
K 1
2
2

2
2
4
K 1 M 4
K 1 M x
x
2 K 1
4

K 1 2
Mx
2

K 1 2
Vx
Mx
2
Vy

K 1 K 1
K 1 2 K 1 2K
(5) Prove that

Mx
M 2x

Px 2
K 1

K 1
Poy

(This is known as Rayleigh supersonic Putot tube formula)

K

K 1 2 K 1
1
My
We have,
Py
2

Poy

K 1
2K

M 2x
Px K 1
K 1
Py

K 1
K 1 2 K 1 2K
1
My

M 2x

Px
2
K 1

K 1

Poy

K
K
1
M 2x

2
K 1 K 1
1

2 2K M 2 1

x
K 1

2K
K 1
M 2x

K 1
K 1

K 1 2 K 1
2K
2
K 1 Mx 1 1 2 Mx
K 1
2K

M 2x

2K
K 1
K 1

M 2x 1

K 1

2 2K K 1 K 1
Mx K 1 2
K 1
2K

M 2x

2K
K 1
K 1

M 2x 1

K 1
K

K 12 M 2 K 1
x

K 1
2K
2 K 1

M 2x

2K
K 1
K 1
M 2x 1

K 1

K 1 M 2x K 1

K
K 1 K 1

2K
2
K 1 M x K 1

K 1
2K

M 2x

K 1
K 1

Poy K 1 M 2x K 1 2K
K 1 K 1

M 2x

Px
2
K 1
K 1

(6) Show that shocks are possible only in supersonic flow:

S Cp ln

T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1

Fro a shock

S Cp ln

Ty
Tx

R ln

Py
Px

But S So

Cp ln

Toy
Tox

R ln

Poy
S
ln

R
Pox

Poy
Pox

R ln

Poy
Pox

1
K 1 K 1

2K
ln
M 2x
K 1
K 1

K 1 2 K 1
Mx

2
K 1

1
M 2x

A plot of this equation is shown in the Figure.

Fro Mx < 1 the entropy change is negative as shown. Since e shocks are
highly irreversible in nature, second law insists that the entropy should be produced
across a shock. Therefore shocks are possible only in supersonic flow.
Alternatively,

S
can be obtained by expanding the logarithmic tersm
CV

interms of M 2x 1 and considering terms up to third powers of M 2x 1 , we get,

3
S 2K K 1
2

1
x
Cv 3 K 12

From the above equation for Mx > 1,

S
becomes positive. Therefore
CV

shocks are possible only in supersonic flows.

Prandtl-Meyer relationship

Vx .Vy C*2 or
M2x M2y 1
Governing relations for a normal shock
(1)

Continuity

x Vx y Vy

(2)

....... (1)

Energy
h ox h oy
2

Vy
V2
hx x hy
h0
2
2

............ (2)

(3)

Momentum

Fxx

mVxx CV mVxx out mVxx in

t

Px A Py A m Vy Vx

Px Py G Vy Vx

Px Py V Vy Vx

.............. (3)

From (2) we have

hx

Vx2
h0
2

Cp Tx

Vx2
CpTo
2

V2
KR
KR
Tx x
T0
K 1
2
K 1
C02
C2x
Vx2

K 1 2
K 1

C2x C02

K 1 2
Vx
2

Similarly C2y C02

.......... (4)

K 1 2
Vy
2

............. (5)

Equation (3) Px Py V Vy Vx

Px Py
V

Vy Vx

Py
Px

Vy Vx
x Vx y Vy

RTx RTy

Vy Vx
Vx
Vy

KRTx KRTy

K Vy Vx
Vx
Vy
2
C2x C y

K Vy Vx
Vx Vy

............. (6)

Using (4) and (5) in (6)

1
Vx

2 K 1 2 1
C0 2 Vx V
y

2 K 1 2
C0 2 Vy K Vy Vx

1
1 K 1
C02
Vy Vx K Vy Vx
2
Vx Vy

C02 Vy Vx
Vx Vy

K 1
2

Vy Vx K Vy Vx

C02
K 1
K
Vx Vy
2
K 1
C02
Vx Vy
2

.......... (7)

K 1 2
T0
T 1 2 M

C*2 KRT* T*
2

2
C0 KRT0 T0 K 1
T0 K 1
T* 2

K 1 *2
C02
C
2

............ (8)

Substitution (8) in (7) we have

K 1 *2 K 1

C
Vx Vy
2
2

C*2 Vx Vy

Vx Vy
C*2

for a shock, C*x C*y C*

Vx Vy
1
C*x C y*

M*x .M*y 1

By definition M*

V
C*

THE RANKINE HUGONIOT

EQUATIOS
DENSITY RATIO ACROSS THE SHOCK
We know that density,

For upstream shock

Px
x
Rx Tx

For down stream shock

Py
y
Ry Ty

Py

x
y
x

Ry Ty
Px
Rx Tx
py
px

We know that,

TX
TY

P
RT

PY

2

MX2

PX

P
2
MX2 Y

PX

we know that
TY
TX

2
M

1
1

MX2
X

2
MX
2

2

TY
TX

TY

TX

2 PY PY

1 1

PX
PX
PY

PX 2
2

2
PY
PY

1 1

PX

PX

PY

PX
3

PY

PX
3

Taking out

PY
PY

2
PX
PX

3
PY

PX
3

2
PY
PY

2
2
PX

PX

PY

2
PY PY

2
PX PX

PY

PX

PY
PX

PY
2
PX

PY

PX

PY PY

2
PX PX

PY

PX
2
PY PY

PX PX 2

PY

PX

TY

Tx

PY
PX

PY

PX

PY

PX

TY PY

T
P

PY
x
X

PX

PY
1

P

X

PY

PY Tx
PX

PY
PX TY
1

PX

We have
y PY Tx

x PX TY
PY

y
PX

PY
x
1

PX
PY

y
PX

x
PY

PX

PY
1

y PX

x
PY

PX

y PY

x PX

PY

P
X

y y

x x

PY
PY
1

PX
X

y
PY y PY

x
PX x PX

y
PY y

1
x
PX x
y
PY y

x
PX x
y

1
x
PY

PX
y

x
the above eqn.s is knows Rankine Hugoniot equations

Strength of a Shock Wave

It is defined as the ratio of difference in down stream and upstream shock pressures
(py - px) to upstream shock pressures (px). It is denoted by .

Substituting for py/px

From the above equation;

The strength of shock wave may be expressed in another form using RankineHugoniot equation.

From this equation we came to know strength of shock wave is

directly proportional to;

PROBLEMS
Que.1
The state of a gas ( =1.3,R =0.469 KJ/KgK.) upstream of normal shock wave is
given by the following date:
Mx =2.5 , Px =2 bar. Tx =275 K calculate the Mach number
,pressure,temperatureand velocity of a gas down stream of shock: check the
calculated values with those given in the gas tables.
Take K =

2
2
2.52
M 2x
12.92
M 2y K 1
1.3 1

0.243
2K
2 1.3
53.19
2
2
Mx 1
2.5 1
K 1
1.3 1

M Y 0.4928

PY

2

MX2

PX

2 1.3

1.52

PY
7.065 0.130 6.935
PX
PY 6.935 bar
K 1 2 2K

M x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1

2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
Ty

1.3 1
2 1.3 2
2.52
2.5 1
1
2
1.3 1

2
1.3 1
2.52
2 1.3 1
03

1 6.25 1.937
2

2
55.104
2.3
6.25
2 0.3

Ty
Tx

1.869

TY 1.869

CY
3
1
0.3

0.269
Cx 1.3 1 6.25 2.3
CY 0.269Cx

.0269 M x ax

CY 0.269 M x KRTx

CY 0.269 2.5x 1.3 469 275

Alternately,

Cy M y

KRTy

0.4928 1.3 469 513.975

C y 275.16 m / s.

A gas( =1.3,R =0.287KJ/KgK) at a Mach number of 1.8 P =0.8 bar and

T=373K pass through a normal shock .Compare this value in an isentropic

compression through the same pressure ratio.

Px
0.8 105

0.747 Kg / m3
RTx 287

From normal shock table for 1.4 at M x 1.8

Ty
PY
3.613 , 1.532
Px
Tx
y
x
y
x

py
px

TX
TY

3.613
2.358
1.532

y 2.358 Kg / m3
For isentropic flow
1

py

x px

y
x

3.613 2.5

y 2.5 Kg / m3
It is noted that the final density of the isentropic process is grater than in the shock
process.

Q.A jet of air at 270 K and 0.2 bar has an intial Mach number of 1.9.If the process
through a normal shock wave. Determine the following for the down stream of the
shock.
1.Mach number.= My
2. Pressure.

= Py

3. Temperature = Ty.

4.Speed of sound .= ay
5. Jet velocity

= Cy

6. Density

.= y

Given.
Tx =270 K
Px =0.7 bar =0.7105 N/m2
From normal shock table for Mx=1.9 and =1.4

M Y 0.596
PY
4.045
Px
Ty
Tx

1.608

Py 4.045 Px
4.045

Py 2.831
Ty 1.608 Tx
1.608

Speed of at down of the shock

a y RTY
1.4

a y 417.66 m / s

Jet velocity at downstream of the shock

Cy MY a y

 0.596

Cy 248.93 m / s

2.83
Density y

2.27 kg / m3
RTy 287
Py

Q.An Aircraft flies at a Mach number of 1.1 at an altitude of 15,000 metres.The

compression in its engine is partially achieved by a normal shock wave standing at the
entry of the diffuser. Determine the following for downstream of the shock.
1. Mach number
2. Temperature of the air
3. Pressure of the air
4. Stagnation pressure loss across the shock.

Given
M x 1.1
Altitude, Z 15, 000 m

To find
1. M y
2. Ty
3. Py
4.P0 POx POy
Re fer gas tables for Altitude, Z 15,000 m

Tx 216.6 K
Px 0.120 bar

Px 0.120 105 N / m2
Re fer Normal shocks gas tables for M x 1.1 and 1.4

M y 0.911

Py

1.245

Px

Ty
Tx
P0 y
P0 x
P0 y
Px

1.065
0.998

2.133

Py 1.24 5Px
1.24 105 N / m2
Py 0.149 105 N / m2
Ty 1.067 Tx
1.065 216.6
Ty 230.67 K

P0 y 2.133 Px
2.133 105
P0 y 0.259 105 N / m2
P0 x
P0 x

P0 y
0.998

0.259 105
0.998

P0 x 0.2564 105 N / m2

Pr essure loss
P0 POx POy

0.2564 105 0.259 105

P0 50 N / m2

1) When a pitot tube is immersed in a supersonic stream a normal shock is

formed ahead of the Pitot tube mouth. After the shock the fluid stream
decelerates isentropically to the total pressure of the entrance to the pitot
tube. A pitot tube travelling in a supersonic wind tunnel gives values of
15Kpa and 70Kpa for the static pressure upstream of the shock and the
pressure at the inlet of the tube respectfully. Find the Mach no. of the
tunnel if the stagnation temperature is 575K. Calculate the static
temperature and the total (stagnation) pressure upstream and the
downstream of the tube.

Bow shock

Mx

My

Pitot tube

Px = 15 103 pa = 15 103 N/m2

Poy = 70 103 N/m2
T0 = T0x = T0y = 575 K
Refer Normal shock tables for

P0 y
Px

70 103
4.375
15 103

P0 y
Px

4.67 , and = 1.4

M x 1.8
M y 0.1616
Py
Px
Ty
Tx
P0 y
P0 x

3.613

1.532

0.813

78 103
P0 x
0.1813
Pox = 0.86 105 N/m2
we know that,
T0
1 2
1
M
T
2

T0 x
1 2
1
Mx
Tx
2
575
1
1
1.82
Tx
2

Tx 348.9 K
From table,

Ty
Tx

1.532

Ty 1.532 348.9 534.51 K

Result:
Mx = 1.8
My = 0.616
Tx = 348.9K

Ty = 534.51K
P0x = 0.86 105 N/m2
P0y = 70 103
Supersonic nozzle is provided with a constant diameter circular duct at its exit. The
duct diameter is same as the nozzle diameter. Nozzle exit cross ection is three times
that of its throat. The entry conditions of the gas (=1.4, R= 287J/KgK) are P 0 =10
bar, T0 =600K. Calculate the static pressure, Mach number and velocity of the gas in
duct.
(a) When the nozzle operates at its design condition.
(b)

When a normal shock occurs at its exit.

(c)

When a normal shock occurs at a section in the diverging part where

the area ratio, A/A* =2.
Given:
A2 =3A*
Or A2/A*=3
= 1.4
R= 287 J/KgK
P0= 10 bar = 106 Pa
T0= 600K

For nozzle
Throat (*)

Entry (1)

Exit (2)

M<1

M>1

Solution:
Case (i)
Refer isentropic flow table for A2/A*=3 and = 1.4
M2 = 2.64
T2/T02= 0.417

p2/ p02= 0.0417

{Note: For A2/A* =3, we can refer gas tables page no.30 and 36. But we
have to take M > 1 corresponding values since the exit is divergent
nozzle}
i.e. T2 = 0.417 xT02
= 0.417 x 600

{sinceT0=T01=T02}

T2 = 250.2 K
P2 =

0.0471 x p02

= 0.0471 x 10 x 105

{since p0 =p01= p02}

p2 = 0.471 x 105 N/m2

We know
C2= M2 a2
= M 2 RT2
= 2.64 (1.4 287 250.2).5
C2 =837.05 m/s
Case (ii)
Normal shock occurs at exit.

Shock

wave

Entry

Exit

My
M<1

A2/A* = Ax/Ax* =3

M>1

[since in this case A2 =Ax]

Refer isentropic table for Ax/Ax* =3 and =1.4.

Mx =2.64

Mx

Tx/Tx* =0.417
Px /P0x =0.0417

[From gas tables page no. 36]

i.e. Tx =0.417 T0x

= 0.417 600
i.e.Tx = 250.2 K

[Since T0 =T0x ]

So px = 0.0417 P0x
= 0.0417 10 105

[Since p0 =p0x]

i.e. px = 0.417 105 N/m2

Refer Normal shock table for Mx = 2.64 and = 1.4

My = 0.5
Py /Px =7.965
Ty/Tx =2.279
i.e. Py = 7.695 px
=7.695 0.471 105
So

py = 3.75 105 N/m2

Also Ty =2.279 Tx
= 2.279 250.2
i.e. Ty = 570.2 K
Also Cy =My ay
= M Y RTY
= 0.5 (1.4 287 570.2)
Cy = 239.32 m/s

Case (iii)
Area ratio A/A* =2
i.e

. Ax/Ax* =2

Refer isentropic flow table for Ax/Ax* =2 and = 1.4

Mx =2.2

[from gas tables page no. 35]

Refer Normal shocks table for Mx = 2.2 and = 1.4

My =0.547
P0y/P0x = 0.628
P0y = 0.628 P0x
= 0.628 10 105
P0y = 6.28 105 N/m2

Throat (*)
[A*=Ax*]

[ Mx, Ax, M>1]

[ My, Ay, M<1]

Jkjhhaa
Entry

Exit

M1

M2
Ay*

[Ax =Ay ]

Shock wave

Convergent Divergent nozzle

Refer isentropic flow table for My =0.547 and =1.4

Ay/Ay* =1.255
We know that
A2/Ay* = (A2/Ax*) (Ax*/Ax) (Ay/Ay*)
i.e. A2/ Ay* = 3.5 1.255
or A2/ Ay* =1.8825

[Since Ax= Ay, A*= Ax*]

Refer isentropic table for A2/Ay* = 1.8825= 1.871 and = 1.4

M2= 0.33

[From gas tables page no. 29]

T2/T0y =0.978
P2/p0y =0.927
i.e. T2= 0.978 T0y
= 0.978 600
or T2 = 586.8 K

So P2= 0.927 p0y

=0.927 6.28 105
or P2= 5.82 105 N/m2

C2= M2 a2
= M 2 RT2
= 0.33 (1.4 287 586.8).0.5
C2= 160.23 m/s

RESULT
Case (i): p2=0.471 105 N/m2, M2= 2.64, c2= 837.05 m/s
Case (ii): py= 3.75 105 N/m2, My=0.5, cy= 239.32 m/s
Case (iii): p2= 5.82 105 N/m2, M2= 0.33, c2= 160.23 m/s

The following refers to a supersonic wind tunnel

Nozzle throat area- 200 cm2

Test section cross section -337.5 cm2 Working fluid is air. Determine the test section
mach no. and diffuser throat area if normal shock is located at test section?

Given:
Nozzle throat area = Ax*= 200cm2
= 20010-4 m 2
Test section area = Ax = 337.5 cm 2 = 337 10-4m2
To find:
1. Test section Mach no. Mx
2. Diffuser throat area, Ay*
Solution:

A x 337.510-4

1.6875
A*x
20010-4
Refer isentropic table =1.4
Then

M = Mx = 2

Refer normal shock table for Mx= 2 and =1.4

P0 y
P0 x

0.721

We know that

Ax * P0 x AY * P0 y

P
AY * Ax * 0 x
P0 y

1
20010-4

0.721

AY * 0.0277m2
Result:
Test secton Mach number = 1.97
Diffuser throat area

= .0272 m2