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Agenda
Introduction
Conclusion, Q&A
Introduction
Introduction
10
FEMA 547
Adding Supports
Adding Supports in Lieu of Foundation
Strengthening
Often, the most cost-effective
Consider first
11
Adding Supports
12
FEMA 547
13
14
FHWA-RD-75-130, Lateral Support Systems and Underpinning, V. III, 1976
15
16
Underpinning
Underpinning
A process that transfers load to a greater depth than original
Used to lower or to enlarge footing
Temporary support is expensive and may not be needed if soil is
good and foundation strong
17
Underpinning
18
Photo: David B. Peraza, P.E.
Underpinning
19
Underpinning
20
10
Underpinning
21
Photos: David B. Peraza, P.E.
Underpinning
Underpinning Column Footings in Quadrants
Excavate and brace soil around footing
Drive rebars through soil, place concrete
Wait a few days, do other quadrants
Sequence: 1,3,2,4
22
11
Underpinning
Underpinning Column Footings in Quadrants, Contd
23
Underpinning
24
12
Underpinning
25
Source: David B. Peraza, Getting to the Bottom of Underpinning, Structure, December 2006
Underpinning
26
Source: David B. Peraza, Getting to the Bottom of Underpinning, Structure, December 2006
13
Underpinning by Drilled
Underpinning
27
Underpinning
28
Underpinning by
Drilled Piers
FEMA 547
14
Underpinning
29
Underpinning
30
Adding
Piles/Piers
to Existing
Wall Footing
FEMA 547
15
Underpinning
31
US Army TI 809-05
Underpinning
32
16
Underpinning
33
Underpinning
Underpinning by
Augered Pile Installed
in Slot
Specialized equipment
needed to cut the slot
34
17
Underpinning
Underpinning by
Augered Concrete
Caisson With
Bracket
Pit needed for bracket
For smaller loads:
C-I-P piers (say, 12
dia) w/ column-type
rebars & haunch
35
Underpinning
Underpinning by
Steel Pile with
Bracket
Pile can be augered or
driven
36
18
Underpinning
Small diameter
37
Underpinning
38
FHWA-RD-75-130, Lateral Support Systems and Underpinning, V. III, 1976
19
Underpinning
39
Underpinning
Types of Micropiles
40
Hayward Baker, Inc.
20
Underpinning
41
Hayward Baker, Inc.
Underpinning
42
FEMA 547
21
Underpinning
43
FEMA 547
Underpinning
Example: Using Minipiles for Seismic Retrofit of
Union Station Theater, St. Louis, Mo.
needed, but there was a theater was built around two of them Access
could only be through a pair of 6 foot high doors
Solution: Minipile installation w/low overhead drill rig
44
22
Underpinning
45
Underpinning
Minipiles for Seismic
Retrofit, Contd
Bar placed in black corrugated plastic
& space within grouted
Existing column and excavated foundation
23
Underpinning
Example: Underpinning with Minipiles to Repair
Settlement in a SE Florida Parking Garage.
Problem:
Underpinning
Example: Minipiles
for Repair of
Settlement, Contd
48
24
Underpinning
Example: Minipiles for Repair
of Settlement, Contd
49
Underpinning
50
25
Underpinning
51
Enlarging Footings
52
FEMA 547
26
Enlarging Footings
53
After Poul Beckmann, Structural Aspects of Building Conservation, McGraw-Hill Intl, London, 1995
Enlarging Footings
54
After Poul Beckmann, Structural Aspects of Building Conservation, McGraw-Hill Intl, London, 1995
27
Enlarging Footings
55
After Poul Beckmann, Structural Aspects of Building Conservation, McGraw-Hill Intl, London, 1995
Enlarging Footings
Widening Rubble
Foundations
Pressure grout before
underpinning
Grout travels easier
horizontally; vertical
spacing of ~ 2 ft?
Remove finishes to
expose joints
56
28
Enlarging Footings
Widening Rubble Foundations, Contd
57
Enlarging Footings
58
29
59
Contractors for FEMA use a power drill to place 4ft long steel anchors into sand to tie
down FEMA travel trailers in Pensacola, June 2005 (FEMA)
60
30
61
Soil Improvement
Soil Improvement
Methods depend on type of soil get expert advice
For coarse sand and gravel, cement grouting to bind particles
For fine sands and coarse silts, chemical grout injection (better
penetration than cement but more $)
For other soils, compaction grouting
Excellent source of info:
www.haywardbaker.com
62
FEMA 547
31
Soil Improvement
63
Soil Improvement
64
Hayward Baker, Inc.
32
Soil Improvement
65
Soil Improvement
66
Hayward Baker, Inc.
33
Soil Improvement
67
Soil Improvement
Example: Chemical Grouting, Contd
68
34
Soil Improvement
Compaction Grouting
Sim. to chemical, but grout displaces
soil rather than mixes with it. A very
viscous and stiff (0-3 slump) sitemixed grout is pumped in stages,
forming grout bulbs, which displace &
densify the soil under.
Some overburden stress reqd
Can act as both a column and a soilimprovement system.
Hayward Baker, Inc.
69
Soil Improvement
Jet Grouting
High-velocity injection of fluids erodes soil, replaces it with
interconnected soilcrete columns 3-4 dia. (strength > 1000 psi).
Widely used to underpin historic structures.
Gravels and sands easiest to erode, clays more difficult
70
35
Soil Improvement
71
Soil Improvement
72
36
73
Q&A
Alexander Newman, PE
Exponent Failure Analysis Associates,
Natick, MA
(508) 652-8500
anewman@exponent.com
74
37
ASCE's live P.E. Exam Review Courses on the web will assist ASCE members and other
civil engineers in preparing for the P.E. Exams. Three review courses are offered :
P.E.
Civil Exam
Environmental Exam
P.E. Structural I Exam
P.E.
Course Topics
Mon., Aug. 23
Mon., Aug. 30
Mon., Sept. 13
Mon., Sept. 20
Mon., Sept. 27
Mon., Oct. 4
Air Quality
Waste Water Treatment
Hazardous Waste
Storm Water
Environment Assessment
Water Resources
76
38
Course Topics
Structural Analysis
Masonry Design
Concrete Design
Steel Design
Timber Design
Bridge Design
https://secure.asce.org/ASCEWebSite/WEBINAR/ListWebinarDetail.aspx?ProdId=16626
77
Course Topics
Tuesday, Aug. 24
Thursday, Aug. 26
Tuesday, Aug. 31
Thursday, Sept. 2
Tuesday, Sept. 7
Thursday, Sept. 9
Tuesday, Sept. 14
Thursday, Sept. 16
Tuesday, Sept. 21
Thursday, Sept. 23
Tuesday, Sept. 28
Thursday, Sept. 30
Structural Analysis
Strength of Materials
Geometric Design
Concrete Design
Soil Mechanics
Foundation Engineering
Hydraulics
Hydrology
Steel Design
Waste & Water Treatment
Construction Materials
Construction Management
78
39
Course Topics
Tue., Oct. 5
Wed., Oct. 6
Traffic Engineering
Geotechnical
Thru., Oct. 7
Water Resources
79
40