Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Cohesion
Cohesion is the connection that results when the interpretation of a textual
element is dependent on another element in the text. [] Cohesion refers to
the connection that exists between elements in the text Stubbs (1983: 1).
Grammatical Cohesion
1. Reference
Anaphoric: an item that refers back to something else in the same text.
(Gutwinski, 1976, p.66)
For example:
There was an old lady who lived in a shoe.
She had so many children, she didnt know what to do.
Cataphoric: an item refers to something coming along in the text.
(Gutwinski, 1976, p.67).
For example:
He was scarcely ten years old when he was first arrested as a vagabond.
He spoke thus to the judge: I am called Jean Francois Letruc
(Francois CoppeThe Substitute (in Coppe, 1891, p.91)
Exophoric: an item refers to a situation outside of language. (Gutwinski,
1976, p. 67)
For example: when a person says this cat, and points to the cat in the fort
yard.
Lexical cohesion
Lexical Cohesion: words are semantically related; for example, when they
all concern the same topic. (Turney, 2006). In the words of Paltridge
(2006:133), Lexical cohesion refers to relationships in meaning between
lexical items in a text and, in particular, content words and the relationship
between them. Hatch (1992) notes that some lexical ties are long, as they
are spread over larger pieces of discourse, and others are short
WRITTEN DISCOURSE (GENRE)
Adjacency pairs
Utterance function
Expected response
Greeting
greeting
Congratulation
thank
Apology
acceptance
Inform
acknowledge
Leave taking
leave taking
Another opinion by Paltridge (2006, p. 115) is that Adjacency pairs are
utterances produced by two successive speakers in a way that the second
utterance is identified as related to the first one and expected to follow-up to
it. An ordered pair of adjacent utterances spoken by two different speakers,
also observe that, a conversation is a string of two turns. Some turns are
more closely related than others, and isolates a class of sequences of turns
called adjacency pair.
Question answer
"What does this big red button do?" "It causes two-thirds of the
universe to implode"
Greeting greeting
"Heya!" "Oh, hi!"
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Repair
Definition Repair, in conversation analysis, is 'a term for ways in which errors,
unintended forms, or misunderstandings are corrected by speakers or others
during conversation' (Richards et al.,1992, p.314). Repair is classified as selfrepair or other repair and self-initiated or other-initiated. A repair which is
made by the speaker him/herself (i.e. self-initiated) is known as a self repair.
For example:
Estragon: You're sure it was this evening?
Vladimir: What?
Estragon: That we were to wait. (ibid., p.7)
Roberta (1987, pp.14-16) writes in detail; Repair procedures are grouped in
two separate classes: self-repairs, those in which the problematic item is
produced and corrected by the same interlocutor; and other-repairs, in which
the problem is addressed by a participant other than the one who has
produced it. Two further subclasses are distinguishable in each of the above:
self-initiated and other-initiated. In the first case, the producer of the troubleitem signals its presence to the other interlocutor(s), whereas in the case of
other-initiated repairs, a party other than the one that produced the violation
highlights the need for repair.
SELF-REPAIRS
SELF-INITIATED
A: When do you want this book back?
B: Tuesday night - I mean Wednesday night at the meeting.
(fabricated)
OTHER-INITIATED
A: Look, I know people like that.
B: Like what?
A: People who don't trust anyone, who don't care about
anything, they just go after money.
B: Oh. (real but reconstruction)
OTHER-REPAIRS
SELF-INITIATED
A: I talked to Mr. Weinap - what's his name?
B: Weinapple. (fabricated)
OTHER-INITIATED
(Singing a line from "I'll be There" by Jackson Five)
A: You and I must make a pack, we must bring
starvation
B: Starva: tion C: Starva: tion, boy it's sal/ /vation.
A: Salvation.
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS