,

, 30 10 ,
; ; ;
; ,
,

(CIP)
/ . : , 2004
( )
ISBN 7302074763
. . . - - - - . O34
CIP (2003 ) 096100

h tt p :/ / ww w .t up .co m .cn

: 100084

: 01062770175

: 01062776969

:
:
:
:

: 175245 : 17 75 : 345

: 2004 1 1 2004 1 1

: ISBN 7302074763/ O326

: 13000

 20 ( , 1979 )
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28
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3 30
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3 4 38
40
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41

4 43
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11

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( O A ) ( A B ) , ,
, ,
BC BC , ,

D , , D D E E , OE
e

, E D , :
p ,
e
p
= +

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,
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1 3

, ( 1 1 1
1 )
1 ,

O A (
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: ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ;
( d)
( 11 ) , 10 20
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12c 12d ,

12

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11 ? ?
12 ?

21
,
,
P
, P P
S( 2 1 ) , S
p, p/ S
S , p/ S p
S
P ,p/ S ps ,
lim

S0

p
= ps
S

( 2 1)

ps P

2 1

S , ps p ps x, y, z
px , py , pz P , ,
,

, ,
, C
Fb/ V , V C
Fb ,
lim
V 0

Fb
= Fb
V

(2 2 )

, Fb V F

,
, , ,

( A .L .Cauc hy ) 1789 , 1857

,

,

Augustin Louis Cauchy

( A L Cauchy , 1789 1857 )

, C A B
( 22) B , B A B A
B A , B C , C
P P SC , SC
p, p/ SC SC P ,
p/ SC ,
= lim
S 0
C

p
SC

(2 3 )

C P SC ,
p

2 1

( n) , n
, n n
, p

n = Slim
0
C

pn
SC

( 2 4)

ps
n = Slim
0 SC
C

,pn ,ps SC
p n

2 2 n y

2 2

( 2 3) ,
n = y n = y

y C , y x z ,
y x y z , C P y ,y x ,y z ,
, ,
; :
,
:
, , ;
, , 2 3 2 4
[ ] [ ]

2 3

- 2

, ( Pa )

24

, P C , P
C , P n
,

10

P , P x , y, z
( 2 5) , ,
x,y,z ,

, 2 5

2 5

2 5 , , P
, P ,
( , )
9 , P
,
x

x y

x z

y x

y z

z x

z y

9 , , P
O x y z , ,
O xyz
x

xy xz

yx

yz

zx zy

9 P , x ,
y , , 9 , ,
, ,

2 2

11

,
2 3

x x y x z
i j = y x y y z

( 25)

z x z y z
i, j = x, y, z , i, j x , y, z ,
( 2 5) 33 i , j , 1 , 2 , 3 ,
x, y, z 23 , y z ,
, , , ,
x, y, z , i j
, ,
ij
,
,

22
, , P
,
,

( x )

,
, ,
( 2 6) , z F b z p z
2 6 , ( z =
t/ 2 )
(z ) z = 2t = 0
(z x ) z = 2t = (z y ) z = 2t = 0

x x
yy
zz x
y
z

2 6

12

, ,
, z
z = z y = z x = 0
, , y z =x z =
0 , x ,y ,x y ,y x , x, y
,
x

x y

ij = y x

(2 6 )

, ( Oz )
Oz z 2 7

, z ,
, z
, z
u, v, w x , y, z
, w = ,
w x y
, ,
w = 0 , O x y
, uv z ,
27

u = u( x, y )
v = v( x , y )

( 27)

w = 0
O x y , z x ,z y ( x z ,y z )
, z , z , ij
x

x y

ij = y x

(2 8 )

, ,z , x y
, , x ,y ,x y ( = y x ) ,
,z
, ,

2 2

13

abcd( 2 6
) , d x, d y,
t( 2 8) , d x t,
d y t , d x t d y t
,
,
( 2 8) ,
ab

x , cd , y
d x ,
28

,
x

cd

= x

ab

x
x

dx+
ab

x
y

d y + o( d x , d y )
ab

, ab cd ,

, ab x , cd
x +

x
dx
x

, ab x y , a d y ,y x , cd
bc ( 2 8 )
x y +

x y
dx
x

y +

y
dy
y

y x +

y x
dy
y

, t = 1
abcd( 2 8 ) , Ma = 0
y
d yd x d x y
2
- y x +

x
x y
d yd x d y + x y +
d x d yd x
x
2
x

y x
dx
dy
d y d xd y + Fb y d xd y
- Fb x d xd y
= 0
y
2
2

d yt , t= 1 , d y t ab

14

d xd y ,
x y = y x

(2 9 )

x y y x
X = 0
x
y x
d x d y - x d y + y x +
d y d x - y x d x + Fb x d xd y = 0
x +
x
y

x
y x
+
+ Fb x d xd y = 0
x
y
d xd y ,
x
y x
+
+ Fb x = 0
x
y

(2 10a )

y
x y
+
+ Fb y = 0
y
x

( 2 10 b)

Y = 0

( 2 10)
, ,
( , )
xz = zx y z = zy

( 2 11 )

y x
z x
x
+
+
+ Fb x = 0
x
y
z
x y
y
zy
+
+
+ Fb y = 0
x
y
z

( 2 12 )

y z
z
x z
+
+
+ Fb z = 0
x
y
z
( 2 12)
,
i j = ji ( i, j = x, y, z)
, , 6
x
i j =

x y

x z

y z

( )

,
x
i j =
( )

x y

0
0

( 2 13 )

2 3

15

( 2 12)
( 2 14 )

ij , j + Fb i = 0

i j , j ij ( i, j = x, y, z) j( = x , y , z) (
)
i j , j = 0 ,
x y
x z
x
+
+
= 0
x
y
z
y
y z
x y
+
+
= 0
x
y
z
y z
z
x z
+
+
= 0
x
y
z

23
,
, 2 9 , A B, AC y , x , B C
x xy , BC
x ( 2 9 ) ,
x ,y ,x y , BC x
xy , ,
BC A , A
,
,
, BC A ,

,
,

2 9

BC 1 , A B AC cos sin ,
X = 0 Y = 0
px = x cos+ x y sin
( 2 15 )
py = x y cos+ y sin
px , py BC p x , y ( 2 9) px , py
x, y

16

x = px cos+ py sin
xy = py cos - p x sin

( 2 16 )

( 2 15) (2 16)
2

x = x cos + y sin + 2x y sincos

2
2
xy = x y ( cos - sin ) + (y - x ) sincos

( 2 17 )

x =

1
1
(x + y ) + (x - y ) cos2+ x y sin2
2
2

(2 18a )

xy = 1 (y - x ) sin2+ x y cos2
2

( 2 18 b)

( 2 18a ) +

,
2

1 (x + y ) - 1 (x - y ) cos2- x y sin2
y =
2
2

(2 18c )

( 2 18) , B C
A , A x ,y ,x y , ( 2 18 )
, , ( 2 18 )

, O
O A B C, A BC
n ( 2 10 ) A B C
1 , OB C, OA C, OA B

1 cos( n, x ) = l1
1 cos( n, y) = l2
1 cos ( n, z) = l3
A BC p ,
210

p x , py , pz ,

px = x l1 + x y l2 + x z l3
py = y x l1 + y l2 + y z l3

( 2 19 )

pz = z x l1 + z y l2 + z l3
( 2 19)
pi = i j n j ( i, j = x, y, z)
( 2 19)
nj A B C n j ( = x, y, z) cos ( n, j) ,
,

2 4

17

nx = cos( n, x) = l1
ny = cos ( n, y ) = l2
nz = cos ( n, z) = l3
Ox y z ,
px , py , pz ( 2 19 ) O x y z O xyz
,

O xyz O x 2 10 n ,

l11 = cos( x, x ) , l12 = cos ( x, y ) , , 2 1 , x
x
x = px l11 + py l12 + pz l13
21
x

l11

l12

l13

l21

l22

l23

l31

l32

l33

( 2 19) , l1 , l2 , l3 l11 , l12 , l13 ,

2

x = x l11 + y l12 + z l13 + 2 (x y l11 l12 + y z l12 l13 + x z l11 l13 )

, p x , p y , pz y, z , i j ( i, j = x , y, z ) , lij ( i, j =
1 , 2 , 3 ) xy ,xz y n , ij , lij y ,
yx ,yz z n , ij , lij z ,zx ,zx
i j , lij Oxyzi j
i j = li i l jjij

( 2 20 )

( 2 20) ij
9 ij , ( 220 ) ,

24
, ( 2 12 ) ,
: (1 )
; (2 ) ; ( 3)
,

18

1
( S ) ,
A,
Ox y( 2 9 ) , BC, n; A x ,y ,x y
, BC p, xy p x , p y A
BC , x ,y ,x y p x , py B C
n , cos ( n, x ) = l1 , cos ( n, y ) = l2 , ( 2 15)

px = x l1 + x y l2
py = x y l1 + y l2

( 2 15)

, O A B C, 2 10
p, (2 19)
px = x l1 + x y l2 + xz l3
py = y x l1 + y l2 + y z l3
pz = z x l1 + z y l2 + z l3

p i = ij n j
nj = cos( x j , n) , (2 15) ( 2 19 )
O x y z
, ,
x n x , l1 = cos ( n, x ) = 1 , l2 = cos ( n, y ) = 0 ,
( 2 15)
x = p y , x y = p x
y , n y
l1 = cos ( n, x ) = 0 l2 = cos( n, y) = 1

y = px , y x = py
,
, ,

2
,
Su , ( Su )
u =
u, v =
v

( 2 21 )

2 4

19

v x , y
, ( Su )
ui =
ui

( 2 22 )

i = 1 , 2 , 3 ( u1 , u2 , u3 u, v, w )

3
: S ,
, S , ( 2 19) ;
, S u , Su ( 2 22 )
,
2 11 , A B y
x , ( SA B )
v =
v = 0 y x = - p x = 0

211

2 12

21 Ox y 2 12 ,

( a ) 1 ) O x y
2 ) S x ,
l1 = cos ( n, x ) = 1 l2 = cos( n, y) = 0
3 ) px = p y = 0
4 ) ( 2 15)
x = + p x = 0 , x y = + p y = 0
( S ) :
x =x y = 0
( b) 1) O x y
2) S y ,
l1 = cos ( n, x ) = cos
l2 = cos( n, y) = sin

20

3) S ,
p x = py = 0
4) (2 15)
0 = x cos+x y sin
0 = x y cos+ y sin

x = - x y tan
y = - x y co t
22 2 13 , O A

1 ) Ox y 2 13 ,
O
2 ) O A x ,
l1 = cos( n, x ) = - 1
l2 = cos ( n, y ) = 0
3 ) px , py ( )
( 2 15) ,
x = - y

2 13

x y = 0

25
, ,
, n
, n n n
, , , n
n , n ,n
,

2 10 , px , py , pz A BC p ,
2

p = px + p y + p z
A BC n

(a)

2 5

21

n = px l1 + p y l2 + pz l3

( b)

( 2 19) ( b)
n = (x l1 + x y l2 + x z l3 ) l1 + (y x l1 + y l2 + y z l3 ) l2
+ (z x l1 + z y l2 + z l3 ) l3
= x l21 + y l22 + z l23 + 2 (x y l1 l2 + x z l1 l3 + y z l2 l3 )

( 2 23 )

( 2 23) n ( )
2
2
2
n = p - n

( 2 24 )

( a ) ( 2 23 ) ( 2 24) , n
2

, n = 0 , ( 2 24 ) n = p ,
n , n p

p x = pl1 = n l1
p y = pl2 = n l2

(c)

pz = pl3 = n l3
( c) (2 19 )
x l1 + x y l2 + x z l3 = n l1
x y l1 + y l2 + y z l3 = n l2

( d)

x z l1 + y z l2 + z l3 = n l3

(x - n ) l1 + x y l2 + x z l3 = 0
x y l1 + (y - n ) l2 + y z l3 = 0

( 2 25 )

x z l1 + y z l2 + (z - n ) l3 = 0

(ij - ijn ) lj = 0

( 2 25)

ij ( K ronecker ) ,
1 i = j
i j =
0 i j
l1 , l2 , l3
2
2
2
l1 + l2 + l3 = 1

( 2 26 )

n , l1 , l2 , l3 ( 2 25) ( 2 26 ) ,

( 2 26) l1 , l2 , l3 , ( 2 25 )

22

l1 , l2 , l3 ,

x - n

x y

x z

x y

y - n

y z

x z

y z

z - n

( 2 27 )

= 0

(x - n ) (y - n ) (z - n ) + x yy zx z + x yy zx z - x zx z (y - n )
- y zy z (x - n ) - x yx y (z - n ) = 0

n - I1 n + I2 n - I3 = 0

( 2 28 )

I1 = x + y + z

(2 29a )

I2 = x y + y z + x z - x y - y z - x z
x

x y

x z

I3 = x y

y z

x z

y z

( 2 29 b)

(2 29c )

( 2 28 ) n , , ,
( 2 28 ) , ( 2 25 )
i j , (2 27 ) ( 228 )
, , , ,
i j ( 2 28)
: ,
,
, ( 2 28) I1 , I2 , I3
, I1 , I2 , I3
, ,
( 2 28) , , 1 ,2 ,3 , 1 > 2 >
3 ,
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
I2 = 12 + 2 3 + 31

( 2 30 )

I3 = 12 3
1 ,2 ,3 ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) ,
, p,
l1 , l2 , l3 ( 2 14 ) , p p1 = 1 l1 ,
p2 = 2 l2 , p3 =3 l3 ,

2 5

23

= p - = p1 + p2 + p3 -
2

= 1 l1 + 2 l2 + 3 l3 -

( 2 31 )

= p1 l1 + p2 l2 + p3 l3 = 1 l1 + 2 l2 + 3 l3

( 2 32 )

1 l1 + 2 l2 + 3 l3 - (1 l1 + 2 l2 + 3 l3 )

( 2 33 )

, , n
,
l1 = l2 = l3

l21 + l22 + l23 = 1

l1 = l2 = l3 =

1
3

44
a rccos ( l1 ) = ar ccos ( l2 ) = arccos( l3 ) = 54
( x y , z )
, ( x y , z ) ,
, 215

2 14

2 15

,
8 ( 2 32 )

24

8 =

1
(1 + 2 + 3 )
3

( 2 34 )

( 2 33) 8
1
8 =
3

(1 - 2 ) 2 + (2 - 3 ) 2 + (3 - 1 ) 2

( 2 35 )

8 =

1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
[ (x - y ) + (y - z ) + (z - x ) + 6 (y z +zx + x y ) ] 2
3

( 2 35)

23 , P
, (1 ) , (2 )
p
( 1) ,

2 16

x y

ij = y x

C x ( 2 16 ) ,
l1 = cos, l2 = sin, l3 = 0

( 2 18) , C
n =

1
1
(x +y ) + (x - y ) cos 2+ x y sin 2
2
2

n = -

1
(x - y ) sin 2+x y cos 2
2

(a)
( b)

n , C , n = 0 ( b)
t an 2=

2x y
x - y

(c)

tan 2= t an(+ 2) , , n
O x +
=

2x y
1
a rctan
2
x - y

( c) ( a ) , 1 ,2 ,

1 , 2

x + y

=
2

x - y
2

2
2

+ x y

( 2) , :
dn/ d= 0

( d)

2 6

25

co t 2p = - 2x y / (x - y )

(e)

, 2p 2p + ,
( e ) cos, sin , ( b)
m a x
min

x - y
2

+ x y

x y = 0 ,x =1 ,y = 2 ,
m a x

m in

1
(1 - 2 )
2

( c) ( e )

tan 2= - cot 2p = tan 2p +

2
, 45

26
,
,

, ,
, ,
, ,
( ) , si j ,
ij = + sij

( 2 36 )

si j =

m =

x - m

x y

x z

y x

y - m

y z

z x

z y

z - m

1
1
(x + y + z ) =
(1 + 2 + 3 ) = 8
3
3

P W Bridgman( 1925) , , 2 5Gpa ,

( 0 06 % )

26

, si j ,

, , n
p , 1 , 2 , 3
p1 = 1 l1
p2 = 2 l2
p3 = 3 l3
( 2 26) ,
2

p1
p2
p3
= 1
2 +
2 +
2
1
2
3

( 2 37 )

, p1 , p2 , p3
1 ,2 ,3 , ( 2 17a ) , O
p( p1 , p2 , p3 ) , O
, 2 17a

2 17

1 = 2 =3 =m , ( 237 )
2

p1 + p2 + p3 = m
m , ,
, 2 17 b
x - m = s1 ,y - m = s2 ,z - m = s3 ,

27

x y ,y z ,z x
21 - 2 - 3
3

22 - 3 - 1
3

23 - 1 - 2
3

si j =

sij , ij

J1 = 0
J2 = -

2
2
2
1
[ (1 - 2 ) + (2 - 3 ) + (3 - 1 ) ]
6

2
2
1 2
( s1 + s2 + s3 ) = s1 s2 + s2 s3 + s3 s1
= 2

( 2 38 )

J3 = s1 s2 s3
:
s1 = 1 - m
s2 = 2 - m

( 2 39 )

s3 = 3 - m

1 :
lim
S0

p
=
S

2 :
i j
x

x y

x z

ij = y x

y z

z x

z y

3 :
pi = ij n j ( S )
ui ( Su )
ui =

= ii + sij

28

4 I1 , I2 , I3 :
I1 =x + y +z
2

I2 =x y +y z + x z - x y - y z - x z
x

x y

x z

I3 = x y

y z

x z

y z

5 :
J1 = 0
J2 = s1 s2 + s2 s3 + s3 s1
J3 = s1 s2 s3

21
? ?
22 ? ?
23 ? ?
24 ?
25 ?
?

21
12

10

0 10 Pa

16
: 1 = 17 08310 Pa ,1 x 40
22 ( ) ,

23 , I1
24

29

i j = 3

3 10 Pa

11

: 8 = 5 333 10 Pa , 8 = 8 65310 Pa
25 ( )
26 , C

25

26

31
, ,
,
, ,
,
,

( 31 ) ,
,
A B ,
A B x ,
y, z u , v, w
,
,
31

u, v, w ,
u = u( x, y, z) , v = ( x, y, z) , w = ( x, y, z)

, ,

3 1

31

O x y P 0 ( x0 , y0 ) P( x, y )
P0 P, P
0 ( x
0 , y
0 ) P
( x,
y) P0 P S ( 3 2 ) , S S
x , y S x , S y S

S
x = S x +Sx
S
y = S y +Sy
P0

32
0 - x0
u0 = x

(3 1 )

v0 = y
0 - y0
P
u = x- x

(3 2 )

v = y- y

u, v x , y , P P0 ,

u = u0 +

u
Sx +
x

u
S y + o( S2x , S2y )
y

v = v0 +

vSx +
x

v S y + o( S2x , S2y )
y

(3 3 )

P P0 , S , S x , S y

( 3 1 ) (3 2 ) ( 3 3) ,
0 - x0 ) =
( x- x ) - ( x

u
Sx +
x

u
Sy
y

( y- y ) - ( y
0
- y0 ) =

v
Sx +
x

v
Sy
y

S, S
x - S x = ( x- x ) - ( x
0 x0 )
Sx = S
y - S y = ( y- y ) - ( y
0 - y0 )
Sy = S

Sx =

u
Sx +
x

u
Sy
y

Sy =

v
Sx +
x

v
Sy
y

(3 4 )

32

S i = ui, j S j

(3 5 )

i, j = x, y, ui , j
u
x

u 0
y

v
x

v
y

ui, j =

u
x

u
y

u
z

v
x

v
y

v
z

w
x

w
y

w
z

, i, j = x, y, z , ui , j

ui , j =

,
3 2 , S S
, ,
, S S , ,

2
2
2
2
S = S = ( S x +Sx ) + ( S y +S y )

(3 6 )

, S i ,
2
2
S = S + 2( S xSx + SySy )

S xSx + S ySy = 0

(3 7 )

SiS i = 0

(3 8 )

( 3 5 ) ,
i
Si = S i u i , j S j = 0
S

u 2
Sx +
x

u+
y

v
S x Sy +
x

v 2
Sy = 0
y

Sx , Sy ,
u
=
x

v
= 0
y

(3 9 )

u
+
y

v
= 0
x

( 3 10 )

, Oy z O x z , :

3 1

33

w
= 0
z
u
+
z

w
=
x

w
+
y

v
= 0
z

O x y z ,
ui , j = - u j, i
, ,

ui , j , , ui, j
:
1 ( ui, j + uj , i ) + 1 ( ui, j - uj , i )
ui, j =
2
2

( 3 11 )

ui, j = ij + ij

( 3 12 )

u
x
ij =

1
2

1
2

u
+
y

u+
y

v
x

v
y

0
1
2
u
y

v x

1
2

u
y

0
( 3 13 )

0
i j =

v
x

0
v
x

( 3 14 )

ij ,ij
,
1
2

u
x
i j =

1
2

v+
x

u
y

1
2

u+
z

w
x

v
+
x

u
y

v
y
1
2

v+
z

w
y

1
2

u
+
z

w
x

1
2

v+
z

w
y

w
z

( 3 15 )

34

1
2

0
ij =

1
2

v
x

u
y

1
2

w x

u
z

u
y

v
x

0
1
2

v
z

w y

1
2

u
z

w
x

1
2

v
z

w
y

, , ( 3 5 )
Si = ij S j

( 3 16 )

ij S x ,
Sx = S , Sy = 0
( 3 4 )
S x
S
1 1 = x =
=
Sx
S
,x x ( ) ,
y z
S1 , S2
Ox, O y ( 3 3 ) , i, j Ox , Oy
,
S1 = iS 1
S2 = jS2
, S1 , S2 S
1 , S
2
S
1 = i(S1 x + S1 ) + jS1 y
S
2 =
i S2 x + j (S2 y + S2 )

( 3 17 )

S
1 S

2 ,
,

33

1 S

2 = S
1 S
2 cos
S

( 3 18 )

1 S
2 = ( S
1 x i + S
1 y j ) ( S
2 x i + S
2 y j ) = S
1 x S
2 x + S
1 y S
2y

, S
1 y =S1 y , S
2 x =S2 x
1 S

2 = ( S1 + S1 x )S2 x + S1 y ( S2 +S2 y )
S

S1 , S2 , S ,
S
1 S

2 = S1 S2 x + S2 S1 y

( 3 19 )

( 3 18) ,
cos=

S
1 S

2
S
1 S
2

[ (S1 y ) + (S1 x

S1S2 x + S2S1 y
1
1
+ S1 ) 2 ] 2 [ (S2 x ) 2 + (S2 y + S2 ) 2 ] 2

3 1

35

cos

S1S2 x + S2S1 y
S2 x S1 y
=
+
= x y +y x
S1 S2
S2
S1

, S1 , S2 , ,
cos = cos

- = si n=
2

x y =y x ,
= x y + y x = 2x y

( 3 20 )

,xy x, y
, x y =

O x, Oy
x y ,
x y = = 2x y =

u
+
y

v
x

x y = 1 x y
2

( 3 21 )
( 3 22 )

: ( ) ,
, ( ) :
x =

u
x

y =

v
y

( 3 23 )
u+
y

x y =

v
x

x =

u
x

y =

v
y

z =

w
z

x y =

u
+
y

v
x

y z =

v
+
z

w
y

x z =

w
+
x

u
z

( 3 24 )

36

x y y x ,

x y = y x y z = z y z x = x z

( 3 25 )

( 3 24)
i j =

1
( ui, j + uj , i ) ( i, j = x, y, z)
2

( 3 26 )

, i = j , i j ,

i j = ji

( 3 27 )

32
,

A BC Sn ( 3 4) ,
Sn ,
Sn Sn Sn , Sn Sn
,
Sn
S x
Sy
Sz
=
=
=
Sn
Sx
Sy
Sz

( 3 28 )

S x , S y , Sz Sx ,Sy ,Sz Sn
Sn Ox , Oy, Oz
34

Sn
= n
Sn

S x = n S x , Sy = n S y , Sz = n S z

( 3 29 )

, (3 16 ) ,
Sx = x S x +x y S y + x z S z
Sy = x y S x + y S y + y z S z

( 3 30 )

Sz = x z S x + y z S y + z S z
( 3 29) (3 30)
(x - n ) Sx + x y S y + x z S z = 0
x y S x + (y - n ) Sy + y z S z = 0
x z S x + y z S y + (z - n ) S z = 0

( 3 31 )

3 3

37

(ij - ijn ) S j = 0

( 3 32 )

( 3 31) (2 25) , n
3
2
1
n + I
2
n - I
3 = 0
n - I

( 3 33 )

:
1 =
x +
y +
z
I
2
2
2
I
2 =
x
y +
y
z +
z
x - (
xy +
y z +
zx )
x x y x z
3 =
y x y y z
I
z x z y z
= x y z + 2x y y zz x - (x 2y z + y 2z x + z 2x y )

( 3 34 )

( 3 33) , 1 ,2 ,3 ,
1 = (2 - 3 )
( 3 35 )

2 = (1 - 3 )
3 = (1 - 2 )

8 =

1
2
[ (1 - 2 ) 2 + (2 - 3 ) 2 + (3 - 1 ) 2 ] 2
3

1
= 2 [ (x - y ) 2 + (y - z ) 2 + (z - x ) 2 + 6(2x y + 2y z + 2z x ) ] 2
3

( 3 36 )

ei j =

1 (2
1 -
2 -
3 )
3

1
(22 - 1 - 3 )
3

1
(23 - 2 - 1 )
3

( 3 37 )

J
1 = 0
J
2 = e1 e2 + e2 e3 + e3 e1
J
3 = e1 e2 e3

( 3 38 )

33
,
P v , O x, Oy, Oz

38

u = u( x, y, z, t)
v = v ( x , y, z , t)
w = w ( x , y , z , t)
,
u =

u
, v=
t

v
, w =
t

w
t

x =

u , y z =
x

w+
y

v
z

y =

v
, zx =
y

u
+
z

w
x

z =

w
, x y =
z

v
+
x

u
y

( 3 39 )

t x
i j =

(x ) =

u
=
x

u
x

ij =

1
x y
2

1
x z
2

1 xy

1 yz

1 x z
2

1 y z
2

( 3 40 )

, ,

, , ,
, , , i j d t,
dij ( )

34
, ,
, u, v, w
, , ,

3 4

39

, ,
,
, , ,

, ,
x =

u
x

, , ,
, ij

, x y
y x
2

x
+
2
y

y
=
2
x

u +
2
x y

v =
2
y x

x y

u
+
y

v
=
x

x y
x y

x
+
2
y

y
=
2
x

x y
x y

( 3 41 )

( 3 41) ,
x ,y ,x y ,

x
+
2
y

y
=
2
x

y
+
z2

z
=
y2

z
+
x2

x
=
z2

x y
x y

x z
z x

x
=
y z

y
=
x z
z
=
x y

y z
xz
x y
+
+
x
y
z

( 3 42 )

xz
x y
+
y
z

y z
x

x z
x y
y z
+
x
y
z

y z
y z

6 ( 3 42 )

40

, ,
, ,
u, v, w , ,

, , ,
, , ,

1 : ,
ui , j =ij + ij
2 x x
( ) x y =

1
x y x , y
2

3
ij =

1
( ui, j + uj , i ) ( i, j = x, y, z)
2

4
2

x
2 +
y

y
2 =
x

x y
x y

5 ,
, ,

31 ?
32 ? ?
33 ? ?
34 ?

( 342) , ,

[15]

41

35 ?

31 ,
2

( 1) u = ( 3 x + 20 ) 10

- 2

, v = ( 4 x y) 10

- 2

, ( 0 , 2) ;

( 2) u = ( 6 x2 + 15 ) 10 - 2 , v = ( 8 z y ) 10 - 2 , w = ( 3 z2 - 2 x y) 10 - 2 , ( 1 , 3 , 4 )

1 ) ij = 4

0 10

(2 ) ij =

- 2

12

-3

32

11 10 - 2

-3

11

24

32
x +y =
x +

y
33
ij =

- 0 006

- 0 002

- 0 002

- 0 004

:
( a ) ,
( b) ,
( c) ,
( d)
:
( a ) 1 , 2 = - 2 76410

- 3

, - 7 236 10

- 3

( b) x 121
43,
( c) 8 = 5 9610

- 3

- 5
( d) I
1 = - 0 01 , I
2 = - 2010
, I
3 = 0

34
2

( a ) ij =

C
( x + y )

Cxy

Cxy

Cy

0
0
0

42

C( x2 + y2 ) z

Cx y z

Cx y z

2
Cy z

( b) ij =

35 , x y OB

: OB =

1
x y
2

35

41
,
4 1 ,
0 , x x :
x = Ex
E ( ) ,

, 9
, 9
,
, , 9

41

Robe rt H ooke ( 16351703 ) 1678 :

, ,
,
, (127200) 1500 (
) ,

44

, ,ij = j i ,i j =j i , 9
9 6 , ,
:

x = c11x + c1 2y + c13z + c1 4 x y + c1 5 y z + c16 zx

y = c21x + c22 y + c23z + c2 4 x y + c2 5 y z + c26 z x

z = c31 x + c32y + c33z + c34 x y + c35 y z + c36 z x

(4 1 )

x y = c4 1x + c42y + c4 3z + c44 x y + c45 y z + c4 6 z x

y z = c51x + c52 y + c53z + c5 4 x y + c5 5 y z + c56 z x
z x = c61x + c6 2y + c63z + c6 4 x y + c6 5 y z + c66 zx

cm n ( m, n = 1 , 2 , , 6) , cmn x , y,
z
, (4 1)
ij = cij klkl ( i, j, k, l = 1 , 2 , 3 )

(4 1)

ci jk l
( 4 1 ) ,
( 4 1 ) , cm n ( cij kl ) 36 36 ,
, ,
, , x , y, z
, x y ,y z ,z x , (4 1 )
x y = c41x + c4 2y + c43z

(a)

O xyz, Ox y z y 180 ( 4 2)
2 1 ,
l11 = l3 3 = cos180= - 1
l22 = cos0= 1
l21 = l3 1 = l12 = l3 2 = l13 = l2 3 = cos90= 0
,

42

xy = c41x + c42y + c43 z

( b)

, ( ij ,kl ) ,

cij kl cijk l i , j, k, l 1 , 2 , 3 , cij c ijkl :

c11 = c1111 , c12 = c1122 , c13 = c1133 , c14 = c1112 , c15 = c1123 , c16 = c1131 ,
c21 = c2211 , c22 = c2222 , , c26 = c2231 ,

, ,

, ( constitu tive equation)

4 1

45

( 2 20)
xy = l11 l2 2x y = - x y
x = l211x =x
2

y = l22y =y

(c)

z = l233 z =z
( b) , ( c )
- x y = c41x + c42y + c4 3z

( d)

( a ) , ( d) , x y = - x y , ,
x y = 0

y z = z x = 0
: , x, y, z ,

, Ox ,
Oy, Oz ( 41 )
:
x = c1 1x + c12y + c13z
y = c21 x + c22y + c23z

(e)

z = c31x + c32y + c3 3z
,x x y y z z , c1 1 =
c22 = c33 ,y z x , c12 = c13 , : c2 1 = c23 , c3 1 = c32
,
c11 = c22 = c33 = a
c12 = c21 = c13 = c3 1 = c23 = c32 = b

( f)

: ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , a b ( f)
( e ) , a - b = 2, b = , e =1 +2 +3 :
1 =e + 21
2 =e + 22

(4 2 )

3 =e + 23
,
, Ox y z
x =e + 2
x , x y = x y
y =e + 2y , y z = y z
z = e + 2z , zx = zx

(4 3 )

46

ij e + 2ij
i j =

(4 3)

( T homas Young ) 1773 , 1829

,
, ( Rosetta )
,

T homas Young

, ,
x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0 ,

, cij
, (4 1) ,
x = c1 1x + c12y + c13z
y = c12 x + c22y + c23z
z = c13x + c23y + c3 3z
x y = c44 x y

(4 4 )

y z = c55 y z
zx = c6 6 z x
c1 1 , c2 2 , c33 , c12 , c13 , c23 , c44 , c55 , c6 6 9 ( ,
4 2 )
( 4 3 ) i j , ij ij
x =

x (y +z )
( 3+ 2)
2( 3+ 2)

, =ii ,

(4 5 )

4 1

47

ij =

ij
1
ij 2(3+ 2)
2

(4 5)

,
x x
, ,
x =

x
E

x
y =z -
x = -
E

(4 6 )
(4 7 )

E,
( 4 5 ) ( 4 6) , ( 4 7)
E=

(3+ 2)
+

=
2 (+ )

(4 8 )

, E , , ( 45)
x =

x y
1
[x - (y +z ) ] , x y =
E
G

y =

y z
1
[y - (z +x ) ] , y z =
E
G

z =

z x
1
[z - (x +y ) ] , z x =
E
G

(4 9 )

G=

E
2( 1 +)

G , G
, , E ( 4 9)
,
ij =

1 +

ij ij
E
E

(4 9)

= ii ij ,
i j =

Eij e
E
ij +
(1 +) (1 - 2)
1 +

( 4 10 )

m =
m =

1
(x +y +z )
3
1
(x +y +z )
3

( 4 11 )

48

m = 3 Km

( 4 12 )

sij = 2 Gei j
E

3 (1 - 2)
, z =y z = z x = 0 , ( 4 9)

sij , eij , K =

x =

1
y )
(x -
E

y =

1
(y -
x )
E

( 4 13 )

(x + y )
z = E
1
x y = x y
G
, (4 10 )
E
x +
y )
2 (
1 -
E
y +
x )

y =
2 (
1 -
x y = Gx y
, z = y z = z x = 0 , ( 49)
1 +
x =
y ]
[ ( 1 - )x -
E

x =

y =
x y =

( 4 14 )

1 +
[ ( 1 - )y -
x ]
E

( 4 15 )

1
x y
G

,
E
[ ( 1 - )x +
y ]
( 1 +) ( 1 - 2)
E

y =
[
x + (1 - )y ]
(1 +) ( 1 - 2)
E
(x +y )

z =
( 1 +) (1 - 2)
x y = Gx y

x =

(4 3) , K = +

( 4 16 )

2
3

,= G = 3m ,
2

(4 12) , sij +mij =

ij + 2 Gij =
ij + 2 G( eij +mij ) = 2 Gei j + 3 + 3 G mij ,
, si j = 2 G e ij

4 2

49

,
( 4 13) E E1 ,1 ,
E1 =

1 =
2 ,
1 -
1 -

( 4 15)
( 4 12) , :
( ) ;
( ) ,
,
( 4 2) e
V0 ,
V0 = d xd yd z

V = ( 1 +x ) d x ( 1 +y ) d y (1 +z ) d z
2
= d xd yd z[ (1 +x +y +z ) + o( ) ]
,
V = V0 + V0 e
e =x +y +z
e=

V
V0

, e ,
e = 0
e=

1 - 2
(x + y +z )
E

x =y = z = m ,
e=

3( 1 - 2)m
E

m
E
=
( 4 17 )
e 3 (1 - 2)
K , e = 3m ( 4 17 ) ,
K=

( 4 12)

42
, ,
( ) , ,

50

, ( ) ,
( )
,
, x
A BCD
( 4 3 )
, A BCD
A D CB x x d yd z A D
- x d yd zd u,
x d yd z CB

43

x d yd z d u +

du
d x , A BCD
x

d ud x
d yd z =
x

W =

d d xd yd z

y , , x ,
U ,

d d xd yd z =

U = W =

U0 d xd yd z

, U0

d =

U0 =

1 2
1
Ex = x x
2
2

( 4 18 )

, ,
( 4 19 )

U0 d xd yd z

U =
V

U0 =

1
(x x + y y +z z +x y x y +y z y z + z x z x )
2

( 4 20 )

1
i jij
2

( 4 20)

U0 =

, :

, f x , d f = df ,

( d u)
=d
x

u
= dx
x

4 2

U0 =

51

1 2

1 2
(x + 2y +2z ) (xy +yz +xz ) +
(x y +2y z + 2xz )
E
2E
2G

( 4 21 )

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
[e + 2 G(x +y +z ) + G(x y + y z + x z ) ]
2

( 4 22 )

U0 =

, U0
( 4 21) ( 4 22 )
U0 (ij )
= ij
ij

( 423a )

U0 (i j )
=ij
ij

(423 b)

U0 (ij ) , U0 (ij ) (
) , , ,
, (4 23 )
, U0 (ij ) ;
U0 (ij ) ,
, , ,
,
( ) m =
m =

1
(x +y +z ) ,
3

1
(x +y +z ) , ,
3

:
m 0 0
i j = 0 m 0
0 0 m
, ( )
2m
1
3
1

=
(x + y +z ) 2 =
2
m
m =
U0 v =
2
2 K 18 K
18 K
sij
sij =

x - m

x y

xz

y x

y - m

y z

z x

z y

z - m

( 4 24 )

52

( ) U0d
U0d =

1
sij e ij
2

, si j , eij , U0d
,
2

1
1 ( 21 - 2 - 3 )
( 22 - 3 - 1 )
(23 - 1 - 2 )
U0 d = sij eij =
+
+
2
2
18 G
18 G
18 G
2
2
2
(1 - 2 ) + (2 - 3 ) + (3 - 1 )
3 2
1
=
=
J2 =
8
12 G
4G
2G

U0 = U0 v + U0 d =

1 2
1
I1 +
J2
18 K
2G

( 4 25 )

( 4 26 )

, , U0

43
( ) ( 4 1 ) , 0
, ,0
, (
) ( 41 )
,
4 4

0 ,
, p q T
( 4 4) , , ,
q T ,
q
T
, z =
= 0 , z =
2ah
2a2 h
a , h , h a
q p ,
=

pa
q
, z =
, z = 0
h
2ah

:
1
U0 = 2 [ ( s1 + m ) ( e1 + m ) + ( s2 + m ) ( e2 + m ) + ( s3 + m ) ( e3 + m ) ]
1
= 2 [3mm + ( s1 e1 + s2 e2 + s3 e3 ) ] = U0v + U0d

4 3

53

, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,

, , , 6
,
( 4 27 )

f (ij ) = 0

f (i j ) (4 27)
x ,y ,
,
f (i j ) ,
( ) ,
, , 0 ,
, , (0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 )
0 , ( 0 , 0 , 0 ,0 , 0 , 0 ) ,
,
, (4 27 )
( 4 28 )

f (1 ,2 ,3 ) = 0

, ,
, ,
( 4 29 )

f ( si j ) = 0
, ,
1 ,2 ,3 ,
,
,

, O
O n( 4 5 ) , l, m, n ,
2

l + m + n = 1 ,
4 5

54

1
3

l= m = n=

1 = 2 =3 =m

( 4 30 )

On , ,
s1 , s2 , s3
On ,
1 +2 +3 = 3 r

( 4 31 )

r On , r = 0 ,
( 4 32 )

1 +2 +3 = 0
( 4 32) ,

P(1 ,2 ,3 ) , O P On O N ,
,
1
1 +
3

ON =

1
2 +
3

1
3 = 3m
3

ON , P N , ,
PN

OP

ON

= (1 +2 + 3 ) - 3m = 38

( 4 33 )

P O n P1 , O P1
O P , P O n
,
, ,
, , r
, , On ,

:
( 1) ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
( 2) ,
, ,

( 3)

4 4

55

1 ,2 ,3 , 1 ,2 ,3

( 4) ,
,

( J Ba uschinger ) 1834
, ,
, ,

( )
1893
Joha nn Ba uschinger

44
,
, 4 6a , d> 0 ,
, d d dd> 0

4 6

, ( Bausch

inger Joha nn) 18751886

56

, d < 0 d> 0 ( 4 6b ) d > 0 d< 0 ( 4 6c ) ,

dd< 0 ,

( D Druck er ) 1918 , 1938

, 1940
( W Prage r)
1967
,
,

Daniel Char les Drucker

, :
( 4 34 )

dij dij > 0

(
ij

- ij ) di j 0

( 4 35 )

i j ( 4 34 ) ( 4 35 ) : ( 1 )

, dWD ; ( 2 ) ,
dWD , ,

,
,
, , ,
, ,
( )

, i j , A ( 4 7 ) ,
, , A B C, C A
e

, dij = di j + dij , dij ,

p
dij A B CA ,

D C Druck er , Q App Math , 7 411 (1950 )

4 4

57

(ij - ij ) di j = 0

i j ( B ) ,

(ij - ij ) di j 0

A B , CA ( ) ,
p

dij BC ,

(ij - ij ) dij 0
BC
p

A B CA , , di j
, BC =i j BC0 ,

BC

(ij - ij ) di j (i j - i j )ij

( 4 36 )

dW D = (ij - ij ) di j 0
dij dpij 0

(4 36a )
( 4 36 b)

( 4 36 ) ( ) ,
,
p

dij dij = 0
( 4 34) , ( 4 36 )

47

48

pij ij , ( 4 36 )
p

dij dij ( 4 8 ) ,
p
dij dij 0

di j

dpi j cos 0

2
2

( 4 37 )

58

4
p

, dij dij

, , i j - ij dij

(ij - ij ) dpi j 0

ij - ij

dpij cos0

( 4 38 )

2
2

( 4 39 )

i j - ij dpij ij , dpij

( ) , ij
p

dij ,
( 4 9 ) , (ij
p
ij ) dij , 4 8

( A A Ilyushin ) 1961
4 9

, :

, d
WI 0

d 0
ij

ij

( 4 40 )

( A A Ilyushin) 1911 , 1929

, , 1938
1943
, 1953 ,

,
,

Alek see Ant onobich Ilyush in

4 5

59

, ( 4 36 ) ( 4 40) ,
:
( 1) ,

( 2) ;

( 3) ( ) ,

( 4) 4 10
W D , WI ,
dW D < d WI
, d
WI 12351 ; d
WD
12341
( 5) ,
,

4 10

45
,
, :

1
( H T resca) ,

m a x =0
( 4 41 )
,0 0
1 2 3 , m a x =
1
(1 - 3 ) , 1 = 0 ,2 = 3 = 0 (0
2
) ,
m a x

1 - 3 = 0
1
0
= (1 - 3 ) =0 =
2
2

H T r esca , Comp tes Rendus Acad Sci Paris , 59( 1864) , 754 a nd 64( 1807)

( 4 42 )

60

0 =

1
0
2

, ,
, 1 ,2 ,3 , 6
,
1 - 2 = 0
2 - 3 = 0
3 - 1 = 0

1
m a x =0 = max 1 - 2 , 2 - 3 , 3 - 1
2

( 4 43 )

0 ( ( 442 ) , ) ,
( 4 43)
,
( 4 11 ) ,
(3 = 0 )
1 - 2 =0 , 1 > 0 ,2 < 0
1 - 2 = - 0 , 1 < 0 ,2 > 0
2 = 0 , 2 > 1 > 0

( 4 44 )

1 = 0 , 1 > 2 > 0
1 = - 0 , 1 < 2 < 0
2 = - 0 , 2 < 1 < 0
( 4 44) 1 2 ( 4 12)

4 11

4 12

, ,
, , (1 ,2 ) ,

4 5

61

( ) , , ;
, ,
,

2
, ,
, (4 25 )
2 GU0 d = J2

2
J2 = k

( 4 45 )

J2 =

1
[ (x - y ) 2 + (y - z ) 2 + (z - x ) 2 ] + (2x y + 2y z +2z x ) = k2
6

( 4 46 )

J2 =

1
2
2
2
2
[ (1 - 2 ) + (2 - 3 ) + (3 - 1 ) ] = k
6

( 4 47 )

k , 1 =0 ,2 = 3 =
0 ,0 (4 47)
2

(0 - 0) + 0 + ( 0 - 0 ) = 6 k

k=

1
0
3

( 4 48 )

(1 = - 3 ,2 = 0 ) , k
m a x ( =0 ) k ( ) ( 4 48 )
, ,

1
( 0577)
3

,
2
2
2
1 - 1 2 +2 = 0

( 4 49 )

1
0

10

20

+
20

( 4 50 )

=1

( 4 50) 1 ,2 ( 413 )
2

, ( 1 - 1 2 +2 < 0 f < 0 ) ,
2
2
2
, (1 - 12 + 2 =0 f = 0 ) ,

62

R von Mises

(4 45 ) (4 46 )
(4 47 ) ,
1 ,2 ,3 ,
,
( 411 )

,
4 13

, ,
, , :
4 14

( R von Mises) 1883 , 1953

, ,

,

Richa rd von Mises

3

,
, ( 4 15 ) , ,
, :

R von Mises , G ttinger Nachr Ma thPhys Klas se , 582( 1913)

4 5

63

( a ) ( G I Taylor , H Quinney) ( b) ( W Lode)

4 14

0 002 , ,
0 ( 415 ) 0 ,
,
,

, ,

( 4 16) ,
, ,
,

4 15

0 ,

,
1 > 3 >2 ,3 = 0 ,
1

=1

( 4 51 )

1 > 2 >3 ,3 = 0 ,
0
1 =

(4 52a )

0
2 = -

( 4 52 b)

1 > 2 ,1 < 0 ,2 < 0 ,

, 4 17
( MohrCoulomb)

Kupfe r H , et al , ACI J vol 66 , No 8 , ( 1969 ) J Eng Mech Div , vol 99 , EM 4

(1973) ,

64

417

416

( W Pr ager ) 1903 , 1980

,
,

William P rager

4

,
f ( I1 , J2 ) = I1 +

J2 = k

2 sin
2

3 ( 3 - sin )

Druc ker D C ( 1918 ) Pra ger W (19031980) 1952

( 4 53 )

4 5

65

k=

6ccos
3 ( 3 - sin2 )

k , c
( 4 18 ) , = 0 ,
, 3 = 0 , (4 53) , :
1 2
(1 - 12 + 22 ) = k
3

(1 +2 ) +

( 4 54 )

( 4 19 )

4 18

4 19

, , ,
,
( N adai A )
( Sch leicher F ) ,

2
20
2
2
2
2
1
8 = [ (1 - 2 ) + (2 - 3 ) + (3 - 1 ) ] =
= con st
9
9

2
J2
3

8 =

( 4 55 )

( [42] )
, ( Schmidt R , 1932 )

Schleic her F , Z Angeus Ma th Mechanik , 6 ( 1926 ) , 216 A Nadai, J Appl

Phys 8 : 205(1937)

R Sch mid t , IngenieurAr chiv , 3( 1932) , 215 , [ 4]

66

, ,

,
( initial yiel d condition) ( ) , ,
( [5 , 38 , 45 ] )
41 , ( 4 20) ,
300MPa
M = 10 kN m , Mi = 30k N m ,
1 2 , d
420

,
1 , 2 =

2
2

+ 4 , 3 = 0

M y 32 M
=
3
J
d

( b)

Mi r 16 Mi
=
J0
d3

(c)

( 1)
1 - 2 = 0
( a ) ,
2

+ 4 =

0
1 2

32
3
d

M + Mi =

300
1 2

d = 0 109m
d 10 9c m
( 2)
2

+ 3 =

0
1 2

( b) , ( c ) d 10 4c m

(a)

: . . : , 1998

4 6

67

46
,
( ) ,

1 ,
;
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, , , ,

,
, ij :
e

ij ij
e

ij =i j +ij
, ,
, , ,
p

,i j ,

, , ,
, ,
,

, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
(

, [ 41]

68

ij =ei j +pij
e

, dij di j dij
p

dij ,
p

di j = dij - dij

( 4 56 )

dx = dx - dx ,
dpx y = dx y - dex y ,

( 4 56)

: , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
p

dx + dy + dz = 0

dii = 0

( 4 57 )

dm =

e
1
1 e
( dx + dy + dz ) = dii = dm
3
3

,
dex = dx - dm , dey = dy - dm , dez = dz - dm
dx y , dy z , dz x ,
deij = dij - dm ij

( 4 58 )

, ,
1
[ dx - ( dy + dz ) ]
E
1
e
dy = [ dy - ( dz + dx ) ]
E
e

dx =

, d sij = dij e

dex =

1
diii j ,
3

e
e
e
1
1 +
(2dx - dy - dz ) =
( 2dx - dy - dz )
3
3E

1
1
1
( 2dx - dy - dz ) =
d sx
3 2G
2G

deey =

1
1
1
( 2dy - dz - dx ) =
d sy
3 2G
2G

( 4 59 )

4 6

69

d sx dsy d sz dx y dy z dz x
=
=
= 2G
e =
e =
e =
dex dey dez dx y dy z dzx

( 4 60 )

( 4 60) , , , 2G
, dm dem
( 4 12)
dm/ dm = 3 K

( 4 61 )

dsij / dei j = 2 G
, (4 56 )
p
e
e
e
dx = dx - dx = dex + dm - dx = dex - dex

dx = dex -

d sx
2G

( 4 62 )

dx y
d = dx y 2G
p
xy

dpi j = deij - deeij = d ei j -

dsij
2G

( 4 63 )

,
: ,
,
p

dx dy dz dx y dy z dz x
=
=
=
=
=
= d
sx
sy
sz
x y
y z
z x

( 4 64 )

p
dij = dsij

( 4 65 )

d ,
, ,
( 4 65) ,
, ( 4 65) ( 4 63 ) ,
:
d ei j =
( 4 66)

1
d si j + dsi j
2G

( 4 66 )

70

( L P randtl ) 1875 , 1953

,
, ,
,

Ludwig Pra nd tl

( 4 65) , ,
,
,

( 4 65)
p

dx =
p

dy =

2
1
d x (y + z )
3
2
2
1
dy (z + x )
3
2

( 4 67 )

x y
dx y = d

d, , d
, d , ( 4 67 ) ,

2
1
1
d x (y +z ) - y + (z + x )
3
2
2
3
2
= d (x - y ) = d(x - y )
3
2

p
p
dx - dy =

,
p

( dx - dy ) = ( d) (x - y )

( 4 68 )

,
p

( dy - dz ) , ( dz - dx ) ( dx y ) , ( dy z ) , ( dzx )

4 6

71

,
p

( dx - dy ) + ( dy - dz ) + ( dz - dx ) + 6 [ ( dx y ) + ( dy z ) + ( dzx ) ]
2

= ( d) [ (x - y ) + (y - z ) + (z - x ) + 6 (x y +y z + z x ) ]
p
2
2 2
9
( d8 ) = 9( d) 8
4

( 4 69 )
( 4 70 )

1
d8
=
d=
28
2

3 d8
2
J2

( 4 71 )

8p ( )
( )
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
[ (x - y ) + (y - z ) + (z - x ) + 6(x y +y z + zx ) ] 2
2

i =

3
8 =
2

( 4 72 )

3 J2

p
p
2
p
p 2
p
p
2
2
2
2
2
3
di =
( dx - dy ) + ( dy - dz ) + ( dz - dx ) + ( dx y + dy z + dzx )
2
3

1
2

1
2

( 4 73 )

d8

( 4 72) (4 73) (4 71)

3 di
2 i

d=

( 4 74 )

( 4 67)
dx =

di
1
x (y +z )
i
2

dpy =

di
1
(x +z )
y i
2

dz =

di
1
z (y +x )
i
2

3 di
p
x y
dx y =
2 i
dpy z =
p

dz x =

( 4 75 )

3 di
y z
2 i
3 di
z x
2 i
p

dij =

3 di
si j
2 i

( 4 76 )

( 4 76 )

72

, ,
dij =

3 di
si j
2 i

( 4 77 )

( 4 76) , ( 4 77 ) ,
, , , 1/ 2
, 1/ E di/ i ,
, ,
,
( 4 76) (4 77) i ( J2 ) , ,
( 4 76) (4 77)
, , (
[ 51 , 54 , 73 ] )

47
,
( 4 76 ) ,
,
( )
,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
0

, ij t0 , t
i j ,
0

i j = kij

( 4 78 )

k ,
0

sij = ksij i = ki

( 4 79 )

( 4 76)
dpij =
( 4 80) ,

3 di 0
0 si j
2 i

( 4 80 )

4 7

73

d =
p
ij

3 di s0ij = 3 si j di = 3 i s0ij
2 0i
2 0i
2 0i

i j =

3 i
sij , i =i (i )
2 i

( 4 81 )

x =

i
1
(y +z )
x i
2

py =

i
1
(x +z )
y i
2

pz =

i
1
(y +x )
z i
2

3i
p
x y = x y
i
p

y z =
p

z x =

( 4 82 )

3i
y z
i
3i
zx
i

ij (4 82 )
, :
ei j =

3i
sij , i =i (i ) , m = 3 Km
2i

( 4 83 )

, (4 83 ) ,
,
, , ( 4 82)
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
: ,
, :

Mar tin J B , , [41]

74

( 1) , =

( 2) i i , i = Aim ( A , m )
( 3)
, , 1 2
,
, ,
,
, ,i i
, 4 21 ( 1955 )
( z ,,) 5
z
5 ( 0 , 0 1 ,

0 3 , 1 , ) , i i , ,
i i ,

4 21
( [ 43] )

48
4 2 ,
U0 (i j )
=ij
ij
U0 (i j ) , ( 4 23b ) , ,

4 8

75

U0 (ij ) ij ,
p

f (ij ) , f (i j ) ij dij ,

f (ij ) =

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
[ (x - y ) + (y - z ) + (z - x ) ] + (x y +y z + zx ) = 20
6

f
ij

di j = d

( 4 84 )

p
d1 = d

d2 = d

f
1
f
2

( 4 85 )

p
di j
= = d
f
ij

( 4 86 )

d
( 4 47) , 2x y = x y +y x ,
f
1
1
= [2 (1 - 2 ) - 2 (3 - 1 ) ] = (41 - 22 - 23 ) = 1 - m = sx
1
6
6
f
= sy
2

m =

1
(1 + 2 +3 ) , ( 4 86 )
3
p

d1 = d

f
= s1 d
1

d2 = s2 d

p
p
d1 d2
=
= = d
s1
s2

dpij = dsij

di j = d

f
ij

( 4 87 )
( 4 88 )

, f (ij ) , ,

76

, f (ij ) ,

( 488 ) ,

ij

( 4 88 ) dij
,
( 4 86 ) ( 4 88 )

( 4 22 ) f (ij )

4 22

(1 ,2 ,3 )
f
f
f

2
3
1

d1 d2 d3 =

f
f
f

1
2
3

( 4 89 )

,
p
p
p
d1 + d2 + d3 =

f
f
f
+
+
=0
1
2
3

( 4 90 )

f ,
, ,
, :
( ) , ( )
,
, 4 23 A ,
( 4 23 ) , A B
p
p
p
d1 d2 d3 = 0 1 - 1

, f grad f =

( 4 91 )

f
f
f
f
n=
i+
j+
k
ij
1
2
3

, , 1 ,2 ,3

f
f
f
,
,
,
1
2
3

n f

, , f = c ,

, ,

77

A F
p

d1 d2 d3 = 10 - 1

( 492 )

( 0 1 )
( 1 - ) , A (
)
p

d1 d2 d3 = ( 1 - ) - 1
( 493 )
4 23

1
2 , E =

(3+ 2)

, =

2(+ )
+

3 , U0 =

1
iji j , U t =
2

U0 dV

4 U0 (ij ) U0 (ij )
5 U0 (ij ) ,
,

U0 (ij )
=ij
i j

U0 (ij )
=i j
i j

6
7
8
9

41 36 2 ?
42 ?
43 ? ? ?
44 : U0 d =

1
1
3 2
si j eij =
J2 =
8
2
2G
4G

78

45 ? ?
46 ?
47 ?
48

41 : 8 =

1
8
2G

42 ( 4 1)
: x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0 ,
180,
, , ,

: (4 4)
43
( 1)
( 2) ( , )
: , M N

44 4 23 C
p
p
p
: d1 d2 d3 = - 1 (1 - )

45
46 :
( 1) : =0 ;
( 2) : 1 =

0
0
,2 = ;
3
3

( 3) x y =0
:

1 ) d1 d2 d3 = 2 ( - 1) ( - 1 )
(2 ) d1 d2 d3 = 1 ( - 1) 0
(3 ) d1 d2 d3 = 1 ( - 1) 0

47 :
J2
= sij
ij

51
, :

1 .
x y
x z
x
+
+
+ Fb x = 0
x
y
z
y
yz
y x
+
+
+ Fb y = 0
x
y
z

(5 1 )

zy
z
z x
+
+
+ Fb z = 0
x
y
z

ij , j + Fb i = 0
( i, j = x, y, z)

(5 1)

80

2 .
x =

u
, x y =
x

u
+
y

v
x

y =

v
, y z =
y

v
+
z

w
y

z =

w
, z x =
z

w
+
x

(5 2 )

u
z

ij =

1
( ui , j + u j , i ) ( i, j = x, y, z)
2

(5 2)

x
2 +
y

y
=
2
x

y
+
2
z

z
=
2
y

z
+
x2

x
=
z2

x y
x y

y z
y z
z x
z x

x
=
y z

y
=
z x

x z
x y
yz
+
+
x
y
z

x z
x y
yz
+
x
y
z

yz
x z
+
x
y

(5 3 )

z
=
x y

x y
z

3 .
( 1) , f (ij ) 0 ,

1 [x - (y + z ) ] , x y = 1 x y
x =
E
G

y =

1
1
[y - (x + z ) ] , y z =
y z
E
G

z =

1
1
[z - (x + y ) ] , z x =
zx
E
G

( 54)

5 .1

81

ij =

1 +

i j ij ( i, j = x, y, z)
E
E

(5 4)

= ii ,
x = 2 G x +

e , x y = Gx y
1 - 2

y = 2 G y +

e , yz = Gy z
1 - 2

z = 2 G z +

e , z x = Gz x
1 - 2

(5 5 )

i j =

E
E
i j +
ij e
1 +
( 1 + ) ( 1 - 2)

(5 5)

e =ii
( 2) , f (ij ) = 0 , ,
dx =

1
1
d sx + ds x , dx y =
dx y + d
x y
G
2G

dy =

1
1
d sy + ds y , dy z =
dy z + d
y z
G
2G

(5 6 )

dz = 1 d sz + ds z , dz x = 1 dz x + d
z x
G
2G

1 d sij + dsij
dij =
2G

(5 6)

d=

3di
2i

,
ex =

i x - 1 (y + z )
3i
, x y =
x y
2
i
i

ey =

i
3i
1
(z + x ) , y z =
y y z
2
i
i

ez =

i z - 1 (x + y )
3i
, z x =
z x
2
i
i

(5 7 )

eij =

3i
sij
2i

(5 7)

, , 3 ( 5 1 ) , 6

82

( 5 2 ) , 6 (5 4) (5 5 ) , 15 ( ) 6
, 6 , 3 , 15 ,
,
, 3 (5 1 ) , 6 (5 2 )
6 ( 5 6 ) (5 7 ) , d,
f (ij ) = 0 , , d
, ,
, , ,
,
, ,

Px = x l1 + x y l2 + x z l3
Py = y x l1 + y l2 + y z l3

(5 8 )

Pz = zx l1 + z y l2 + z l3

Pi = i j n j ( S )

(5 8)

u =
u v =
v w =
w

( Su )

ui
ui =

( Su )

(5 9 )

52
, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2 )
; (3 ) , ( ) ,

, ,
, , (
, ) , ,
, , 15
( 5 1 ) (5 2 ) (5 4 ) ( 5 5 ) 15 ( ) ,
, 16 ij , eij , ui

5 2

d (5 1 ) ( 5 2 ) ( 56) ( 57)
16 , ,
15 ( ) 15 ,
,
, ( ) ,
,

, ,
, , ,
; , ,

,
, ,
,

, :
: , ,

: ,
,
: , , (
) ,
,
( 1) , , ,
, (
) ,
( 2) , ,
, (
) ,
( 3) ,
,
,

83

84

53
1 .
, u, v, w ,
( 5 5 ) ( 5 2)
x = 2 G

e
u
+
, x y = G
x 1 - 2

u
+
y

v
x

y = 2 G

v + e
, y z = G
y 1 - 2

v+
z

w
y

z = 2 G

w
e
+
, z x = G
z
1 - 2

w
+
x

( 5 10 )

u
z

( 5 10) (5 1 )
2

2G

e
u

+ G
2 +
x
1 - 2 x

u
2 +
y

v
+ G
x y

u
2 +
z

w
+ Fb x = 0
x z

e =x +y +z
2

e
=
x

u
2 +
x

v
+
x y

w
x z

2
2

u =

u
2 +
x

u
2 +
y

u
z
2

:
(+ )

e + 2 u + Fb x = 0
x

(+ )

e + 2
v + Fb y = 0
y

(+ )

e
2
+ w + Fb z = 0
z

( 5 11 )

5 3

85

(+ )

2
e
+ u = 0
x

(+ )

2
e
+ v = 0
y

(+ )

2
e
+ w = 0
z

( 5 12 )

(+ ) uj , j i + u i , j j = 0

( 5 12)

( C .L .Navier) 1785 , 1836

,
1824

Claude Louis Navie r

( 5 11) ( )
( 5 11) u, v, w , ,
, , ,
, (511)
, (5 12 )

2 .
, , 6
6 , ,
( 5 3 )
2

y
+
z2

z
=
y2

y z
y z

(a)

( 4 9 ) ,
2

(1 + )

y
+
z2

z
-
y2

+
2
z

= 2( 1 + )
2
y

y z
y z

( b)

86

= x + y +z = I1 , (5 1 ) , ( b)
2

y z
=
y z

y z
y

y z
z

z
z

z x
y
- Fb y
y
x

x y
- Fb z
x
(c)

( b)
2

(1 + )

2
2

= - ( 1 + )

2
2

(z + y ) -

z x
x y
+
+
z
y

2 +
z

Fb z
+
z

2
y

Fb y
y

2
2

(1 + ) - x Fb x
x

= (1 + )

Fb y
y

2
- 2
x

Fb z
z

2
x

( d)

( 5 3 ) , ( d) , ,
2

= -

Fb y
+
y

Fb x
+
x

1 +
1 -

Fb z
z

(e)

( e ) ( d) ,
2

x +
2 = 1 + x
1 -
2

Fb x
+
x

Fb y
+
y

Fb z
z

- 2

Fb x
x

5 6
2

2x +
2

y +

1
= -
2
1 + x
1 -

Fb x
+
x

Fb y
+
y

Fb z
z

- 2

Fb x
x

2 = 1 + y
1 -

Fb x
+
x

Fb y
+
y

Fb z
z

- 2

Fb y
y

Fb x
+
x

Fb y
+
y

Fb z
z

- 2

Fb z
z

1
= -
z +
2
1 + z
1 -
2

Fb y
+
x

Fb x
y

Fb z
+
y

Fb y
z

Fb x
+
z

Fb z
x

1
= x y +
1 + x y
2

1
= y z +
1 + y z
2

1
= z x +
1 + z x
2

( 5 13 )

( 5 13) ,

, (5 13 )

5 3

87

1
x +
2 = 0
1 + x
2

1
y +
2 = 0
1 + y
2

1
z +
= 0
2
1 + z
2

1
y z +
= 0
1 + y z

( 5 14 )

= 0
z x + 1
1 + z x
2

1
x y +
= 0
1 + x y
2

2 ij +

1 , ij = 0
1 +

( 5 14)

, , (51) ,
(513) x ,y ,z ,xy ,yz ,zx
6 , , , 6 9

3 .
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, , ,

,
, : , ,
6
, ( 5 1 ) ( 5 2 ) ( 5 4 ) ( ( 5 5 ) ) ,

88

, , ,
,
(1 )

(2 )

,i j i j ,
(1)

ui

(2 )

ui

(1)

(1 )

(2)

, i j =ij

(1)

- ij u i = ui

(2 )

- ui

(2)

i j i j , ,
( 5 1 ) ( 5 13 ) ,
ij , j = 0
2

1
= 0
x +
2
1 + x
2

(1 )

(2)

i j ,ij
(1)

(2)

ij n j = P i , ij n j = P i

(1)

(ij

( 2)

- ij ) nj = 0

, ,

i j = 0

,i j 1 ,
,

i j = 0

(1 )

i j

(2)

= ij

,
[ 41 ]

54
,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,

[18 ]

5 5

89

,
,
, ,
, ,

( 5 1)
, A ,
, ,
A , ,
, A
,

5 1

( A .J .C .Ba rre de SaintVena nt ) 1797

, 1886 1825
, 1837 1868

Ba rre de SaintVena nt

55
, ,
, ij (5 1) , (5 13 )
pi , Fb i ij ,

, : Sternberg E , Qua r t , Appl Math 11 , N O, 4 , 1954 , Stern

be rg E a nd Koite r W T , J Appl Mech , 25 , 575581 , ( 1958 ) , : Flavin , J N , ZAM P ,

vol 29 , (1978 ) , 328332

90

p
i
F
b i

ij ,
ij +

ij p i +
i
bi
Fb i + F

p

,
ij , j + Fb i = 0
, j
i
Fb=
0
ij+

, ,
j ) , j + Fb i + Fb =
i
0
(i j + i

( 5 15 )

,
pi = ij n j
p=
i

ij n j

( 5 16 )

i
(ij +
ij ) nj
p i + p=

, , (ij +
i j ) p i + p
i Fb i + F
bi

: ,
, , ,
, , ,

56
, ,
: ; ; , (
) ,

( 1)

i j , j + Fb i = 0 V

( 5 17 )

i j , j + Fb i = 0 V

( 5 18 )

5 6

91

( 2)

1
( ui, j + uj , i ) V
2

( 5 19 )

1 ( ui, j + uj , i ) V
ij =
2

( 5 20 )

ij =

( 3)

i j =

1 ij
+ dsi j V
2G

( 5 21 )

ij

= dsij

( 5 22 )

d=

3 di
2 i

( 5 23 )

f
ij

( 5 24 )

sij =
f = 0

f (ij ) - f (
Wp ) = 0
p

f (ij - ij ) = 0

( 5 25 )

ei j =

3 i
sij
2 i

( 5 26 )

m = 3 Km
i = Ami , A
( 4)

p i S
ij n j =

ui S u
ui =

(5 27)

i j n j =
p i S
ui
ui =

Su

( 5 28 )

( )
,

92

1 .
, , t u i ij
ij ,

Fb i S p i S u u i
( 5 17) ( 5 19 ) ( 5 21 ) ( 5 25 )
( 5 27) , t + t
, , ,
,

(= 1 , 2 , , n)
ij = ij (kl , )

= ga (ij , ) = ga [i j (ij , ) , ]
= g(ij ,
)

= 0 , , ( t)
, ( t + t)

ui

t +t

= ui

+ ui t

ij

t +t

= ij

+ i j t

ij

t +t

= i j

+ i j t

t +t

+ t

f (ij + ij t, + t) = 0
, , , ,

, , ,
, , ,

2 .
, , ( )

, [33 , 35]

5 7

93

, , ,
Fb i

p i
u i , ( 5 18 ) ( 5 20 )
( 5 26) (5 28) ui i j ij
, ,

, ,
, , :
( 1) sij = 2 G[ 1 - (i ) ] eij (i ) = 0 ,
, ;
( 2) eij i ;
( 3)

L[ ui ] + Fb i/ G - 2[(i ) ei j ] , j + 2[(i ) em ] , i = 0 ( V )
L[ ui ] = pi/ G + 2(i ) eij n j - 2(i ) em n i ( S )

(5 29)

L L ( L ame )
L[ ui ] = ui +

L[ ui ] = ( ui, j

3k + 1
3k + 1
em , i = ui, kk + 1
uk, ki
G
3 G
1 3k - 2
uj , j n i
+ uj , i ) nj +
3 G

(5 30)

( 4) ( ) (5 29 ) ,
,
( 5) , ,

57
51 5 2 , P ,

1
, Ox y z, 5 2 z = 0 , z = l ,

J B Ma rtin , , ,

[41]

[ 34 , 35 ]

94

, P, ,

5 2

2
, n z , l3 = cos( n, z) = 0 ,

x l1 + x y l2 = 0
x y l1 + y l2 = 0
xz l1 + z y l2 = 0
, l1 = cos( z , x ) = l2 = cos ( z, y) = 0 , l3 = 1 , z ,

z l3 F = P
F

3
, (5 1) (5 13) ,
ij , j = 0
2
i j +

1 , ij = 0
1 -

(a)

, ,
,

x = y = x y = yz = zx = 0 , z = A

( b)

A , ( b) ( a )
z = P/ F,
A = P/ F, z = P/ F, = x + y + z = P/ F

(c)

5 7

95

1 +

= z
= P
z = 1 + z E
E
E
EF
1 +
1 + - z = - P
x = y =
E
1 +
EF

( d)

x y = y z = z x = 0
,
( d)
u = x = - P
x
EF
,
u = - P x
EF

v = -

P
y
EF

w = P z
EF
, ,
x = 0 , u =
u0
u= -

P
x +
u0
EF

u0 x

, , ,
, ,
52 ( 5 3) ,

y = z = y z = x z = 0
x =,x y = , , ,
, ,

sx =

2
1
1
, sy = - , sz = -
3
3
3

(a)

96

5 3

= k 3

( b)

d v
x = - y 2
dx

(c)

2
d v
= - E y
2
dx

( d)

v y

,
= k 3

( e)

( d) , y = h, ,
, y , ( d )
( e )
y = ( x) (0 h) , 5 4
- h y - , = - k 3
ky 3

- y ,

y h ,

= k 3

,
2
3 d v
4
E bh
M = 2
3
dx

, , M0 ,
M = 2 3 bkh3 = M0

( f)

5 7

97

5 4

, 5 4
M = 2
3

3 kb( 3 h2 - 2 )

2
2
1
q( l - x )
2

M( x) =

1
3

x
-
l

= 1 -

( g)

, q= 4 3 kb

( h)

q l
=
q h

( g ) , ( 5 5 ) , = 1
0 << h,
2
< < 1
3

, q ,

( q1 ) , ( v )
, ( 5 6 ) , v ,
, q0 , (
) , ,
M0 ( ) ,
, ,
q0

98

55

5 6

, q0
q0 = 4 3 kb

h
l

3
q
2

( i)

l/ 3

1 ,
,
2 : , ;
, ; ,
3
(+ ) uj , j i + u i , j j = 0
,
4
5
6

51 ?
52 ? ?
53 , ? ?

99

54 15 ,
?
55 ? ,
?
56 ? ?

51
,
x = y = z = x y = 0
: u = - y z , v = x z, w = 0
52 u = v = 0 , w = w( z) w( z)
: w = C z, C
53 5 2

61
5 ,
,

1
,
z = z x =y z = 0

(6 1 )

x = x ( x , y )
y = y ( x, y )

(6 2 )

x y = x y ( x, y)

x
x
x y
x

+
+

x y
y
y
y

+ Fb x = 0
(6 3 )
+ Fb y = 0

6 1

101

p x = x l1 - x y l2

(6 4 )

p y =x y l1 +y l2
px , py x , y ( 6 1 )
l1 = cos( n, x )
l2 = cos( n, y)

x =

E
1

y =

x y =

(x - y )
(y - x )

x y
G

(6 5 )

2 (1 +)
x y
E
6 1

x z = y z = 0
z = -

(x + y )
E

(6 6 )

z z , z ,
( 6 6 )
2

x
y2

x2

x y

(6 7 )

x y

, ( 6 3 ) x
, y ,
2

x y

= -

x y
2

x
x2

x y

= -

x y

y
y2

Fb x

x
Fb y

,
2

x y

x y

= -

1
2

x
x2

y
y2

Fb x

Fb y
y

x y

x y

2( 1 +)
E

x y

x y

( 1 +)

x
2

x
2

( 6 7 ) x ,y ( 6 5) ,

x y

x y

y
2

Fb x
x

Fb y

102

6
2

x
2

y
2

y
x

x
2

+ ( 1 +)

x
2

y
2

Fb x

Fb y
y

=0

,
2

x
2

y
2

x
2

Fb x

= - ( 1 +)

Fb y
y

2
2

Fb x

(x +y ) = - ( 1 +)

Fb y
y

(6 8 )

( 6 8 ) ,
( 6 8 )
2

2
2

(x + y ) = 0

(6 9 )

2 (x + y ) = 0

(6 9)

( 6 9)

2
, z ( z , ) ,

w=0
( 2 7 ) , z , u, v x ,
y , z Ox y 1

x =

u
x

, y =

v
y

, x y =

u
y

v
x

z = x z = y z = 0
,
x = 2 Gx + (x +y )
y = 2 Gy + (x +y )

( 6 10 )

x y = Gx y

x z = y z = 0
z =(x +y ) =(x +y )

( 6 11 )

z , z , x y ,

6 2

103

( 6 11)
x, y , ( 6 3 )
,
( 6 8 )
2

x2

y2

(x +y ) = -

Fb x

1 -

Fb y
y

( 6 12 )

( 6 8 ) ( 6 12 ) , ( 612 ) ( 6 8 ) , , ,
( 6 4 )
, , ,
( 6 8 ) ( 6 12 ) , Fb x , Fb y ,
( 6 9 )
D , (x +y ) D
, x ,y ,x y
, , O x y
, (6 3) ( 6 9 ) (6 4 )
, ,
, ,
( ) , z

62
, , ( 6 3 )
( 6 12) , ( 6 4) ,
x
x

x y

x y

y
+

y
y

=0
( 6 13 )
=0

( 6 9 )
2

x2

y2

(x + y ) = 0

( 6 4 )
( 6 13) (6 9 ) x ,y ,x y
, , , ,

104

, ( x, y) ,
2

x =

y2
2

y =

( 6 14 )

x2
2

x y = -

x y

,
2

x +y =

= 2
2
y

( 6 15 )

2
2

=0

x4

+2

x2

y2

y4

=0

( 6 16 )

= 0

( 6 16)

, ( G B Airy , 1862 ) ,
( 6 16) ,
, , , ,

,
Fb x = -

V
x

, Fb y = -

V
y

(a)

V , ( 63)
x y
y
x y
x

+
+

x
y

(x - V) = 0
( b)
(y - V ) = 0

( b) (6 13) ,

, M F ,

V ( x , y, z) , , F
, M

6 2

105

x - V =

y2
2

y - V =

x2
2

x y = -

( 6 17 )

x y

(b), (617)(68)(612),

4 = - (1 - )2 V

( 6 18 )

1 - 2 2
V
1 -

( 6 19 )

= -

, ( 616) ,
(614) x ,y ,x y ,

, ,
, ,

, ,
, ,
= C0 + C1 x + C2 y
,
2

x =

y2
2

y =

=0
=0
2

x y = y x = -

=0
x y

, , x y
,
, ,

106

63
,
F , , 2 h, t, l( 6 2 )
,
(x ) x = 0 = 0
(x y ) y = h = 0
(y ) y = h = 0

(a)

+h

F = -

xy

- h

td y

6 2

: , ,
F ( a ) 2
, x ,
y ,

1
, F x ,
x y , x
2

x =

= C1 x y

( b)

C1 y ,
1

( x, y) =

3
C1 x y + y f1 ( x ) + f2 ( x )

(c)

f1 ( x ) , f2 ( x ) x (6 16)
4

d f1

d x4

d f2

=0

d x4

( d) y , ,
4

d f1

= 0,

dx

d f2
dx

=0

f1 = C2 x + C3 x + C4 x + C5
f2 = C6 x3 + C7 x2 + C8 x + C9
C2 , C3 , , C9 f1 ( x ) , f2 ( x) ( c) ,

( d)

6 3

107

C1 x y + y( C2 x + C3 x + C4 x + C5 )

+ ( C6 x3 + C7 x2 + C8 x + C9 )

( 6 20 )

( 6 20) (6 14) y ,x y
2

y =

x2
2

x y = -

= 6 ( C2 x y + C6 x ) + 2 ( C3 y + C7 )

x y

= -

C1 y - 3 C2 x - 2 C3 x - C4

2
( a )
(y ) y = h = 6 ( C2 h + C6 ) x + 2 ( C3 h + C7 ) = 0

6 ( C2 h + C6 ) x + 2 ( C3 h + C7 ) = 0
6 ( - C2 h + C6 ) x + 2 ( - C3 h + C7 ) = 0
x ,
C2 h + C6 = 0
C3 h + C7 = 0
- C2 h + C6 = 0
- C3 h + C7 = 0
,
C2 = C3 = C6 = C7 = 0

(x y ) y = h = -

1
2

C1 h - 3 C2 x - 2 C3 x - C4 = 0

C4 = -

1
2

2
C1 h

( a )
h

x y td y =

- h

- h

1
2
2
C1 t( y - h ) d y = F
2

C1 = J =

2
3

3F
3

2th

th

= -

F
J

(e)
( f)

108

, , ( b) ( e) (f)
F xy

x = -

y = 0

( 6 21 )

x y = -

F
2J

(h - y )

, ,
,x , ,
, ,

3
, (6 21 )
u
Fxy
= x
EJ

v F x y
=
y
EJ
u
( 1 +) F 2
v 2 (1 +)
2
+
=
x y = (h - y )
y
x
E
EJ
2
2
F( h - y )
= 2GJ
( g)
F x2 y

u= v=

2 EJ
2
F x y
2EJ

+ ui ( y)
(h)

+ v1 ( x)

( h) y x
u
y

d u1
dy

Fx

2EJ
2

d v1

F y
=
x dx 2EJ

v
( g)
d u1

F(2 +)

y = -

( g)

d v1

x -

(1 +)

Fh

dy
2EJ
d x 2EJ
EJ
y x , C1 ,
d u1 F( 2 +) 2
y = C1
dy
2EJ

6 3

109

d1

dx

F 2 (1 +) 2
x +
Fh = - C1
2EJ
EJ

( h)
u= v=

F
2 EJ

2
x y+

F
6EJ

3
( 2 +) y + C1 y + C2

F
F 3
F
2
2
xy +
x ( 1 +) xh - C1 x + C3
2EJ
6 EJ
EJ

C1 , C2 , C3 Ox y ,
( x = l, y = 0 )
u= v=

u
y

=0

Fl

C1 =

2EJ

F(1 +)
EJ

h , C2 = 0 , C3 =

Fl

3 EJ

u=

Fy

( l - x ) y + ( 2 +)
2EJ
6 EJ
3
3
l
x
F x
2
2
2
+
+ (y - l ) + h ( 1 +) ( l - x )
v=
3
2
EJ 6

( 6 22 )

: u v xy , ,
, ( x = l )
( 6 22)
( v) x = l =
v
x

l
vl y
l
+
2
2
2

EJ
=

x= l

F y
EJ

F l 2
y
2EJ

- h ( 1 +) ,

v
x

x= l
y= 0

= -

2
Fh (1 +)

EJ

= -

Fh

2 GJ

Fh / 2 GJ ( 6 3 ) , x = l, y = 0
, u = v = 0,

v
x

= 0 , y = 0

,
,

6 3

, , ,
( )

110

( v) y = 0

Fx

Fl x Fl
F(1 +) 2
=
+
+
h ( l - x)
6EJ 2 EJ 3 EJ
EJ

( 6 23 )

( v) x = y = 0 =

Fl

3EJ

2
F h (1 +) l

EJ

Fl

3 EJ

Flh

2GJ

, ,
2

Fh l/ 2 GJ
F l3 / 3 E J

( 1 +)

2h

2h

l = 10 (2 h) , 1/ 100 2 h l ,
, ,
, , ,

61 6 4 (
)

6 4

( 1)
5

= C1 x + C2 x y + C3 y + C4

x y -

(a)

( 2)
(x y ) y = h = 0

( b)

(y ) y =

( c)

- h

= - q

(y ) y = h = 0

(d)

x = l
h

x yd y = 0

- h

(e)

xy

- h

d y = ql

( f)

6 4

111

C2 + 3 C4 h = 0
3
2 ( C1 + C2 h + C4 h ) = 0
3

2 ( C1 - C2 h - C4 h ) = - q
2

C3 + C4 l -

C4 h = 0

5
3

4 ( C2 h + C4 h ) = q

3 x y
y
x
+
+ 3
= q 4
8 h
8h

l -

2h

8h

x y -

( g)

( 3)
2

h
y
x =
(l - x ) +2y
3
5
2J
q

y = -

2J 3
q

x y = J =

- h y+

2J

2
3

(h)

( i)

2
2
(h - y )x

( j)

2 3
h , ( h) ,
3

x , h = l/ 10 x 1/ 1500 ,
2

( x = l) , x = ( qy/ J ) ( y / 3 - h / 5 ) , ,
, , ,
,
( 4) , y = 0 v 0 ,
v0 =

l x

2 EJ

2
d v0
2

dx

12
2

h x

5
2

l - x

EJ

+ 1+

h x

2
4
+
h
5
2

64
, ,
, ,

112

6 5

( x, y) = f ( y ) sin

nx
l

( 6 24 )

n , 2 l

4 = 0
=

n
,
l
= f ( y ) sinx
4

6 5

x
4
2

y
4

= 4 f ( y) sinx

= - 2 f ( y ) sinx
= f ( 4 ) ( y) si nx

(4 )

( y) - 2 f ( y) + f ( y ) = 0

( 6 25 )

,
f ( y ) = C1 chy + C2 shy + C3 ychy + C4 ys hy

( 6 26 )

( 6 24) ,
= ( C1 chy + C2 shy + C3 ychy + C4 yshy) sinx

( 6 27 )

x =

2
2
= sinx[ C1 chy + C2 shy + C3 ( 2shy +ychy)
2
y
+ C4( 2chy +yshy) ]

y =

= - sinx ( C1 chy + C2 s hy + C3 ychy + C4 ys hy)

2

x y = -

x y

( 6 28 )

= - cosx[ C1 s hy + C2chy + C3 ( chy + yshy )

+ C4 ( shy +ychy) ]

,
= cosx[ C5 shy + C6 chy + C7 yshy + C8 ychy]

( 6 29 )

n , ,

6 4

113

( x, y ) =

sinx ( C s hy +
1

C2 chy + C3 ys hy + C4 ychy )

n= 1

+ cosx ( C5 shy + C6 chy + C7 yshy + C8 ychy ) ( 6 30 )

n= 1

( 6 30) Ci ( i = 1 , 2 , , 8)

q( x ) = A0 + An cosx +
n= 1

B sinx
n

( 6 31 )

n= 1

, [ - l, l] ( 6 31 ) ,
( )
A0 =
An =
Bn =

2l
1

- l

q( x) d x

nx

q( x) cos

l
nx

- l

q( x ) sin

l
- l

dx

( 6 32 )

dx

2 a ( 65) ,
A0 =
An =
Bn =

2l
1

q1

q( x ) d x =
- l

2l

dx =

- a

q( x ) cosx d x =
- l

2 q1
l
q1

q1 a
l

sina
a

q( x ) sinxd x = sinx d x = 0

l
l
- l

- a

q( x) = 2 q1

a
si nx
+
cos x
n= 1
2l
l

( 6 33 )

( 6 6) ,
h, 2 l,
q , ,
, 6 6
6 6

114

, 2ql

( 1)
(sin( - x) = - sinx) , x ,y y ,

, , :

cosx ( C shy + C chy +

1

C3 yshy + C4 ychy )

n=1

2
2
+ D1 x + D2 x y + D3 y

( 6 34 )

= n/ l, D , cos( x + 2 l) = cosx, ,
,
( 2)
2

x =

cos x[( C sh y + C ch y + C ysh y + C ych y)

1

n= 1

+ 2( C3 ch y + C4 sh y )] + 2 D3
2

y =

= -

cos x ( C sh y + C ch y + C ysh y
1

n= 1

+ C4 ych y ) + 2 D1
2

=
x y

x y = -

sin x[( C ch y + C sh y + C ych y

1

n= 1

+ C4 ysh y ) + C3 sh y + C4 ych y] - D2
x y ,
D2 = 0
( 3)
i x y = 0 , x = 0 , x = l
h

d x = -

ii

ql

iii x y = 0 ,y = 0 , y = 0 , x 0 , x 2 l
iv x y = 0 ,y = - q, y = h
v
h

d y = 0
x

( 4) ,
8 , (6 35 ) ,

(6 35)

6 5

115

D1 = - q/ 2 , D2 = 0 , D3 = 0
C1 = C2 =

sh2 h

2q

2q
2

C3 = C4 =

2q h + s hhchh

sh h

2q
2

sh h - h

2q

2q h + shhchh 2 q

s h2h - 2 h2

( 6 35) ,
chy - s hy = e

- y

- y
x = - 2 q cos x ( 1 - y ) e
n= 1

y = - 2 q cos x ( 1 + y ) e

- y

( 6 36 )

- q

n= 1

- y
x y = - 2 q si n x (y ) e
n= 1

6 7
( 5)

:
1
u
=x = (x - y )
x
E
v
y

=y =

1
E

x )
(y -

6 7

, u v

65
, ( ) ,

( r,) ( x , y) ( 6 8)

116

x = rcos

( 6 37 )

y = rsin

r2 = x2 + y2
= arctan

( 6 38 )

y
x

68

bcd , r, Fb r , Fb ,
, ( 6 9 )

6 9

r +

d r ( r + d r) d- r rd- +

d rsin
-

d
d d rsin

r
d
d
d
+ r +
- r d rcos
+ Fb r rd rd= 0
d d rcos
2
2
2

d , sin

d
d
d
cos 1 , ,
2
2
2

,
r
r
1

1 r r -
+
+ Fb r = 0
r
r

r
r

2r
r

( 6 39 )

+ Fb = 0

, , ( 6 39 )

6 5

117

( r,) r , ,r
2

1 1
+ 2 2
r =
r r r
2

=
r =

( 6 40 )

1
2

1
r

= r

1
r r

BCD , r, u v , 6 10
A BCD , ABC
D

, A A, A A AA,
( 610 ) A B = d r, O A
BB F , AE AB O A
OD G, D H
, H AF =

, A, B , C, D
6 10

A A= A A+ AA, B B= B B+ BB,
d , A D rd,

r =

AB- A B
AB

B B- A A
=
AB

u
dr - u
r
dr

u
r

d+ ( r + u) d- v - rd

v
u
=
+
r d
r r

r = 1 + 2 = BAF + DAH
=

AD- A D D
D+ GA- AA- A D

AD
AD
v+

u+

BE - E F
AB

DH
AH

AA D D- A A
+
AB O A
AH
BE

( 637) , (638) ,

118

v
r

dr
u

dr +
=

v
r

r
v

v
+
r+ u

dr

u+

d- u

v
rd+
d

r =
=

( 6 41 )

u
+
r r
v

r =

v
r

( 6 42 )
u

( 6 43 )

( 6 41) (6 43)

, r,
, x, y r
,

r =

1
E
1

)
(r -

r )
( -
E
1
r = r
G
=

( 6 44 )

1 +

]
[ ( 1 - )r -
E
1 +

=
r ]
[ (1 - ) -
E
1
r = r
G
r =

( 6 45 )

1
2

1 r
1
2
=
+
2
r r
r r
r

1 r
+ 2
r r

( 6 46 )

6 6

119

( , (
) x, y , , ) , ,
, (6 46 )
2

)
d (r +

) =
(r +

d r2

)
1 d(r +

dr

=0

( 6 47 )
2

, , ,
2

2
x

r, ( 6 15 )
y2
2
2

x2

=
y2

1 1
+
+
r2
r r r2 2

( 6 48 )

2
4

r2

1
r

r2 2

2
1 1
+
=0
+
r2
r r r2 2

( 6 49 )

, :
( 1) ;
( 2) ;
( 3) ;
( 4) ( ) ;
( 5) ( )

66
, ,
, ,
,

1
P1 P2 ( 611) 2 a,
2b,
,
( 611 ), 611
, Oz r u z w,
uw , Oz , ,

120

u r, w z
(6 41) (643)
r =
=

du
dr
u

( 6 50 )

r
r = z = r z = 0

z =

611

dw
dz

, e :
e =r + +z =

du
dr

u
r

dw

( 6 51 )

dz

,
r = 2 G r +

e =
1 - 2

2 G(1 - ) d u
1 - 2

dr

2 G( 1 - )

1 - 2

u
1 +r
du

dw
1 - d z
dw

= 2G
+

e =
1 - 2

z = 2 G z +

2 G(1 - ) d w
u
du
e =
+
+
1 - 2
1 - 2 d z 1 - r 1 - d r

1 - d r

1 - d z

( 6 52 )

z =
rz = 0
r =

, (6 39 )
r
r

r -

( 6 53 )

=0

z = 0 ,
z ( 612) , r z =

z
z

=0

(6 54 )

( 6 52) z ( 6 54 )
d2 w

=0

(6 55 )

dw
= const
dz

(6 56 )

dz

z =

( 6 52) (6 53) ,

612

6 6

121

d u
d r2

1 du

r dr

=0

r2

( 6 57 )

( 6 57) ,
n

( 6 58 )

u= r
n- 2

( 6 58) (6 57) , r

( 6 59 )

n - 1=0
( 6 59)
n1 = 1 n2 = - 1
r

1
r

, ,
u = C1 r + C2

( 6 60 )

( 6 52)
r =

1
1
z ) - 2 GC2 2 = A - B 2
( C1 +
r
1 - 2
r

1
1
z ) + 2 GC2 2 = A + B 2
( C1 +
1 - 2
r
r

z =

2G
2G

4 GC1

2 G( 1 - )
z = 2A + Ez
1 - 2
1 - 2
+

A=

2G
z ) B = 2 GC2 E =
( C1 +
1 - 2
1 - 2
2G

, z ,
( )
z = 0 ,
r = a, r = - p1
r = b, r = - p2

( 6 61 )

, A , B :
r =

2
2
p1 a - p2 b
2

b - a
2

p1 a - p2 b
b2 - a2

2 2
( p1 - p2 ) a b
2

(b - a )r
2

( p1 - p2 ) a b
( b2 - a2 ) r2

2
2
2 2
1 - ( p1 a - p2 b ) r 1 +( p1 - p2 ) a b
u =
+
2
2
2
2
E
E
(b - a ) r
b - a

( 6 62 )

122

r = a, ,
r = - p1

=
u =

b +a
b - a

p1 -

a b +a
E

2 b p2
2

( 6 63 )

b - a

2
2 ab p2

+ p 1 -

b - a

E( b2 - a2 )

r = b, ,
r = - p2

2
2 a p1
2

b - a

b +a

u =

2 a bp1
2

p2

b - a
2

E( b - a )

( 6 64 )

2
2
b b +a

- p2

b2 - a2

, p2 = 0 , (6 62 )
2

r =
=

p1 a

b2 - a2
2
a p1
2

( b2 - a2 ) r2
2

(b - a )

6 13

1 - a r p1
E b2 - a2

a b
2

(b - a )r

u =

p1 a b

( 6 65 )

p1
2

1 + p1 a b

E ( b2 - a2 ) r

6 13

2
( p2 = 0 ) ,
, r = a (6 65)
m a x =
=
k =

0
2

1
2

-
r)
(

2
p1 b

b2 - a2

= k

( 6 66 )

,0 ( 6 66 )
p1
0

( 4 47) ,

b - a
2

2b

( 6 67 )

6 6

123

p1 a

( - r ) + (r - z ) + (z - ) =

6b4
4

b - a

+ 2 (1 - 2) 2

= 220

( r = a)
p1
0
=

1
2

2
2
b - a

=
4

[ 3b + (1 - 2) a ]

( 6 68 )

1
2

,
p1

2
2
b - a

( 6 68)

3b

p1 , ,
( 614) , ,
, ( ,
c )
dr
dr

r -
r

=0

( 6 66) ,
dr
dr

( 6 69 )

=0

614

( 6 69) ,
r = 0 ln r + C
C
, r = a,r = - p1 ,
r =0 ln

r
a

- p1

( 6 70 )

- p1

( 6 71 )

r = c
c = 0 ln

c
a

, ,c ,
( b - c) p1 = - c , (6 67) ,
0 = - c

2 b2
2

b - c

r = c r , ( 6 71 ) c ,
p1
0

= ln

c
a

1
2

1-

( 6 72 )

124

c , , p1 ,
c
,
r = 0 ln

r
a

- p1 ( a r c)
( 6 73 )

=r +0
r = 0
c ( 672 )

,
,r ,

, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
p0 , (6 72 ) p0
p0 = 0 ln

b
a

( 6 74 )

4 4
0

0 ,

67
,
, ,
,
, ,
,

1
6 15

6 7

125

= A rsin
A , (6 40) ,
2

1 1 2A
=
+
cos
r =
r r r2 2
r
2

2 = 0
r
1

r = -

=0

,
A , r
aa , ( 6 15 )
F , :

cos rd= F
r

- a

r
F

2A= +

1
2

sin2
6 15

r = +

1
2

sin2

1
r

cos
( 6 75 )

=
r =
r = 0

, r 0 ,r , F ,
, ( 6 75 ) ,
, ,
,

2
, =

( 6 16 )

( 6 75)

126

r = -

2 F cos
r

( 6 76 )

=
r = 0

:
(1 ) (6 76) ,r , O
,
(2 ) h, Ox O
( 6 16 ) , r/ cos= h,

616

r
r = -

2F

( 6 77 )

, , r , ,
m a x =

1
2

r = , (

) ( 6 17a )
( 3) O ( 617b )
( 4) 45 ( 6 17c )

( 6 76 ) ,
, 6 18
3

2 Fcos
x = r cos = r
2

y =r sin = -

2 Fsin cos

( 6 78 )

r
2

2 Fsincos
x y =r sincos= r

r O (

, , ) ,
O

45,

r = Ce , ,

rd

= tan
= 1 ,
4
dr

6 7

127

6 17

x = y = -

2F

( x2 + y2 ) 2
2F

xy

( 6 78)

( x2 + y2 ) 2

x y = -

2F

x y

( x2 + y2 ) 2

6 18

619

, a ( 619 )
x = y = x y = -

2F

( a2 + y2 ) 2
2F

ay

( a2 + y2 ) 2
2F

a y

( a2 + y2 ) 2

128

r =

E
1

)
(r -

-
r )
(

2( 1 +)

r =

(a)

r = 0

,
u

r =

=
r =

= -

r
u
r

2 F cos
E r

2F cos
=
r E r

+
r

v
r

( b)

=0

( b) ,
u= -

2F

cosln r + f ()
E

(c)

( c) ( b)
v

2F
2F
=
cos+
cosln r - f ()
E
E

( d)

v=

2F

2F

sinl n r - f () d+ f1 ( r)
E
( c) , ( e ) ( b ) , r ,
f 1 ( r) - r

d f 1 ( r)
dr

sin+

d f ()
+
d

2 (1 - ) F
si n= F = const
E

f () d+

(e)

( f)

f 1 ( r) - r
d f ()
d

d f1 ( r)
dr

= Q

f () d+

2( 1 - ) F
E

( g)
sin= Q

( g) ,
f 1 ( r) = H r + Q
f () = Isi n+ Kcos-

( 1 - ) F
sin
E

6 7

129

Q, H, I, K , , ( 6 20) :
( 1) x , r
( v)= 0 = 0
( 2) A
( u)r== 0h = 0

I = 0, H = 0, Q = 0
K=

2F
ln h
E
620

u=

2F
E

cosl n

h
r

( 1 - ) F
si n
E

( 1 - ) F
( 1 +) F
sinln
cos+
sin
v= r
E
E
E
h

2F

( 6 79 )

, v
( - v)= 2 =

2F
E

ln

(1 +) F
E

622

6 21

2F
s
ln
E
r

( 6 80 )

, h , ( 6 79) ( v)= / 2 ,
( ) ,
( 6 21 B ) , M
=

2F
E

ln

h
r

( 1 +) F
E

2F

h ( 1 +) F
ln
E
s
E

130

s
2F
ln
r
E

, , ,
E

E
2

1 -

, ( 6 80)
1 -
2

s
2 (1 - ) F
ln
=
E
r

( 6 81 )

3

( 6 22 ) ,
dy=

rd
cos

qd y =

qrd
cos

( 6 78 ) F, qd y a
( q = ) b, :
2
x = -

2
y = -

qcos d= - q ( 2+ sin2)
2
2

qsin d= - 2(2-

2
x y = -

q sin cosd=
1

si n2)

(2 sin )
2

( 6 82 )

=2 - 1 ( 6 22 ) ,
q
1 = (- sin )

q
2 = (+ sin )

( 6 83 )

m a x =
=

1
2

(1 - 2 ) = -

sin

( 6 84 )

, ,
, (6 82) , a, b

6 8

131

( 6 23 ) a, b

, ( )
y x ,
x

6 23

68
, a,
( 624 ) ,

6 24

, ,
,
x = q y = 0 x y = 0

0 =

1
2

qy

( 6 85 )

0 =

1
2

2
2
qr sin =

1
4

2
qr (1 - cos2)

( 6 86 )

, , r
0
:
= f 1 ( r) + f2 ( r) cos2

( 6 87 )

132

( 6 87) (6 49) ,
2

dr

1 d

d f1

r dr

d r2

d f2
2

dr

r dr

r dr

1 d f2

1 d f1

dr

4 f2

1 d

r dr

4
2

( 6 88 )

cos2= 0

,
2

dr

1 d

d2 f1

r dr

d r2

1 d f1

d2 f2

1 d
4
+
- 2
2
r dr r
dr
d

=0

r dr
2

dr

1 d f2

r dr

( 6 89 )

4 f2

=0

( 6 89) ,
n

( 6 90 )

f1 = r

d f1
2

dr
2

dr

1 d

1 d f1
r dr
2

r dr

n- 2

= [ n( n - 1 ) + n] r

n- 2

n r

= n2 rn - 2

( 6 91 )
n- 4

= n [ ( n - 2) ( n - 3 ) + ( n - 2 ) ] r
2

n - 4

= n ( n - 2) r

( 6 92 )

=0

n2 ( n - 2) 2 = 0

( 6 93 )

4
n1 , 2 = 0 n3 , 4 = 2
( 6 89)
2
2
f 1 = C1 + C2 l n r + C3 r + C4 r ln r

( 6 94 )

( 6 89) ,
n
f2 = r

d2 f2
2

dr

1 d f2
r dr

4 f2
2

= [ n( n - 1) + ( n - 4 ) ] rn - 2
= ( n + 2) ( n - 2) rn - 2

dr

1 d
4
- 2
r dr r

( 6 95 )
n - 2

( n+ 2)( n - 2) r

= ( n + 2) ( n - 2 ) [ ( n - 1) ( n - 3 ) + n - 2 - 4 ] rn - 4
n- 4

= ( n + 2) ( n - 2 ) n( n - 4 ) r
n 4

=0

( 6 96 )

6 8

133

n1 = - 2 n2 = 0 n3 = 2 n4 = 4
( 6 89)
f2 =

C5

+ C6 + C7 r2 + C8 r4

( 6 97 )

= f1 + f2 cos2
2

C5

= C1 + C2 ln r + C3 r + C4 r ln r +

+ C6 + C7 r + C8 r

cos2

( 6 98 )

( 6 40)
1

r = C2

r2

= - C2
r =

6 C5

+ 2 C3 + C4 (1 + 2ln r) -

6 C5
4

r4

2 C6
2

4 C6

6 C5

+ 2 C3 + C4 (3 + 2ln r) +
-

r2

+ 2 C7 cos2
2

+ 2 C7 + 12 C8 r

cos2

( 6 99 )

+ 2 C7 + 6 C8 r2 sin2

, :
1 r

, ;

2 r = a ,r =r = 0
, r

, C4 , C8 , C4 = C8 = 0

, r = a ,r = 0 ,
2 C3 +

C2
2

= 0 2 C7 +

6 C5
4

4 C6
2

=0

(a)

r = a ,r = 0 ,
2 C7 -

6 C5
4

2 C6
2

=0

( b)

, r 0
0 =

1
4

qr -

1
4

qr cos2, 0
0

r =
0

1
2
1
2

0
r = -

, r

q( 1 + cos2)
q( 1 - cos2)
1
2

qsin2

, (6 99) (6 100 )

(6 100 )

134

,
1

2 C7 = -

q, 2 C3 =

(c)

( a ) ( b) ( c) ,
C2 = -

1
2

qa , C3 =

C6 =

1
2

q, C5 = -

2
qa , C7 = -

1
4

1
4

qa

( 6 98) , C1 ( ) ,
=

1
4

q r - 2 a ln r -

r - 2a +

cos2

(6 101 )

r =
=

1
2
1
2

r = -

q 1-

4a

+ 1-

q 1+
1
2

r2

1+
2

q 1+

cos2

3a

2a
r2

3a
4

(6 102 )

cos2

3a

si n2

r4

( r = a
= / 2 ) ,
( 6 102) ( 6 25)
r = a, r = 0 , r = 0 ,
= q(1 - 2cos2)

(6 103 )

r = a, = / 2 ,
= 3 q; = 0
= - q
=,

= / 2 , r
( 6 25 ) :
625
2

= q 1 +

2r

3a

2r

(6 104 )

r = a ,
= 3 q, ,
= - q (6 104) , r = 2 a ,
=
= 0= ,

1 22 q, r = 3 a , = 1 07 q, r ,

q ,

,
, 2 a( 626 ) d (2 a d) ,

135

(
) m a x = 3q

d
d- a

(6 105 )

, ( 2 b) ( 6 27 ) ,
( 2 a)
) max = q 1 +
(

2a
b

(6 106 )

627

6 26

, a > b, () m a x > 3 q, b

0 , ,

,
,

1 , , (
)
2

(x + y ) = 0
2
, ,
, ,
3
4

= 0

4
5
6

136

61 ?
62 ?
63 ,
?
64 ?
65 , ?
66 ?
67 ?

61
:

1 ) ;
(2 ) = f ( r) si n

61

r =
=

F
N
F
N

r+
3r -

a b
3

2 2
a b
3

a +b

r
-

2
2
a +b

sin
sin

137

r = -

F
N

a b

r+

r3

a +b

cos

2
2
2
2
N = a - b + ( a + b ) ln

a
b

62
3

xy
3F
=
xy - 2
4c
3c

q
2

63 ( - c< y < c, 0 < x < l) , x = l

,
= s

1
4

xy -

xy

4c

xy

4c

ly

4c

ly

4c

,
64
x = a x + by
y = cx + d y
x y = y x = - d x - ay - x
x z = y z =z = 0
,1 ,
abcd
: a = 0 , b = - ,

6 4
3

c = cot- 21 cot , d =1 co t -
65 , = 0 3 ,
2 .5 % l h
: h/ l0 1085
66 q = 100k N/ m ,
( a )

66

67

138

2 1-

- x + xy+ ( x + y )

- a rctan

y
x

( b) ,
67
2

= cr ( cos2- cos2)
c ,
= , = 0 , r = s
= - , = 0 , r = - s

: c =

s
2sin2

68 1/ 2 ( p1 = p2 )

: p0 =0
69
610
:

71
,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
x y , z ,
,
m , z m , ,

x = x ( x , y) , y = y ( x, y ) , z = 0
x, y ,
x z = y z = 0
, z ,z

(7 1 )

140

3di
si j
2i

dij = dsi j =

(7 2 )

dx =

1 (y + z )
2
d x 2
3

dy =

1 (x + z )
2
d y 2
3

dz =

1
2
(x + y )
d z 2
3

(7 2)

dx y = d
x y
dz = 0
1 (x + y )
z =
2

(7 3 )

, ( x y )
z = m = 1 (x + y )
2

(7 4 )

(x - y ) + (y - z ) + (z - x ) + 6(x y + yz + z x ) = 6 k

(7 5 )

k , (7 4) x z =y z = 0 ( 75)
1
(x + y )
(x - y ) + y 2

1
(x + y ) - x
2

2
2

+ 6x y = 6 k

2
2
2
1
(x - y ) + x y = k
4

(7 6 )

z , :
1 , 3 =

1
x + y

2
2

(x - y ) + 4x y

,
1 =

x + y
1
+
2
2

2 =

x + y
2

3 =

x + y
- 1
2
2

(x - y ) + 4x y
(7 7 )
(x - y ) 2 + 42x y

, ,max = k, ( 76 )

7 2

141

m a x = k =

1
1
(1 - 3 ) =
2
2

(x - y ) + 4x y

(7 8 )

1 = m + k
2 = m

(7 9 )

3 = m - k
, , m = k

,
x y
x
+
= 0
x
y
x y
y
+
= 0
x
y

( 7 10 )

( 7 10) (7 6 ) , x ,y ,x y ,
, ,
, ,
, , 7 6

72
, P x y 7 1a
z , z = m = 2 P
3 ( 7 1b ) 2 ,
1

( 7 1( c) ) ,
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , k, m 7 1c
( ) ( ) P P , P
, ,
,

( 7 1b) , 2

tan2 =

2x y
x - y

( 7 11 )

1 , x ,
x ( 7 2 ) ,

142

7 1

tan2=

y - x
2x y

( 7 12 )

(7 11) (7 12) ,
tan2= -

1
tan2

2
2
2
(x - y ) + 4x y = 4 k

(7 12)
72

(2x y tan2) 2 + 42x y = 4 k2

x y = kcos2

,
y - x = 2x y tan2
1
(x + y ) = m
2

x = m - x y tan2= m - ksin2

cos2=

x y
k

y - x
sin2=
2k

( 7 13 )

,
, m a x =

1
(1 - 3 ) = k ,
2

, , ,
,

7 2

143

, (
7 3) ,
,
x ( 7 3) ,
1 x (
x , )
( )
45 , ,
45

73

, , 7 4 ,

,

7 4

x y ,

: d y = tan
dx

( 7 14 )
dy
:
= - cot
dx
P x ,y ,x y m , k ,
7 4a , , 7 4b

P X
X , ( ) ( ) , ( )
, ( ) ,
, :
x = m - ksin2
y = m + ksin2
x y = kcos2

( 7 15 )

144

( 7 15) (7 6 ) , (7 10) ,
m
+ sin2
- 2 k cos2
= 0
x
y
x
- cos2
m
- 2 k sin2
= 0
x
y
y

( 7 16 )

(7 16) m = m ( x , y ) = ( x, y )
,
x y
( 7 16 ) m ( x, y ) ( x, y ) (
)
x y L (
7 5

x = x ( s) , y = y ( s) ) m ,,

m
, ,
s
s

s1 , s2 L P ( 75) , , (7 16 )
,
m
+ sin2
- 2 k cos2
= 0
s2
s1
s1
m

- cos2
- 2 k sin2
= 0
s2
s1
s2

( 7 17 )

s1
x y , L m , L
m
m
dx+
d y = dm
x
y

dx +
d y = d
x
y
( 7 16) (7 18)

( 7 18 )

m m
,
,
,
,
x
y
x y

m
D1
=
,
x
D

m
D2
=
y
D

D3
=
,
x
D

D4
=
y
D

( 7 19 )

D =

- 2 kcos2 - 2 ksin2

0
dx

1
dy

- 2 ksi n2 + 2 kcos2
0
0

dx

( 7 20 )

dy

D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 D 0 , 0 , dm ,

7 2

145

d( (7 16 ) ( 7 18 ) ) D
, (7 19 ) ,
D = 0

( 7 21 )

, (7 19 ) , L , , L
, , L
, (7 21 )
( 7 21)
dy
dx

+ 2cot2

dy
- 1 = 0
dx

d y = tan, d y = - cot
dx
dx
, ,
, ( 7 14 ) ,
, L A B = d s( 7 6 ) , A B

7 6

d s = x y cosd x - x y sind y + y sind x - x cosd y

= x y cos2+

1
(y - x ) sin2 d s
2

( 7 15) k,
= k
, L , ,
( 716) , ,

s1 , s2 ( 7 5 ) , (7 17)

146

s
s

(m - 2 k) = 0
( 7 22 )
(m + 2 k) = 0

, ,

d y = tan
dx

( )
m - 2 k =
dy
= - cot
dx
( )
m + 2 k =

( 7 23 )

, , ,
,
m - 2 k =
m + 2 k =

( 7 24 )

( Henckys equation)
, , m , , x ,y ,x y
, , :
, x y
A B m , ,
, A B A B C
( 7 7)

7 7

, A B ( 7 7b ) ,
, A B m

7 3

147

, A BC ,
( 1 , 1) , ( 2 , 2) , , (1 , 2 ) , (1 , 3 ) ( 7 7b ) , ,
m ( 1 , 1 ) - 2 k( 1 , 1 ) = m ( 1 , 2 ) - 2 k( 1 , 2 )

(a)

m ( 2 , 2 ) + 2 k( 2 , 2 ) = m ( 1 , 2 ) + 2 k( 1 , 2 )
,
m ( 1 , 2 ) =

( 1 , 2 )

1 [m ( 2 , 2 ) + m ( 1 , 1 ) + 2 k(( 2 , 2 ) - ( 1 , 1 ) ) ]
2

( b)

1
[m ( 2 , 2 ) - m ( 1 , 1 ) + 2 k(( 2 , 2 ) + ( 1 , 1 ) ) ]
=
2

m ( 2 , 3 ) ,m ( 3 , 4 ) , ,( 2 , 3 ) ,( 3 , 4 ) , , A BC m
A BC
OA OB ,
m ( 7 8a ) , O ACB
, ,
( 7 8b)

7 8

79

, OA CB OA C
, , O A
m
, m
O A , OB (
A OB ) ( 7 9)

73

( 1) x
m = 2 k+ , m = - 2 k+ , ,
,m

148

( 2) , 1 2 ,
m ( 7 10 )
,
m - 2 k =

(a)

m + 2 k =

m =

1
(+ )
2

1
=
( - )
2k

( b)

1 ,2 ,1 ,2 1 ,2 ,1 ,2 ( b) ,
7 10

a, b, c, d
1

= (b - a ) =

=
2

1
(2 - 1 )
2k

= (c - d ) =
=

1
1
(2 - 1 ) (1 - 1 )
2k
2k

1
1
(2 - 2 ) (1 - 2 )
2k
2k

1
(2 - 1 )
2k

( 7 25 )

m b - m a =m c - m d

( 7 26 )

( 7 25) (7 26)
( 3) m ,
m A ( 7 11 ) m A
, A , A 1
1 ,

m B = 1 - 2 kB

(c)

1 =m B - 2 kB

( d)

m c =1 + 2 kc

(e)

711

( 4) , m ,,,x ,y ,x y
, , ,

7 3

149

, (2 )
( 5) ,
( 7 12 )

7 12

, R , R ,

1
=
s
R
1

= R
s

( f)

R ( R ) s ( s ) ,
, 712a , ( f)

( f)
R= s
- R= s
A B =s , AB= s
,
= s +
s

(s )s

(s )s

( R - s )- R
s = -
s
s

AB- A B = -

s
(s )
=
s

( - R) =

( g)

150

, ,
s
s

( R ) = - 1
( 7 27 )
( R ) = - 1

: d R + R d= 0

( 7 28 )

: d R - Rd= 0

74
C P , n, n x
( 7 13 ) P n , n , n | k | ,
2

n =x cos + y sin +x y sin2

n =

1
(y - x ) sin2+x y cos2
2

( 7 29 )

, ( 715 )
,
n = m - ksi n2( - )
n = kcos2(- )

713

(7 30)

(7 30 )
, n ,n , m , ( 7 30 ) ,m ,
, (7 30 )
=

1
n
a rccos
+ m
2
k

( 7 31 )

m =n + ksin2(- )
a rccos

n
, m ( 7 31) , n ,n
k

m , ,
, , ,
71 , 7 14 ,

A B

7 4

151

, n = n = 0
2

, (7 31 )
=

1
+ m
2
2
2

( 7 32 )

m = k

714

A B t ,
( 7 4 )
1
(t +n ) = m
2

t = 2 k

( 7 33 )

( 7 33) , ( ) ( ) ,
, , , 1 = 0 ,
( 7 33) , t = - 2 k
,

( 7 32) ( ) ( 7 15 ) 1 = 0 ,
1 ( 7 15 ) ,

7 15

72
( 7 16 ) ,
= 0 , n = 0 , n 0
, (7 31 )
=

1
+ m
2 2

m = n k

1 - 3 = 2 k

152

1 0 , 3 > 2 k, 1 ,3 ,
m 1 ,
7 16

7 16

75
1
D , x ,y ,x y , D , m , D
, (7 24 ) , D , ,

( 7 17 )
m - 2 k=
m + 2 k=
,

2
D , m ,
( ) ,
( 724 ) , ,
, m ,
, ,
7 17

,
m - 2 k=
m + 2 k=

7 5

153

, m , , 7 18
,m r( ) ,
m r , ,
( 7 15 ) ,r , ,r x ,y ,x y r
, , m r ,
, ,

, O ,

718

3

, ,
, ,
, , , , ,

2 a, q ( 7 19 ) , ,
q0 , B B
,
, , v0 , 7 19
BC BC ,
B A B

7 19

, B B ,
, BC B C , ,

, , B , ,
BC , A B C

154

45
( 7 20 )
A B AB ,
A B D, D B E B CE ( 7 20a )
( 1) BCE ( 7 20 b) ,
y =x y = 0

y - x
2

+ 2x y = k2

x
2

2
2

= k , x = 2 k

, B EC , B E C
, B EC ( ) ,
x = - 2 k,m = - k ,1 ( = 0 ) ( 715 ) ,

7 20

sin2= 1 , cos2= 0
, 2=

+ 2 m m = 0 , = , , BCE
2
4

( 720b ) BC :m = - k, =
B EC

,
4

7 5

155

m = - k, =

(a)

( 2) B D E ( 7 20c ) , B E , ,

, B E ,=
, B D,= -

, x
4

, ( ) ,m
, 2 , , D E F( 720c) D

(m ) B F - 2 kB F = - k - 2 k

(m ) B F = - k + 2 k B F -

(m ) B D = - k + 2 k -

= - k( 1 +)
4
4

( b)

( 3) A B D ( 7 20d ) , BD ,
m = - k(1 +)
= -

x =m - ksin2= - k

y = m + ksin2= - k( 2 +)

(c)

x y = kcos2= 0
, A B
, ,
, 7 21

7 21

A B q0
q0 = y

156

( c)

q0 = k( 2 +)

Q0 = 2 ak(2 +)

( d)

, , ( 7 22 )

7 22

7 22 , ,
Q0 ,
A BC ,
,

4
, ( 7 23) ,
b 2 h , ( b
) , 7 24 A BC ABC
, , A B C

7 23

724

7 5

157

x = 2 k
AB
C
x = - 2 k
A B C ,
= -

m =x + ksin2= 2 k - k = k
, ,

1 = m - 2 k= k - 2 k -

= k 1+
4
2

1 =m + 2 k= k + 2 k -

= k 1 4
2

A B C ,
1 =
1

( A D)
= -

-
4

= D A C
1 =
1 ,
AC

k 1-

= m+ 2 k -
2
4

, A D
m= k -

k - 2k - = k( 1 + 2)
2
4

, A
D
= -

3
+
m = - k(1 + 2)
4

A DC ADC R DD ,
, DD 2 7 24
2=

- 2
2

A D DA , = ,
AD =AD

158

2=

1
= 16
20
4
2

2=

- 2= 73
40
2

A D d , OD R , d :
Rsin+ dcos= h
R , R A D DA y
Y = 0 A D DA k,
:
= =AD
=m - 2 k -

, D D m = 2 k, ( 7 24 ) ,
2

Y = 0 :
P
= kdcos - k( 1 + 2) dsin+ kR
2

cosd - 2 kR sind
0

0 .0300 d + 0 .4296 R =

P
2k

M0 = 0 ,
kdR -

2
2
1
1
m d + kR = P l
2
2

l O ,
l= l + Rcos- dsin
, R , A BCD ,
A DDA

p0 l/ h
2<

1
, D D
4
2

,
, ( 7 25 )
l/ 2 h13 .7 3 , DD
l ,
725

, ,

7 5

159

5
6 6 ,
r
- p1
a

r = 0 ln

(a)

=
r +
0
r = 0

,1 =
,
3 =
r ,
1 > 0 ,
3 < 0 , ,
45 ( 7 26 ) ,

r = ce

t an
4

, = 0 , r = a ,=

= ce

= ce

, c = a,
4
r = ae

-
4

( b)

,
m =

1
+
r )
(
2

726

(c)

727

( 7 27)
m - 2 k=
= l n

r
a

( d)

160

-
r = 2 k

(e)

r = b ,
= ln

b
= 2k
+ , r = 0 ,
a
4

b =r ,
2r + 2 k - 4 kln

b
r
- k= 2 k - 4 kln
- k
a
a

r = - 2 kln

b
r

b
= 2 k 1 - ln
r

( f)

P0
p0 = 2 kln
728

b
a

( g)

6 , 7 28

, ,
, ,

76
, ,
,
, ,

, ( )
dx - dy x - y
=
dx y
x y

( 7 34 )

dz = 0

dx + dy = 0
d t

( 7 35 )

7 6

161

dx
d
=
dt dt
u x , u =

u
=
x

u
x

dv
du
, v =
( 734 ) (7 35)
dt
dt

( u/
( u/

x ) - ( v/
y) - ( v/

y) x - y
=
x)
2x y

( 7 36 )

u
+
x

v
=0
y

( 7 37 )

,
,
, ( = k) ,
m , ,
,
d

d
=
=0
dt
dt

( 7 38 )

,

, 7 29 ,
V , x , y u , v, 7 29
u = ucos- u sin

( 7 39 )

v = u sin+ ucos

u , u ,= 0 , x , ( 739 )

u
x

= 0

u
y

= 0

=0
( 7 40 )
=0

- u
=0
x
x
u

+
y

u
=0
y

( 7 41 )

x , y ,

729

162

- u
=0

+ u
=0

( 7 42 )

( 7 42) , , (7 42)
d u - u d= 0 ,
d u + u d= 0 ,

( 7 43 )

, , ( H Geiringer)
, d= 0 , (7 43)
u = u () u = u ()

( 7 44 )

, = , u =
, u = u () , ( 743 )
1 (

)
u = 1 () + 2 ( r) , u =

( 7 45 )

1 ,2 , r O( 7 18)
, (= )
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,

1
2 ,

3
4
5
6

71 ?

163

72 ?
73
?
74 , ?

71 P0 ( )
: p0 = 1 +

4 kh
2

72
73
: q0 = 2 k
74
: q0 =

k
( 6 +)
3

75

71

73

7 4

81
,
, ,
z
,
, , ,
x, y, z, z , z w, w( x, y, z) = 0,

, ,
, , w ( x , y, z) 0
w( x, y, z)

, M T , 8 1
, ,
, , ,

8 1

165

x l +x y m = 0
(8 1 )

x y l +y m = 0
z x l +y z m = 0

8 1

l = cos ( n, x) , m = cos( n, y )

d F = 0

d F = 0
zx

zy

d F = 0

xd F = 0
z

( 82)

yd F = 0

( x - y ) d F =
z

zy

zx

MT

, z ,
, w x , y ,
w = f ( x, y)

(8 3)

, , z
,
z z z = 0

A r P ( x , y) ,
P( x - u, x + v) ( 8 2 ) , z = 0
, P x , y

82

166

u = - ( rz) sin= - yz
v = ( rz) cos= xz

(8 4 )

A P x
, A P z (8 3 ) , (8 4) ,
x = x y =y =z = 0
z x =

w
- y
x

z y =

w
+ x
y

(8 5 )

x =y =z =x y = 0
z x = G

w
- y = Gzx
x

z y = G

w
+ x = Gzy
y

(8 6 )

( )
z x
=0
z
z y
=0
z

(8 7 )

z y
z x
+
=0
x
y
( 8 6 ) z x y ,z y x ,
,
z x
z y
= - 2 G
y
x

(8 8 )

, , ( 8 7 ) , ( 8 8 )

, , ,
z x =

, z y = y
x

(8 9 )

, ( 89 ) (8 8 )

2
2

= - 2 G

( 8 10 )

, (8 10) ,

8 1

167

( S .D .Poisson) 1781 , 1840

, 1798
,
1811
,
Simon Denis Pois son

, (8 1)
z x l + z y m = 0

( 8 11 )

l = cos( n, x) =

dy
ds

( 8 12 )

dx
m = cos( n, y) = ds

x = x ( s) , y = y( s) , s , y , x ( 8 1 ) , d x, d y
( 8 9 ) ( 8 12 ) ( 8 11 )
d x d
d y
+
=
=0
y ds
x ds ds

( 8 13 )

=
, , ( x, y )
, , , ,
,
= 0 ( C)

( 8 14 )

2
zx

2
zy

+ =

( 8 15 )

= | gr ad|
=

n , ,

168

, C

, (810) (814) , (89)

, (86), f, (86) (89)
w 1
=
x G y

u
+
z

x z =

v
1
= z
G x

w
+
y

y z =

,
MT =
A

= -

(z y x - z x y ) d xd y
x

d xd y x

= -

dy x

d xd y
y

dx x

dx y

y
2
y
1

dy
y

A
,

MT = -

xd y

x
x

2
1

+ d xd y -

yd x

+ d xd y

= 0 , x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ,
M T = 2 d xd y

(8 16)

, ( x , y) , MT

, , ,
( 8 10) , M T
MT
, KT ,

82
,
, , z x ,z y M T

8 2

169

, A BCD ( 8 3 )
2

= - 2 G
, x = a, y = b ,
= 0
a, b ( 8 3 )
,
, ( Dirichlet )
,
:
= 0 + 1

(8 17)

0 , 1
,
2

8 3

0 = - 2 G, 1 = 0
0 ,
2

1 = 0
1 = - 0 ( )

,0
2

0 = - G( y - b )
1 , :
1 = 0 , y = b
2

1 = G( y - b ) ,

x= a

( 8 18 )

1 :

1 =

Xn ( x ) Y n ( y )

( 8 19 )

n=0

1 =

( XY
n

+ Y
n Xn ) = 0

n= 0

Y
Xn
n
= Xn
Yn
x , y , k2n ,
2
n = kn X n ,
X

2
Y
n = - kn Y n

( 8 20 )

170

Xn = C1 n sh kn x + C2 n ch kn x
( 8 21 )
Y n = C3 n sin kn y + C4 n cos kn y
Cin ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ( 8 18 ) , x = a

1
y

( x) Y
n ( y ) = 2 Gy

( 8 22 )

n= 0

X n ( x) Y
n ( y ) y , C3 n = 0 ( 8 18 )
x= a

1 = G( y - b ) =

( x ) Y n ( y)

( 8 23 )

n= 0

Y n ( y) y , C1 n = 0 ,

1 =

4n

cos kn y C2 n ch kn x =

n= 0

cos kn y ch kn x

( 8 24 )

n=0

y = b,1 = 0 ,
n
cos kn b = 0 , kn =
2b
n

= - ( y - b ) G+

An ch

1 ,3, 5,

ny
nx
cos
2b
2b

( 8 25 )

- ( y - b ) G = 323b G 13 sin ncos ny

2
2b

1 ,3,5 , n
2

1
ncos ny +
= 323b G 3 sin
2
2b

1,3 ,5, n

1,3 ,5,

nx
An cos ny ch
2b
2b

32 b
n + An ch nx
= cos ny G 3 3 sin
2
2b
n
2b
1 ,3, 5,
x = a ,= 0 ,
n
32 b
2
An = - G 3

3
na
n ch
2b
2

sin

( 8 26 )

8 2

171

( 8 26) (8 25)

= - G y - b +

32b
3

1,3 ,5,

sin n
ny
2
nx
cos
ch
3
2b
na
2b
n ch
2b

( 8 27 )

( 8 16)

d xd y = 16 Gab
A

MT = 2

1 - 64 b
5
3
a 1 ,
3,5 ,

th

na
2b
5
n

a
64 b
1
=
b
3
a5 1 ,
3 ,5,

= f1

t h na
2b
5
n

( 8 28 )

MT
MT
=
3
16 G ab
Kt

( 8 29 )

Kt = 16Gab3 = G( 2 a) ( 2 b) 3
( 8 29) (8 27)

= -

MT
3
16ab

y - b +

sin n
ny
2
nx
cos
ch
3
na
2b
2b
n ch
2b

32 b
3 1 ,
3, 5,

( 8 30 )

z x = x z = -

= -

MT
2 y - 16b
2
3
1 ,
16ab
3,5 ,

z y = y z = -

n
ny
2
ch nx sin
2
2b
na
2b
n ch
2b
sin

sin n
MT
ny
16 b
2
nx
cos
sh
= 3
2
2
na
2b
2b
16ab 1 ,
3,5 ,
n ch
2b

x = 0 , y = b , ,

(8 31)

172

m a x

2 MT
=
3
16ab

1
1 - 82
1 , 3 , 5 , n2 ch na
2b

MT
MT
2 =
2
8ab
( 2 a) ( 2 b)

( 8 32 )

=
1 -

= f 2

= f2

1
8
2
1 , 3 , 5 , n2 ch na
2b

a
(8 28)= f1
b

a
b

a
a
a
, , 8 1
b
b
b

81
a/ b

a/ b

1 0

0 141

0 208

3 0

0 263

0 267

1 2

0 166

0 219

4 0

0 281

0 282

1 5

0 196

0 231

5 0

0 291

0 291

2 0

0 229

0 246

10 0

0 312

0 312

2 5

0 249

0 258

0 333

0 333

8 1 ,

1
a
, , ,
b
3

( 8 29) (8 32)
=

3 MT
,
G( 2 a) ( 2 b) 3

m a x =

, 2 a 2 b ( 8 4 )

8 4

3 MT
( 2 a) ( 2 b) 2

( 8 33 )

8 3

173

83
, ,
, ,

,
( ) ,
, , q ,
z ( 8 5 ) , , d xd y,
s, , ab s ,
z
x

8 5

z , s dc

z
+
d x
+
x
x

z
2

dx

z
z
+
ac bd
y
y

z
2

d y ,

s ,
- sd y

z
+ sd y
x

z
+
x

z
2

z
+ sd x
y

d x - sd x

z
+
y

z
2

d y + qd xd y = 0

z
2

z
2

= -

q
s

( 8 34 )

174

( 8 34) , ( 8 10 ) , ,
8 2
8 2 V

82

1/ s

z
z
,
x y

, z ,
,

: ( 1)
,
,

z y ,z x

(2 )

2V

(3 )

MT

84
( 86) , ,
b ,
,
z
=0
y

8 6

( 8 34)
2

d z
q
2 = s
dx

( 8 35 )

, ( x = 0 , d z/ d x = 0 , x = t/ 2 , z = 0 )
1 q
z=
2 s

t
2

2
2

- x

( 8 36 )

8 4

175

t ( 8 6 ) ,
3

V = qbt / 12 s
, q 2, 1/ s G ,
MT = 2 V =

1 3
bt G= JG
3

( 8 37 )

J = bt / 3
zy = -

z
= 2 Gx
x

( 8 38 )

3 MT
Gbt3

( 8 39 )

( 8 38) , x t/ 2 ,
,
m a x = Gt =

MT =

3 MT
bt3

( 8 40 )

1 3
bt m a x
3

( 8 41 )

,
, z = 0 ,

, ,

81 MT ( 87)
,
MT

=
G

1
2
b1 t31 + b2 t32
3
3

1
3 MT
3
G b1 t1 + 2 b2 t32

m a x = Gti =

3 MT t i
b1 t31 + 2 b2 t32

(8 42 )

ti t1 , t2
, 8 7
, ,

87

176

85
, z = 0
grad
, , gr ad
,
, ,
, ,
,
2

x z +y z = k

( 8 43 )

k
,
x z
y z
+
=0
x
y
( 8 5 )
y z
x z
= - 2
y
x
Fp ( x, y )
Fp
, y z = y

x z =

Fp
x

( 8 44 )

Fp
x

Fp
y

= k2

( 8 45 )

| gr ad Fp | = k

( 8 46 )

Fp
= k
n

( 8 47 )

( 8 13) ,
Fp = = 0

( 8 48 )

( 8 47 ) z = Fp ( x, y) ( )
k , ,
,

8 5

177

, ( 8 8
)

8 8

, , ,
8 9 , , 8 10 ,
,z x ,z y
, = k 8 11 A B,
8 11 , A B ,
, Fp ,
, ,
,

8 9

8 10

8 11

, M 0T
0
MT = 2

Fp d xd y
A

( 8 49 )

, , ( a b) ,
h
= k,
a/ 2
V=

( b - a) ah
1 2
+2
a h/ 2
2
3

178

8
3

1
ka
M = ka2 b 2
6
0
T

( 8 50 )

M T = ka b

( 8 51 )

MT
,
M 0T =

1 3
a k
3

3
MT =a k
0

= 0 .208( 7 1) , M T = 1 603 M T

a , h/ a = k, h = ka, V =
0

MT =

MT =

1 2
a h ,
3

2 3
a k
3

( 8 52 )

1 3
a k
2

( 8 53 )

, ,
W 1 , W2 ,

W1
=
W2

MT1
, MT0
MT2

86
, ,
, L
,
gr ad Fp

= k

,
2
= - 2 G

Fp
,
=
x
y

Fp
y

( 8 54 )

Fp = + ,

Fp = ( L )

( 8 55 )

8 6

179

, ( x, y) Fp ( x, y ) Fp C
, C , L
2

Fp k | gr ad| < k , = - 2 G,
, ( A Nadai, 1923 )

F ,
: , ,
( ) , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, Fp k ,
, ( 8 12 ) ,
, ,

,
, , ( )

( A .Nadai ) 1883 ,

( L .Pr and tl ) ,

(1927 , 1931)
Arpad Nad ai

( 8 16) ,
,
82 a ,
, , k

180

8 12

813

k
Ga

> , a
( 8 13 ) , , r c
r
k
c

=
r c

= k
( 1)
2

, = - 2 G , = ( r) ,
r=

x2 + y2 r = 0 , d/ d r = 0 ,
2

x + y = r

2

= A( r - x - y )
( 8 10) A
A = 1 G
2

2
1
Gr + B (0 r c)
2

B ,
( 2)
, Fp
Fp = k( a - r) ( c r a)
,
( Fp ) c + 0 = () c - 0
,

181

2
1
Gc + B
2

k( a - c) = B=

2
1
Gc + k( a - c)
2

2
2
= 1 G( c + r ) + k( a - c)
2

Fp = k( a - r)
, c ,
= Gr
r = c
k = Gc

c=

k
G

, , c0
MT (8 16 )
MT = 2 d xd y
c

= 2

k2
2
k
1
G 2 2 + r + k a G
G
2

k
2
1
= a3 k 1 3
3
4 a G

k( a -

2rd r + 2

r) 2rd r

M0T
0

MT =

2 3
a k
3

1 , ,
, w( x, y, z) 0
2
2

2 =

2 +
x

2 = - 2G
y

3 = grad ,
4

182

5
6
7

81 , ?
82 ?
2

83 = - 2 G ?
84 , ,
?
85 , ?

81 ,
:
82 a a ,

83 K T
: ( a ) KT = G( b1 t31 + b2 t32 + b3 t33 ) , ( b ) K T = 4 .72 Ga4

83

84 = A( r2 - a2 )
G A
: A = - 0 .5 G

183

85
:
2

x
y
- 1
2 +
a
b2

a, b
: m a x =

2 MT
2
ab

86
: MT =

1 3
ka
3

87 8 7

91
5 , ,
, 15 15 ,
, ,

, ,
, ,
, , ,
,
,
Ek , U, t ,
, ,
Ek +U = W +Q

(9 1 )

W Fb i pi ,Q ( )
,,
Q = 0 , Ek = 0

U =W

(9 2 )

9 2

185

5 , ,

ij

U0 =

ij dij =

ijij

( 93)

, U0 x x
, x x =
x
( 9 1)

U0 =

( 94)

0
, U

ij

U
0 =

ij

( 95)

ij

9 1

0 =
U

(9 6 )

U
0 ( ) ,
0
U0 , U

9 1 , x x x x =
x

x ,

x ,

x = U0 + U
0 U0
0 ( )

x ,
x
x (
U

) , U0 = U
0
, ,
,
:
( 1) ,
x

x = U0 + U
0 ;

( 2) ,

d ;

0 =
U

( 3) U0 = U
0

92
Fb i ( Fb x , Fb y , Fb z ) p i ( px , p y ,
pz ) , V , S V

186

x
x
x y
x
x z
x

x y
y
y

y
y z

+
+

x z
z
y z
z
z

+ Fb z = 0
(9 7 )

+ Fb y = 0
+ Fb z = 0

i j , j + Fb i = 0 ( i, j = x, y, z)

(9 8 )

S , S , S u ,
S S S u (
) ,
x l1 + x y l2 +x z l3 -
px = 0
(9 9 )

py = 0
y x l1 +y l2 +z y l3 -
pz = 0
z x l1 + y z l2 + z l3 -

i j n j =
p i ( i, j = x, y, z) ( S )

( 9 10 )

, ,
ui , u,v,w

: ,
,
W Fb i p i ,
W =

( Fb xu + Fb yv + Fb zw) dV +

( p xu + pyv + pzw) d S
( 9 11 )

W =

Fb
i
ui dV +

p
i
ui d S

( 9 11)

,
U =

(xx + yy + zz + x yx y + y z y z + z xz x ) dV

( 9 12 )

iji j dV

( 9 12)

U =

(xx + yy + zz + x yx y + y zy z + z x z x ) dV

9 2

187

( Fb xu + Fb yv + Fb zw) dV

( p xu + pyv + p zw) d S

( 9 13 )

i jij dV =

Fb iui dV +

p
i
ui d S

( 9 13)

W =U

( 9 13)

( 913) , S u ,ui =
0 , S , pi =ij n j (9 13) S
S ,

p u d S + F u dV = n u d S + F u dV

W =

bi

ij

bi

( 9 14 )

(xu)
x

(yv)

(zw)

dV

(xul1 + yvl2 + ywl3 ) d S

( 9 15 )

l1 , l2 , l3 n ,
l1 = cos ( x, n) , l2 = cos( y, n) , l3 = cos ( z , n)

(xu)
V

dV =

(u) dV +

x
udV
x

x l1ud S

x y
V
=

(v) +

x y

(u) dV +

v +

x y
y

u dV

x y ( l1v + l2u) d S

(u )
ij

, j

n u d S

dV =

ij

, nj = l1 , l2 , l3 (9 16) (9 14) ,

(u )

W =

ij

,j

F u dV

dV +

bi

( 9 16 )

188

( u + u ) d V + F u dV
= ( + F )u dV + u dV
=

ij , j

ij

i, j

bi

ij , j

bi

ij

i, j

,
ij , j + Fb i = 0

i j =ji , i j =

1
(ui, j +u j, i )
2

ijui, j =ijij

dV

W =

ij

ij

W =U
, ,

, W =U
, W =U ,
ij , j + Fb i = 0

p i =i j n j

, ( 9 13 )
, ( 9 13) ,
: ,
,
, (9 13 ) ui
,
, (9 13 ) x ,y , ,x z , u,
v,w ,
ij =

1
2

(ui, j +u j, i )

( 9 17 )

ui S u u i =
ui ,
ui = 0

( 9 18 )

( 9 17) (9 18) (9 13)

( 9 13) , ,

9 2

189

, u,v,w (9 17) (9 18) ,

ui u i ( xi ) , ui ( x i )
,ui u i , d ui u i
, ,
, (1788) ,

( L .E ule r) 1707 , 1783

1722 15 ( University of Basel ) ,
( John Bernoulli ) 1726
, 1733 ,
17271741
1741 , 1766
( Cath erine ) ,
, ,
,
e, i, !

Leona rd E ule r

( J . L .Lagrange ) 1736 ,
1813 , 16
,
, ,
, ,

Joseph Louis Lagr ange

, ,

190

91 9 2 , , q ,

w ,

U =W

(a)

d A

U = 2

dx

( b)

x = - zw, x = - Ez w

9 2

x = - z( w) = - z(w)
( b)
l

w(w) d x

U = 2 E J

,
l

l
0

U = 2 E J w(w) - w

(3)

(w)

l
0

( 4)

wd x

(c)

P,
l

qwd x -

W = 2

Pwc

( d)

wc c , ( a )
l

2 ( EJ w

(4)

- q)wd x + 2 EJ w(w) 0l - 2 E J w ( 3 ) (w)

l
0

+ Pwc = 0

(e)

l = 0 , (w) 0 = 0 , (w) l =wc

(w)

w , , ( e ) ,
( E J w) x = 0 = 0 , 2 ( E J w( 3 ) ) x = l - P = 0

( f)

EJw

(4)

- q= 0

( g)

( w) x = 0 = 0 , ( w)
x= l = 0

(h)

93
, U0
U0 =

1
2

i jij

(a)

9 3

191

U0

ij =

( b)

ij

U0 ,
2

iji j =x +y +z +

1 2
2
2
(yz + z x + x y )
2

U0 = Gi jij +

e = U0 (ij )

(c)

e = ii
, U0 ( ui ) ,

F u dV - p u d S = 0

( ui ) d V -

bi

( 9 19 )

,
Fb i , pi , , (9 19 )
, Et ,

Et =

( ui ) dV -

bi

p u dS

u i dV -

= 0

( 9 20 )

Et =( U - W ) = 0

[U ( u )

Et =

p u dS

- Fb i u i ] dV -

( 9 20)

ui = 0 , ( Su )
ui -

ui
( 9 20) , Et , U , W ,
,
( 9 20) , , ,

, ,

, , Et , ui

, ui , ij ij
ui = ui +u ij =ij +i j
U0 (ij ) , ,

192

U0

ij

U0 ( ) = U0 (ij ) +

ij

ij +

U0
2
ij

(ij ) 2

( d)

[U

Et (i j ) - Et (i j ) =

(ij +ij ) - U0 (i j ) ] dV

F u dV - p u d S

bi

(e)

Et (ij ) - Et (ij ) =Et +

1
2

2
Et +

F u d V
p u d S = 0
U dV

Et =

bi

Et =

U0 dV =
V

U0

i j kl

ijkl dV

( f)

( f) ij , , i j = 0 , ij = 0 , ( d)
U0 (i j ) =

U0
2
ij

(ij ) 2

Et (ij ) - Et (ij ) = Et =

(i j ) d V

( c) U0 (ij ) ,
2

Et 0 , Et (ij ) Et (ij )

( 9 21 )

, : ,

, ,
,
, ,
( 9 13) ( 9 20)
, ,
, , ,

( Castigliano A ) : Et
[ Et = Et (i ) ] , Qi t (i )
( )

i ,

9 4

193

92 q( x) ( 9 3 ) ,

,
Et =( U - W ) = 0

1
2
x d xd yd z
2E

Et =

U0 dV =
V

9 3

My

x =

d w

, M = - EI

dx

, I =

y d zd y

U =

EI

2
0

2
d w

d x2

dx

(a)

qw d x

W =

( b)

Et = 0 w ,
w=

d(w)
dw
=
= (w)
dx
dx

2
( w)
E I( w) = 2 E I w(w)= 2 E I w

qwd x
EI w(w)d x

Et =

(c)

,
l

EI w(w)d x =
0

l
l
0

EI w(w) - ( EI w)
wd x

l
0

( EI w)wd x

( d)

E I w(w) 0l = ( E I w)w

l
0

=0

( d) ( c) ,
l

[ ( EI w)0

q]wd x = 0

w ,
( EI w)- q = 0

(e)

194

94
9 2 , ,
, ,
, ,
,
x ,y , ,z x
,
ij =
ij +
i j

(a)

,
ij , j + Fb i = 0

( b)

Fb i , ,
( 9 22 )

(ij ) , j = 0

V , S
S u S u , , p x , py , pz , Su

(ij +ij ) nij = p i +pi

( 9 23 )

pi = (i j ) nj

( 9 24 )

i j n j = 0

( 9 25 )

,
S
, u, v, w
x ,y , ,x y ,
x -

u
x

= 0 , , x y -

u
y

v
= 0 ( V )
x

u -
u = 0, , w -
w = 0 ( Su )

( 9 26 )
( 9 27 )

u,
v,
w ( )
,
V

x -

u
x

x + y -

v
y

y + + x y -

u
y

v
x y dV
x

u -
u px + ( v -
v)p y + ( w -
w)pz d S = 0
u

( 9 28 )

9 5

195

xx + yy + + x yx y +
+

( up x + vp y + wpz ) d S -

x y

z x
z

u + ( ) v + ( ) w dV

(
up x +
vpy +
wpz ) d S = 0

( 9 29 )

( 9 22) (9 25) ,

dV - u p d S = 0
ij

ij

( 9 30 )

u p d S

W=

dV

U=

ij

ij

W=U
( 9 30) , , :
, ,
( 9 30)
(ij ) , j = 0 ( V )
pi = 0 ( S )
,
,
, ,
, ,
( 9 30 )
, ( 9 30 ) , ( 9 30)
, , , ij

95
,
U(ij ) , ;
, ( ) , U(ij )
, , ,

196

9
0 (
ij )
U

ij =

ij

0 =
i j
ij
U

U
0 (
ij ) dV =

U=

iji j dV

( 9 30)
U
0 (
ij ) dV -

u
i
pi d S = 0
u

, Su , ,
,

u p d S

U
0 (
ij ) d V V

= 0

( 9 31 )

, ,
Fb i = 0 ( V )
i j , j +
p i = 0 ( S )
i j n j -

( 9 32 )

u p dS
U( ) dV

t =
E

ij

( 9 33 )

t = 0
E

, ,

t 0
E

: ,

, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ( 9 31)
,
, (9 22 ) ,
t =U
=0
E

( 9 34 )

( 9 34) : ,

9 6

197

, ,
, (9 34 )
U = 0

( 9 35 )

, ,
U Qi , U( Qi )/

Qi (

96
: ;
;

1 .
, ,
, , (913) (920)
, (913) (920),
,
n

u( xi ) = u0 + ak u k ( x i )
k= 1
n

v( xi ) = v0 +

b v
k

( 9 36 )

( xi )

k= 1

w( x i ) = w0 +

c w
k

( xi )

k=1

, ak , bk , ck , u0 , v0 , w0 ,
u, v0 =
v, w0 =
w ( Su )
u0 =
uk , vk , wk ( k = 1 , 2 , , n) ,
uk = vk = w k = 0 , ( k = 1 , 2 , , n) ( S u )
n ,
, ak , bk , ck ,
n

u =

a u
k

k=1

, v =

b v
k

k= 1

, w =

c w
k

k= 1

( 9 36) ( 9 13 )
( 9 20) , ak ,bk ,ck ,

198

, (9 36 ) ( 9 20 ) ,
n

k= 1

U
ak +
ak

ck w k Fb z dV +

U
bk +
bk

U
ck +
ck

ak u k p x d S +

ak u k Fb x d V +

bk v k p y d S +

bk v k Fb y d V

ck w k p z d S

= 0

ak ,bk ,ck ,
U
=
ak
U
bk
U
ck

u k Fb x dV +
vk F b y dV +

uk p x d S
( 9 37 )

vk p y d S

w k Fb z dV +

wk py d S

( 9 37) , U , ak , bk , ck (9 37 ) ak ,
bk , ck 3 n, , ( 937 )
ak , bk , ck , ( 9 36 ) ( 9 37 )

=0

ak
U
bk
U
ck

=0

( k = 1 , 2 , , n)

( 9 38 )

=0

( W Ritz) , 1908

2 .
u0 , v0 , w0 uk , vk , w k n ,
, ,
U0

x = 2 G

x
n

k= 1

ak

+ ak
k= 1

uk
x

+ bk

uk
x

vk
y

u0

1 - 2v

+ ck

wk
z

v0
y

w0
z
( 9 39 )

y =

9 6

199

, ,
ui

U =

ij, j

( n

+ Fb i ) ui dV -

ij

- pi ) ui d S = 0

, (9 36 ) , n

, , ,
( 9 13) (9 20)
W =U

U0
ij

F u dV +p u d S =u

i j dV =

bi

ij

n u d S -

ij

i, j

dV

ui dV

ij , j

( 9 40 )

ij, j

+
Fb i )ui d V = 0

( 9 41 )

x
x

x y
y

x z

+ Fb x u + ( )v + ( )w dV = 0

( 9 42 )

ui =

ik

u ik (ui = u,v,w)

k=1

(ij , j +
Fb i ) aik u i k dV = 0
k= 1

( i = 1 , 2 , 3; aik = ak , bk , ck ; uik = uk , vk , w k )

( 9 43 )

, n , ak , ,

( 9 36) (9 43) , ak x , y, z , ,

x
x
x y
x
x z
x

+
+
+

x y
y
y
y
y z
y

+
+
+

x z
z
y z
z
z
z

+ Fb x u k d V = 0
+ Fb y v k dV = 0

( k = 1 , 2 , , n)

( 9 44 )

+ Fb z w k dV = 0

, ak , bk , ck
, ( 9 44 ) , ( 9 39 )

200

( B .G .Galerki n) , 1930

( B .G .Gale rk in) 1871 , 1945

1899 , 1909
, 1920 , 1935

Bolice Grigaolibich Galerkin

, ,
, , ,
, ,
: , ,
p x =py =pz = 0 ; , ( 9 22 ) ,
( 9 24) px ,p y ,pz ,

3 .
,

, ,

, ,
,
,
,
, ( 9 20) ,
,

9 6

201

1
ij cij klkl - Fb i u i dV 2

p u dS

Et =

( 9 45 )

, ,
1

Et =

T
T
C - u F dV -

( 9 46 )

u pd S

, ,
m

Et =

( i = 1 , 2 , , m)

ti

( 9 47 )

i= 1

m ,

Et i =

1
i

T
T
C - u F dV -

(S )
i

( 9 48 )

u pd S

V i , ( S ) i i ,
, u,
( 9 48 ) ( 9 46) , i ,
m ,
, ,
,

,
, i ,
l, m, n ( 9 4 ) ,

,

,

9 4

, l
l

l
i

(u) =

u1

u2

( 9 49 )

i 6
uli
u=

ui

( i = 1 , 2)

uin
i u i u

( 9 50 )

202

( 9 51 )

( ui ) = Au
A x j

, ,
, x j
ui = i + ij x j ( j = 1 , 2)

( 9 52 )

i ,i i , ( 9 52)
l

ui = i + i1 x1 +i2 x2
uim =i +i1 x1m +i2 x2m
n

( i = 1, 2)

( 9 53 )

ui =i +i1 x1 + i2 x2

S =

1
2

x1

x2

x1m

x2m

x1

x2

i
ui =

1
2 S

a + b x1 + c x2

ui + ( a + b x1 + c x2 ) ui + ( a + b x1 + c x2 ) ui

( 9 54 )

a = x1 x2 - x1 x2 , b = x2 - x2 , c = x1 - x1
l, m, n
,
= Bu

( 9 55 )

x1

11
= 22

u1

x2

12
x2

( 9 56 )

u2

x1

,
= C
+ 2
C=

+ 2 0 =
0

( 9 57 )
E

1 - 2

1 -
2

( 9 58 )

9 6

203

, ,
= Du

( 9 59 )

D ,

D = CB=

bl

cl

bm

cm

bn

cn

bl

cl

bm

cm

bn

cn

1 - l
c
2

1 - l
b
2

1 - m
c
2

1 -m
b
2

1 - n
c
2

1 -n
b
2

, ,
,

Ri
m

R=

( 9 60 )

Ri

Ri
i

T
Et i = (u)

CBuhd xd y - (u) T R

( 9 61 )

Et i = 0 ,
T
R = B CBuh S

( 9 62 )

S , h
( 9 63 )

R = K0 u

K0 = B CBh S
K0 ,
ll

K0 =

lm

ln

K0

K0

K0

K0ml

K0m m

K0m n

nl

nm

K0

K0

( 9 64 )

nn

K0

lm

, 22 K0
lm
lT
m
K0 = K0 CB hS

( 9 65 )

, ,
,
, p, u,

Et = (u)

B CBuhd xd y - (u) P
S

( 9 66 )

Et = 0 ,
P = Ku

( 9 67 )

204

K ,
Kr s =

rs
0

K
M

rs

r s K0 ( 965 )

, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
:
( 1) , ;
( 2) ;
( 3) ;
( 4) ;
( 5) ;
( 6) ;
( 7)
93 l , q ,
v( x ) ( 9 5 )

1 )
( 1)
v( x ) = c1 x ( l - x ) + c2 x2 ( l2 - x2 ) +
, ( a )
v( 0) = v( l) = 0
( a ) ,
Et = U - W
Et
c1

=0

9 5

c1 ( a) ,

c1 =

ql

24 EI

(a)

9 6

205

v=

ql

24 EI

( b)

vm a x =

ql

96 EI

vm a x =

ql

( 9 68 )

76 8 E I
2

, 17 % ( a ) , c1 =
2

ql

24 E I

, c2 =

q
24 EI

qx
ql x
2
( l - x) +
( l - x)
v=
24 E I
24 E I

(c)

( c)
( 2)
v = a1 sin

x
l

+ a2 si n

2x
l

+ + an si n

nx
l

+ =

a sin
n

n= 1

nx

( d)

an , ( 9 5 b)
, Et
l

Et =

EI d v
2

qvd x

dx -

dx

(e)

2
2x

3x

x
4
a
=
a
1
sin
2
sin
- 9 a3
sin
-
2
2
2
l
l
l
l
l
dx
l

d v

( e ) ,
l

sin

sin

nx
l
nx
l

dx =
sin

mx
l

d x = 0 ( m n)

Et =

EI4
4 l3

4 2
n an n= 1

2 ql

an

,3 ,5, n
n = 1

( 9 69 )

,
Et
an
n ,

=0

( f)

206

9
4

2 EI

2 ql

n an -

4 l3

=0

n ,
4

2 E I
3

4l

n4 an = 0

, n ,
4

4 ql

an =

E In

, n ,
an = 0

v=

4 ql

, 3,5 , n
EI n = 1
5

sin

nx
l

( 9 70 )

( 9 70) , ,

4 ql

vm a x =

E I

1 -

35

1
55

,
4

vm a x =

ql

76 6 E I

vm a x , 0 26 %
2 )
,
,
v x = 0 = 0
x= l

x=0
x= l

=0

( 1)
,
,
4

v = a1 x + a2 x + a3 x + a4 x + a5
,
2
v= 12 a1 x + 6 a2 x + 2 a3

( g)

9 6

207

x = 0 , v = v= 0 ,
a3 = a5 = 0
x = l, v = v= 0 ,
3

a2 = - 2 a1 l, a4 = a1 l

v = a1 ( x - 2 l x + l x )

(h)

( 9 46)
x y

+ Fb y vk dV = 0

Qx

+ q vk d x = 0

( i)

vk = x - 2 l x + l x,
l

( -

EI v ( 4 ) + q) ( x4 - 2 l x3 + l3 x ) d x = 0

(4 )

EI v

=q

E I24 a1 = q
a1 = q / 24 EI ,
v=

24 E I

( x - 2 lx + l x)

( j)

( 2)

v=

ix

ai sin

( k)

i= 1

v( 0) = v( 0) = v( l) = v( l) = 0
( i)
l

EI ai i=1

ix

sin

i x
l

ix
sin
dx+
l

qsin

i x

,
- EI ai

i
l

1
2

cos
i

i x
l

=0
0

dx = 0

208

4 ql

ai =

EI (
i )5

4 ql

5
1, 3, i
EI5 i=

v=

sin

ix
l

,
,

97
,
, , ,

, , ,

W = s1 d1 + s2 d2 + s3 d3 = si di

( 9 71 )

si ( i = 1 , 2 , 3) , ij , di
p

, , di = di OP
PQ ( 9 6) W

i j ,
, P ,

= si di

= sij di j

( 9 72 )

9 6

W - W = ( si - si ) di
V
W - W

ij

- i j ) dij dV

( 9 73 )

, ,
, , ,

(i j - i j ) dij 0 , ( 9 6) ,
W - W

ij

- i j ) dij dV 0

( 9 74 )

9 8

209

98
, , ,
, , ,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,

:
( 1) ;
( 2)
:
( 1)
ij , j + Fb i = 0
( 2)
p i , S
ij n j =
( 3)
f (ij ) 0
:
( 1)
ij =

1
2

( ui , j + u j , i )

( 2)
ui = ui , Su

210

( 3) ,

pi u i d S > 0

( 4) ii = 0
, , k
, ,
, , p - ,
, P + , ,
( )
, :
( ) : , p0
p- ,
p - p0

( 9 75 )

p - ,
( ) : , p+
,
p0 p +

( 9 76 )

p + ,

, V , S, S
p i , S u d ui
( 9 7 ) ( )

p d u d S = d dV = s
i

ij

ij

ij

dij dV

( 9 77 )

sij , d ui
, dij
97

, ij p i

d d V = s

d ui d S =

ij

ij

ij

dij dV

( 9 78 )

S = S + S u , ( 9 77 )

, ,

pi u i d S > 0

9 8

211

p d u d S + p d u d S = s
i

dij d V

( 9 79 )

si j dij dV
V

( 9 80 )

ij

S p i = pi , ( 9 78)

p i d ui d S +

p i d ui d S =

( 9 79) (9 80) ,

( sij - si j ) di j dV 0
V

( p i - p i ) d ui d S =

( 9 81 )

p i d ui d S

( 9 82 )

p i d ui d S

Su

pi p i

( 9 83 )

, p0 p -
, , ( )
f , f p i ,

ij f s p i , f s (9 82)

p du d S 0

( f - fs )

( 9 84 )

( 9 84) ,
( 9 85 )

f f s
, f s f

di j , dij

SD ,
( 9 8) , SD
, , SD
, SD
,
SD S D
,
, SD
SD n j ,

9 8

[ ui nj ] S D = 0
[ ] S D ( S D ) , ui
( d ui ) S D , , S D

212

, S D
, SD
( 9 8)
, ,

p du

d dV + q[ d u

dS =

ij

ij

( 9 86 )

] d SD

, [ d u ] S D , , q

S D i j i j dij ,
,

ij

- ij ) dij d V 0

( 9 87 )

, (9 86 )

p d u

dS

ij

di j dV +

( 9 88 )

k[ d u ] d SD

, k , k q

p du

p d u d S + p d u

dS =

dS

( 9 88)

p d u d S
i

ij

dij dV +

p du

k[ d u ] d SD -

dS

d dV + k[ d u

ij

ij

p du

] d SD -

dS =

d ui d S =

d ui d S

p i d ui d S

p i d ui d S

( 9 89 )

pi p i

p0 p +

( 9 89)
fk

k 2
fk =

di j dij dV

( 9 90 )

p du

dS

2
d dV k
ij

ij

di j dij d V

( 9 91 )

9 8

213

p i d ui d S k 2
S

k 2
f

( Sch wa rz) i jij ijij

di j dij dV

( 9 92 )

ij ij ,

di j dij dV

= fk

p d u

( 9 93 )

dS

f , (9 85) , ( 9 93 )
f s f f k

( 9 94 )

( 9 94) , f , fs , fk
,
, ,
, ,

,
, ( ) ( ) ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
94 ( )
( 7 22 )
, ,

1 . p 7 , A B
1 = - k(+ 2) , = 0
A B ( Su ) , d ui = 1 ,

p i d ui d S

p i d ui d S

k (+ 2 ) 1d S

p i d S = p-

p - 2 ka(+ 2)

214

2 .

A B U0 ( 9 9 ) , BCE ACF

U0/ 2
k ( 7 ) , B D
AG ( S ) , px = p y =
0 , AB Su ,

99

p d u d S
i

k[ d u ] d SD -

ij

di j dV

p i d ui d S

2a

U0

2a
2 p + aU0 2 k
2
2 2

= kaU0 + 2 k 2 +

- 0 + 2k
2

+4

a U0
2

a U0

p + k(+ 2 )

ij

U0 =

ij

ij

( )

ij

0 =
U

ij

ij

( 1) ;
( 2)
2 : , ,
U =W

215

Et = 0 , E
t = 0
4
Qi =

U
i

i =

U
Qi

5
6 ,

91 ?
92 ?
93 ?
94 , ? ?
95 ?
96 ,
( ) ?
97 ?

91 :
1
2

n u d S -

ij ( ui , j + uj , i ) dV =

ij

i j , j u i dV

92 :

p u dS+

i jij d V =

p u dS

F b i ui d V +

93
1
U =
2

E J ( w) d x
2

216

93

9 4

E J ( w) d x -q( x) wd x
2

Et =

Mw( l) + Fw ( l)

94
95 A

: =
95

Pl
3

A E( 1 + 2cos )

96

: U0 (ij ) =

E
2
2
2
+ 2
[r +
r + ( 1 - )r ]
2 (1 - 2)

97 P ,
w = ax2 + bx3
a, b
: a =

Pl
2EJ

, b= -

97

P
6EJ

98

217

98
: q0 = 11 657

M0
l2

99 , , z ,
,

99

 10

101
,
( 10 1)

, ,
:
1
80

1
100

1
1
h

b
5
8

b
h
b

>

1
5

1
8

h
b

<

1
80

1
100

10 1

, ,

, ,
, ,
,

10 1

219

1
10

1
5

1
50

, :
( 1) , , ,
,
( 2) ,
,
, , , ,
, , ,

( G .R .Ki rchhoff ) 1824 ,

1887
, ,

Gustav Robe rt Kir chhoff

,
10 2 y = ,
, 11 , 2 2 ,

x z = 0

w
x

u
z

=0,

u
z

= -

, x = ,
y z = 0

w
x

( 10 1 )

220

10

v
z

=0,

= -

( 10 2 )

102 , z A B , , AB, A
x , B x + d x y = , x A , u
( 10 2 ) , ,
u = - zsin - ztan
tan= -

w
x

( A .E .H .L ove ) 1863 , 1940

,
,
( )
,

August us Edward Hough Love

u= - z

w
x

( 10 3 )

u, w x, z ,
, u
, x = ,
( y, z)
v= - z

w
y

( 10 4 )

, z = 0 u v

z =
102

w
z

=0

( 10 5 )

10 2

221

w = w( x , y )

( 10 6 )

x, y ,
w

z = 0

( 10 7 )

x z = y z =z = 0 :
x =
y =
x y =

1
E
1
E

(x - y )
x )
(y -

1
G

( 10 8 )

x y

( 10 3 ) , (10 4 ) ( 10 6 ) , ,
w( x, y)
, 1 , ,

102
,
w , ( w) ( )

, 10 3

10 3

222

10

hd xd y, 10 3 abcd , 10 4 ,
qd xd y , , ,
x , x ,x z ,x y , x ,x z ,x y
( 10 4a ) , M x , Mx y
Qx ( 10 4 b ) Mx , M x y , Qx ,

10 4
h
2

Mx =

zx d z, M y =

2
h
2

Mx y = M y x =

h
2

Qx =

h
2

h
2

zy d z

(10 10 )

zx y d z

h
2

h
2

x z d z , Qy =

( 10 9 )

h
2

y z d z

(10 11 )

( 10 9 ) ( 1011 ) w ,
( 10 8) ,
x = Ex +
y

(a)

x
y = Ey +

( b)

( b) ( a )
x =

E
2

1 -

(x +
y )

(c)

(y +
x )

( d)

y =

E
1 - 2

,
x y = Gx y =

E
2( 1 +)

x y = x y

(e)

10 2

223

, (10 3 ) , (10 4)
x =

= - z

(10 13 )

v
= - 2z
x

(10 12 )

x
2

u
y

= - z

y =
x y =

w
x y

(10 14 )

x = 0 , x z = y z = 0
,
x =
y =

(x +
y ) = -

1 -
E

(y +
x ) = -

1 -

x y =

E
2( 1 +)

1 -

x
2

Ez
2

w
y2

1 -
2

w
2

Ez

x y = -

Ez

w
2

y
2

(10 15 )

x2

1 + x y

( 10 15 ) ( 10 9 ) ( 10 11) ,
3

Eh

Mx = -

12 (1 - )

w
x2

w
y2

= - D

w
x2

w
y2

(10 16 )

D=

Eh

(10 17 )

12 (1 - 2 )

My = - D
Mx y = -

h
2

1 + x y

w
y2

z dz=

Eh

12( 1 +) x y

(10 18 )

x2
2

= - (1 - ) D

x y

(10 19 )

M x , M y , Mx y , Qx Q y ( 10 5a ) ,
, 10 5 b

Kx = -

w
2

, Ky = -

w
2

, K xy = -

x y

K x x z , , R x
,

224

10

10 5

1
= Rx

w
x

= -

w
2

,
1
= Ry

w
= y

w
2

w
2

K x y x y ( 10 16 ) (1018 ) (10 19 )
M x = D( K x +K y )
M y = D( K x +K x )

(10 20 )

M x y = (1 - ) D K x y
d xd y ,
,

10 2

225

Mx = 0 ,

My = 0 , ,

Fz = 0

M y = 0 y , d xd y ,

Mx +

Mx
x

d x d y - Mx d y +

- My x d x -

Qx

Qx +

My x

My x +

d x d yd x - qd xd y

dy d x
dx
=0
2

, ,
Mx
x

My x

= Qx

(10 21 )

= Qy

(10 22 )

, Mx = 0 ,
My
y

Mx y

Fz = 0 ,
Qx
x

Qy

d xd y +

d xd y + qd xd y = 0

Qx
x

Qy

= - q

( 10 21 ) , (10 22 ) , M y x = Mx y ,
2

Mx
2

+2

My x
x y

My
2

= - q

(10 23 )

( 1 0 1 6 ) ( 1 0 1 8 ) ( 1 0 1 9 ) , w
,
4

w
x4

+2

x2

w
y2

w
y4

q
D

(10 24 )

2
2
D w = q
2
2

, =

x2

(10 24)

y2

( 10 24 )

, (10 24 ) w( x, y) ,
( 10 16) ( 10 18 ) (10 19 ) , ( 10 15 )
Qx , Qy , (10 21) , ( 10 22)

226

10

Qx =
Qy =

Mx
x
My
x

+
+

My x
y
Mx y
y

= - D

x
2

= - D

w
2

y
2

w
(10 25 )

w
2

Qx = - D
Qy = - D

2
( w)

(10 25)
2

( w)

103
( 10 24 )
( 10 24 ) , ,
:
1 ) ,
w

w
t

, t

Mt
2 ) ,
Qt
3 ) ,
, Q , - c
w , c > 0 ,
w

Mn , - c

w
n

, n

:
( 1) ( 10 6)
, , x = 0
( w) x = 0 = 0
w
x

=0

(10 26 )

x= 0

( 2) ( 10 7)
( 10 7 b ) ( z ) ,
( ) ( ) , x = 0

10 3

227

( w) x = 0 = 0

(10 27 )

( Mx ) x = 0 = 0

Mx = - D

w
2

, x = 0 ,
2

w
2

=0

( 10 27 )
( w) x = 0 = 0
2

w
2

106

(10 28 )

=0
x=0

10 7

10 8

( 3) ( 10 8)
, ,
( Mx ) x = = 0
( Mx y ) x = = 0

(10 29 )

( Qx ) x = = 0
( 10 29 ) ,
M x y , x = a d y
M x y d y ( 10 9) , , , d y
, ,
10 9 ,

Mx y/

y ( 10 9c ) , x = a

228

10

Mx y

V x d y = Qx +

dy= 0

w
x3

+ ( 2 - )

(10 30 )

=0

x y2

x= a

10 10

109

( 10 29 )
2

w
2

w
y2

=0

(10 31 )

x= a

, , 10 10 ,
, B R B ( 10 11)
B ,
( RB ) x = a = 2( M x y ) x = a = 0
y= b

y= b

w
x y

x= a

=0

(10 32 )

x= b

B , B , B :
( w) x = a = 0
y=b

10 3

229

, , ,
, , 10 1

10 11

101

( w) x = a = 0
2

( Mx ) x = 0 =

w
2

w
2

=0
x= a

( w) x = a = 0
w
x

=0
x= a

( Mx ) x = a =

x2
3

( Vx ) x= a =

w
w

x3

w
y2

=0
x= a
3

+ (2 - )

x y2

=0
x= a

230

10

( w) x = a = 0
2

x
y

= () - 1 D

x= a

( w) x = a =

w
2

( w) x = a = ()

- 1

+
w
3

w
y2

w
y2

x= a

=0
x= a
3

+ ( 2 - )

x y2

x= a

: = ,=

, w , w/

n, Mn , V n n

, V V x = Qx +

Mx y
y

104
, 10 12
a, b q( x, y)

10 12

10 4

231

( w) x = 0 = ( w) x = a = 0
y= 0

w
x2

=
2

w
x2

x= 0

w
y

y= b

=0

=0

y= 0

(10 33 )

x= a

y= b

, (10 24)
2

D w = q( x, y)

, w , ,
,
( N avier C L M H , 1823) w :

w( x , y) =

A m n sin

m= 1 n= 1

mx
a

sin

ny
b

(10 34 )

Am n , m, n w m n , ( 10 34 )

w( x, y ) =

w m n = w1 1 + w12 + + w1 n + + w21 + w2 2 +

m= 1 n= 1

+ w2 n + + w m1 + w m2 + + w m n +
, (10 43) w( x, y) , ,
, , , ( )

( Levy M ., 1899) :

w=

Y m ( y) si n

m= 1

mx

(10 35 )

Y m ( y ) , y ,
w
x = 0 x = a
( 10 13) , ( 1035 )
w = 0 ,

w/

x = 0
Ym y =

b
2

1013

D w = q

232

10

Y m ( y) ,

, ,
, ,
101 10 15 , y =

b
2

M0

y = 0

1
4

w
4

+2

w
4

=0

(a)

2
2

x = 0 x = a, w = 0,
y=

b
2

w
2

=0

, w = 0
2

- D

w
y2

y=

b
2

( b)
= M0

w=

Y m sin

m= 1

mx
a

x = 0 x = a
Y m :
Y m = A m sh

my
a

+ Bm ch

my
a

+ Cm

my
my
my
my
sh
+ Dm
ch
a
a
a
a

( a )
4 , , Y m y , Am =
Dm = 0 , ( b) ,
Bm = - Cm m t hm

m =

mb
2a

w=

m= 1

Cm

my
my my
mx
sh
- m t hm ch
sin
a
a
a
a

(c)

10 4

233

Cm ( b) , y =
2

- D

,
= M0

y2

- 2D

m22

Cm chm sin

a2

m= 1

mx
a

= M0

( My ) y = b/ 2 :
( My )

b
y=
2

4 M0

m=1

si n

mx
a

Cm
Cm = -

2
2 M0 a

Dm33 chm

5 , Cm ( c )
w=

2
2 M0 a

3 D

m3 chm

m= 1

m t hm ch

my
a

my
a

sh

my
a

sin

mx
a

( d)

y = 0

2
2 M0 a

( w) y = 0 =

m= 1, 3,

1 am t hm
3

m chm

sin

mx

(e)

102 ,
, q ( 10 14 ) ,

,
2

w=

x= 0 x = a
2

w=0,
y=

b
2

w
2

1014

=0

(a)

w = 0,

( 10 24)

w
y

=0

( b)

234

10

w = w1 + w2

(c)

w1 ( 10 24) , w2 (10 24)

w1 =

Y m ( y) si n

m= 1

m
x
a

w = 0
Y m ( y) =

my

Am sh

my

+ Bm ch

my my
my
my qa
+ Cm
sh
+ Dm
ch
a
a
a
a
D

(10 36 )
x , Y m ( y) x , A m = Dm = 0 ,
m ,

w1 =

qa

Bm ch

m= 1, 3,5 ,

my
a

+ Cm

my
my
mx
sh
sin
a
a
a

(10 37 )

w2 =

q
4
3
3
( x - 2 ax + a x)
24 D

w2 ,

w2 =

4 qa

m= 1,3 ,5,

1
5

sin

mx

(10 38 )

( 10 37 ) , (10 38 ) ( c) , ( 10 24)

w = w1 + w2 =

qa

m= 1, 3,5 ,

+ Bm ch

my my
my
+ Cm
sh
a
a
a

sin

mx
a
(10 39 )

w , Bm , Cm ( 10 39 )
w ( a ) , ( w) y = b/ 2 = 0

4
5

Bm sh

+ Bm ch

mb
2a

+ Cm

w
y

= 0 ,
y = b/ 2

mb
mb mb
+ Cm
sh
=0
2a
2a
2a
mb mb
mb
ch
+ sh
=0
2a
2a
2a

mb
=m ,
2a
Bm = Cm =

4
5

m
4

5 m5

m chm + shm
2

chm (m chm + s hm ) - m sh m
shm

chm (m chm + shm ) - m sh2 m

( d)

10 5

235

Bm , Cm ( 10 39 )
4

w=

4qa

5 D
+

(m chm + shm ) ch

m= 1,3 ,5,

m5

1-

my
a

chm (m chm + shm ) - m sh2 m

shm
2

chm (m chm + shm ) - m sh m

my
mx
my
sh
sin
a
a
a

(10 40 )

x = a/ 2 , y = 0 ,
4

wm a x =

4qa

5 D

m= 1,3 ,5,

1-

m5

m chm + shm

sin

chm (m chm + s hm ) - m sh2 m

m
2

(10 41 )

, m = 1 ,
4

wm a x =

4 qa
5

1-

1 ch1 + s h1
2

ch1 (1 ch1 + sh1 ) - 1 sh 1

(10 42 )

, a = b , 1 =/ 2
ch1 = ch

= 2 507 , sh1 = sh

= 2 299

( 10 42 ) ,
4

wm a x = 0 00192

qa

(10 43 )

105
, ( r ,)

,
,
,
r ,
abcd ( 10 15 )
, ,
abcd z

Mx +

d Mr
dr

( r + d r) d- Mr d rd

1015

236

10

- Md rd+ Qrdd r = 0

d Mr
dr

(10 44 )

+ Mr - M = - Qr
r

qrd r

(10 45 )

( r Mr )- M = -

( )= d( )/ d r, q
, A
K r , z
s , 10 16 A s , n B A
, z B
A A( 10 17 ) , n, A ,

10 16

1017

tan= -

dw
dr

,
tan

= s

dw
dr

d
, d s , , Kr
ds

10 5

237

Kr =

d
dr

Kr = -

d w

(10 46 )

dr

A n , , t
K
t , 1018 T ,

,
K =

1
r

cos

1
r

, t

- =

1 dw
r dr

K = -

(10 47 )

, , Kr , K
,
( 10 46 ) ( 10 47)
, r
q ( r ) , ,
( 10 24 ) :
2

dr

1 d
r dr

d w
2

dr

1 dw
r dr

= q( r)
(10 48 )

10 18

w1 w2

w = w1 + w2

(a)
2

w1 = C1 ln r + C2 r ln r + C3 r + C

( b)

C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , w2
, q q0 ,
4

w2 = Cr

(c)

( c) (10 48) ,

( Meunier s t heorem , 1776) , , , ,

, , , 132 , , 1958

238

10

C=

q0
64 D

q0 r

(10 49 )
64 D
, C1 , C2 ,
( r = 0) , , C3 C4
w = C1 ln r + C2 r ln r + C3 r + C4 +

( 1) : a, ,
w

( w) r = a = 0 ,

=0

r= a

( 10 50 )
4

q0 r

w = C3 r + C4 +

( d)

64 D

a C3 + C4 +

4
q0 a

64 D

3
q0 a

= 0 , 2 aC3 +

16 D

=0

C3 = -

q0 a

32 D

, C4 =

q0 a

64 D

( d) ,
w=

q0 a4

1-

64 D

(10 50 )

wm a x =

q0 a

64 D

, ( 10 16 ) , ( 10 18 ) ,
,
:
2

w
2

w
2

1
=
2
r
y
2

Mr = - D

M = - D
Mr = 0

w
2

w
,
r

w
=0
x y

r
r
2

w
2

(10 51 )

10 5

239

, Q , r
2r
r

2rqd r

2rQ =

2r

2rqd r

Q=

(10 52 )

q = ,
Q=

qr

(10 53 )

,
Mr =
M =

q0

16
q0
16

[ a ( 1 +) - r (3 +) ]
2
2
[ a ( 1 +) - r (1 + 3) ]

Mr = 0
1

Q=

qr

, = 0 3 ,
( M r ) m a x = ( M ) m a x =

1 3 2
2
qa = 0 0813 q0 a
16

( 2) : , r = a ,
2

w = 0 , Mr = - D

w
2

w
r

=0

C3 = -

2
(3 +) q0 a

4
(5 +) q0 a

, C4 = 32 (1 +) D
64 (1 +) D

w=

q0

(a - r ) +

64 D

4a (a - r )
1 +

(10 54 )

Mr =
M =

q0
16
q0
16

2
2
[ a ( 3 +) - r (3 +) ]

[ a (3 +) - r (1 + 3) ]

, = 0 3 ,

(10 55 )

240

10

3 3

( Mr ) m a x = ( M0 ) m a x =

16

q0 a = 0 206 q0 a

2 5

106
1 . ,
4 , (4 19 ) ,
1
U=
i jij dV
V
2
, ,
z = y z = z x = 0
,
U=

1
2

(x x +y y +x y x y ) d xd yd z

(10 56 )

( 10 56 ) ,
U=

2 (1 - 2 )

x +y + 2
x y +

1 - 2
x y d xd yd z
2

(10 57 )

1 , ( 10 12) (10 14) (1057 )

U=

1
2

D
A

w
2

+ 2( 1 - )

x y

w
2

w
2

d xd y

(10 58 )

A
( ) q ,
W=

qw d xd y
A

Et
Et =
=

U0 (ij ) dV -

1
2

D
A
2

w
x y

w
x2

S
2

+ 2 (1 - )

y2
2

( p x u + py v + pz w ) d s
T

w
2

w
2

d xd y -

[ -
Qz w +
Mn w , n +
Mn s w , s ] d S

qw d xd y
(10 59 )

10 6

241

,
Qz ,
Mn ,
Mns , , n, s
w , w , n ( =

w/

n ) w, s ( =

w/

s)

( 10 19)

10 19

K x K y K x y (10 20) (1059 ) ,

2

Et =

[ ( K x + K y ) + 2 (1 - ) ( K x - K x K y ) ] - qw d xd y

[ -
Qz w +
Mn w , n +
Mn s w , s ] d S

(10 60 )

, Ec ,
t =
E

0 (
ij ) dV U

1
2

1
A

x y ] d xd y
[x +y - 2( 1 +)x y - 2

[ -
Q z
w + Mn
w , n + Mn s
w, s ]d S
12

( u px + v py + w pz ) d S
u

1
2

Eh

[ ( Mx + M y ) 2 + 2( 1 +) ( M 2x y - M x M y ) ] d xd y

[ - Qz
w + Mn
w , n + Mn s
w, s ]d S

(10 61 )

, ( 10 24 )
, ,

,
, ,
2 .
, ,

242

10

w( x, y)

w( x , y) =

(10 62 )

ak w k ( x, y)

k=1

Et
ak

= 0 , ( k = 1 , 2 , 3 , , n)

(10 63 )

, ,
w( x, y)
, , a b,
:

w( x, y) =

am n sin

mx
a

m= 1 n= 1

sin

ny

(10 64 )

( 10 64 ) ( 10 59)
Et =

m22

mn

a2

m= 1 n= 1

q am n sin

sin

b2

mx
a

m= 1 n= 1

sin

ny
b

mx

ny
sin
a
b

d xd y
(10 65 )

d xd y

, m m, n n,
a

sin

mx

m
x
sin
dx=
a
a

sin

ny
b

n
y
dy=0
b

sin

, ,
a

sin

mx
a

cos2

sin

ny
b

ab

d xd y =

mx 2 ny
ab
cos
d xd y =
a
b
4

( 10 59 ) , ( 10 65 )
( 10 65 )

Et =

abD

2
mn

m = 1 n= 1

b
0

m
2

q am n sin
m= 1 n= 1

mx
a

sin

ny
d xd y
b

(10 66 )

, (10 63)
Et
a11

=0,

Et
a12

= 0, ,

Et
am n

= 0,

(10 67 )

10 6

243

m2

abD
am n
4

a2

b2

q sin

mx
a

sin

ny
d xd y = 0
b

(10 68 )

a11 , a12 , , am n m n ,
m, n , , m, n ,
x =, y = F , ( 10 68)
m

4 F sin

am n =

abD

sin

b
2

(10 69 )

( 10 69 ) ( 10 64)
w=

4F

4 abD
m = 1 n= 1

1
m2
a2

, =
w=

4F
4

abD

sin

m
n mx
my
sin
sin
si n
a
b
a
b

(10 70 )

b2
a
2

,=

m, n = 1 , 3

b
2

m
2

- 2

si n

mx
a

si n

my
b

(10 71 )

a = b, ,
2

wm a x = 0 0112

Fa
D

(10 72 )

3 5 %

3 .
,
w( x, y) , w( x , y )
, ,
( ) , , 9
, :
n

w( x, y) =

akk

(10 73 )

k= 1

k = k ( x, y)
, ( )w,
W =

qwd xd y

2
2
, q = D w , w ,

244

10
2

qwd xd y =

D wwd xd y,

( 10 73 ) ,
n

w =

k= 1

( 9 43) :
2

w-

q
D

k d xd y = 0 , ( k = 1 , 2 , 3 , , n)

(10 74 )

( 10 73) ( 10 74 ) ak ( ak = 1 , 2 ,
3 , , n) ,
( 10 20 ) ,
, :
1
2x
2y
1 - cos
1 - cos
2
a
b

w = a1

(a)

( a ) , , x = a
y = b ,
w
=
y

w=
10 20

w
=0
x

( 10 74)
a

D d xd y

( w)k d xd y =

a
a

b
1 q

2 D

cos

1 - cos

2x
a

2y

cos

2x
a

2x 1
2
2y
cos
+
1 - cos
a
a
2
a

1
2y
1 - cos
2
b

1 - cos

1 - cos

2y

2x
a

1 - cos

2y
2
cos
b
b
2y
b

d xd y

a1 = -

1 2
4 a

1 - cos
2

2y

cos

2x

2
2x
2y
cos
cos
b
a
b

1
2

1 - cos

- 1

,
wm a x =

2 2
qa b

84 D

= 0 00128

2 2
qa b

2x

cos

2y
b

10 7

245

1 6 %

107
4
, ,
, ,
,
h/ 2

U0 =

(x x +y y +x y x y ) d z

- h/ 2

(10 75 )

( 10 12 ) ( 10 14) , w = w( x, y) z ,
2

U0 =

w
x2

h/ 2

- h/ 2

x zd z +

w
y2

zd z +

- 2

- h

x y

h/ 2

- h/ 2

x y z d z
(10 76 )

,
2

1
=
= Kx 2
x x
w

1
=
= Kx - 2
2
y y
w

w
2
= 2 Kxy
=
x y x y

(10 77 )

(10 78 )

U0 = M x K x + My K y + 2 M x y K x y

mx =

Mx
M0

, my =

My
M0

, mx y =

Mx y
M0

kx = h K x , ky = h K y , kx y = h K x y

(10 79 )

M0
2

h/ 2

M0 = 2

0 zd z =

0 h
4

(10 80 )

U0 =

M0
h

( mx k x + my k y + 2 mx y k x y )

, mx , my , mxy , mx kx 0 ,

my k y 0, , mx , my , mx y , kx ,

ky , kx y
,
f ( mx , my , mx y ) = 1

(10 81 )

246

10

,
2

x +y - xy + 3x y =0

(10 82 )

,
2

mx + my - mx m y + 3 mx y = 1
p

, i j =

f
ij

(10 83 )

kx =(2 mx - my )

ky =(2 my - mx )

(10 84 )

kx y = 6mx y
,
m ax ( | m1 | , | m2 | , | m1 - m2 | ) = 1

(10 85 )

, mx , my , mx y ,
,

1 .
, mr = 0 , mr , m , , m r , m
,
m ax ( | mr | , | m | , | mr - m | ) = 1

(10 86 )

( 10 86) A BCD E F( 10 21 ) ,

2 .
,
, ( K W Johansen) ,
| m1 | = 1 , | m2 | = 1

(10 87 )

10 21 B GE H

( 10 22 ) ,
,
10 21

3 .
,

10 8

247

( 10 23 ) :
(10 88 )

m1 = m2 = M01
- m1 = - m2 = M02
, M01 , M0 2

1023

10 22

108
,

, , : 1 )
; 2 ) ; 3)
9 , ,
, , ,
,

1 .
q ( 10 24 )

qrd r =

( r Mr )- M = -

qr
2

(10 89 )

, mr , m (

248

10

10 24

) , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , , , Mr =
M , Mr = 0 , , B
, B
Mr = M = M0
, C , ,
B C , BC
,
, , BC
, , A B, (

) , K = 0 , d w/ d r = 0 , w = ,
,
BC , M = M0 ,
M = M0

mr = 1 - p
2

qR1
Mr
r
=
, p=
, mr =

R1
6 M0
M0
: = 1 , m r = 0 , p = 1 ,
mr = 1 - 2
m = 1

m =

M
M0

10 8

249

p=1
, , p = 1 ,
q- =

6 M0
R21

, ,

w = w( r) ,

r = K r z

= K z

K r , K

Kr =

K = -

d w
2

dr

1 dw
r dr

BC ,

Kr = 0 ,

2
d w

d r2

(10 90 )

=0

BC , K r = 0 ( 10 90 ) , r = 1
, w = 0 ,
w = w0 ( 1 - r)
( 10 90 ) , w0
, , , B
, , p = 1
,
q - = q+ = q0 =

6 M0

(10 91 )

R1

, , B ( B M r =

M = M0 ) , w r , K = BCD( 10 24c)

dw
dr

> 0 ,

250

10

, ,
, BC , r =

BC , r = CD , CD K r = - K ( CD K r K
) ,
1
w= 0
r

w+

(10 92 )

r = R1 , w = 0 , (10 92)
( r w)= 0

w = C1 l n

r
R1

( r > )

w ln ( r/ R1 ) r = R1
w0
,
Mr ( R1 ) = - M0
, 0 < r < ,
BC, < r < 1 , CD C = r

0 < r < , ,
2
m r = 1 - pr , m = 1

r = , C ,
mr () = 0
,
2

(10 93 )

p = 1

< r < 1 , m - mr = 1 , mr (1 ) = - 1
mr = ln r +
m = ln r +

3
2
3
2

p( 1 - r ) - 1 , (< r < 1 )
(10 94 )
2

p( 1 - r )

mr ( 1) = - 1 , r = C ,

mr () = ln+

3
2

p(1 - ) - 1 = 0

(10 95 )

10 8

251

( 10 93 ) , (10 95 )
2 =

1
p

3 p - ln p - 5 = 0

(10 96 )

( 10 96 ) ,
p - = 1 876
, , ,
q0 =

11 256 M0
2

R1

(10 97 )

2 .
, Mr , M ,
, ,
, , ,
Mx , M y , M z ,

( 1)
,

, ,
M0
, M0
, , ,
,

:
1 ) , ( ) ,

2 ) M0 , ,

3 ) ,

4 ) ( ) ,

[ 14 , 39 , 45 ]

252

10

, ,
:
1 ) , ;
2 ) ;
3 ) , ( 10 25 ) ;

10 25

4 ) ( 10 26)

10 26

,
, ,

W=U
W ,
W=

P+ d An ( n = 1 , 2 , , N )

(10 98 )

N
U
U=

M d s
0

(10 99 )

10 8

253

, j
C ( 10 27 ) , , C

j ,
N

U=

0j

lj

( 10 100 )

j= 1

M0 j j C ( 10 27) , lj j
C ( 10 27 )

10 27

, p + , x1 , x2 , x3 , , xr ,

p+ = M0 f ( x1 , x2 , , xr )

( 10 101 )

, , :
p+
x1
p+
x2

=0
=0

( 10 102 )

p+
xr

=0

, ( 10 28) ,
p +
, ,
W =

p + + b

W = W

b-

2
x1
3

254

10

p + + b
x1
4

W =

W = 0

10 28

p + b

W=

x1

b-

U = U + U + U + U
= 4 M0 + 4 M0 + M0
= M0 8 + b

b
b
+ M0

x1
x2

x1 + x2
x1 x2

W = U
2 M0

p+ =

8+ b

x1

b b-

x1 + x2
x1 x2

p + ,
x1 = 0 3 b, x2 = Kb

p+ =

2 M0
0 9 b

8+

1
K

+ 3 33

K = 1 , x2 = b , , x1 = K1 b,
p+ =

6 M0

9 K1 + 1

b2

K1 (3 - K1 )

10 8

255

p + 10 29 K1 p + / 6 M0 b ,
p + , K1
K1 0 45
, x1 = 0 45 b ,
p+ =

26 3 M0
2

10 30

1029

( 2)
, , ,
,
, (10 83) mx , my , mx y ,
, ,
, mx y = 0
( 10 30) , :
M x = C1

a2
4

- x

M y = C2

b
2
- y
4

(a)

Mx y = 0
( 10 23 ) ,
C1 + C2 =

q
2

( b)

256

10

x = 0 , y = 0 ( 10 32 ) , M x M y
M0 , x = y = 0 Mx = M y = M0 ( a )
2

C1 = 4 M0 / a , C2 = 4 M0 / b

(c)

, ( c ) ( b) , q-
1

q- = 8 M0

( d)

, ,
,

, , , , ,

1
1
80

1
100

1
1

b
5
8

2 ,
2

D w = q
2

, (,) ( )
2

d2

1 d
d

2
d w

d2

1 dw
d

= q()

3 ( 10 1)

w=

m= 1

Y m ( y) si n

mx
a

w w = w1 + w2 , w1 ,
w2 ,
2
2
2
2
w1 = 0 D w2 = q( x, y )

257

6 ( ) : ( 1 ) ;
( 2)

101 ? ?
102 ( ) ? ?
103 ?
104 , , ?
105 ?
106 ?

101 x ,y , ,
102 ,
Qr =

Mr
r

Mr
r

, Q =

M
r

M r
r

103

10 3

104

258

10

: wm a x = 0 00203

q0 a
D

104 P R/ a = 1 5 ,= 0 3 ,
h
2

: wm a x = 0 209

PR

Eh

105 Et
106 ,Et = 0
2

D w = q

107 :
(1 )
(2 ) 10 4
108 :
(1 ) ;
(2 )
:
2
M x = C( 1 - x )
2

My = C( 1 - y )
p) xy
M x y = (2 C - 3
2

(
p = pl / 24 M0 )
2

: p + = 20 6 M0/ l ( l )

.1
, 3 ,
, xi , xi ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 3 , ( x , y, z) ;
3 ui , ui ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) ( u, v, w) , , i
1 , 2 , 3 ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 )
, i 1 , 2 , , n
, 9 , aij
a11 , a12 , a13 , a2 1 , a22 , a2 3 , a31 , a3 2 , a33 9 27 , 3
, ai jk , 81 4 , ai jk l ,
x ,y , ,z x x ,y , ,z x , 9 ( 6 ) ,
, ij ij , 11 =x ,22 =y ,31 = z x = z x
ij
, i j ,i j

260

.2
: , , 1 3
,
3

a b

ai b i =

= a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3

( 1 )

i=1

( 2 )

aii = a11 + a22 + a33

3

aij b j =

ij

b j = ai1 b1 + ai2 b2 + ai3 b3

( 3 )

j= 1

aij bi c j =

ij

i= 1

b i cj

j= 1

= a11 b1 c1 + a1 2 b1 c2 + a13 b1 c3 + a2 1 b2 c1 + a22 b2 c2

+ a23 b2 c3 + a3 1 b3 c1 + a32 b3 c2 + a3 3 b3 c3
2
2
2
2
aii = a11 + a22 + a33
2
2
(ii ) = (11 +22 + 3 3 )
ijij =1111 + 2222 +3 33 3 + 2(2323 + 3131 +12 12 )

( 4 )
( 5 )
( 6 )

,
ai

ai , i =
ij , j =

xi
ij
xj

a1

x1
i1

x1

a2

x2
i2

x2

a3

( 7 )

x3
i3

( 8 )

x3

( 7 ) i , ( 8 )
j , i , i, j = 1 , 2 , 3 , ( 8 ) i = 1 , 2 , 3

i, j j =

xj xj

i
2

x1

i
2

x2

i
2

x3

( 9 )

( )
, 1 , 2 , 3 , ,

xi = cij y j ( i, j = 1 , 2 , 3 )

( 10 )

:
x1 = c1 1 y1 + c12 y2 + c13 y3
x2 = c2 1 y1 + c22 y2 + c23 y3
x3 = c3 1 y1 + c32 y2 + c33 y3

( 11 )

.1
, ,
, ,

P( x, y, z)

z
= R( x, y, z)
y

+ Q( x, y, z)

( 1 )

P, Q z , R z , ( 1)
( 2 )

u( x, y, z) = C
( 1) , z x , y , ( 1 ) ,
u
x
,

u
x

u
y

u
z

u z

z x

= 0,

u
y

u z
z y

=0

, x, y z ,

( 3 )
u
0 ,
z

u
z
x

= -

x
u
z

u
,

z
y

= -

y
u
z

( 4 )

262

( 4) ( 1) ,
u

+ Q

u
+ R
y

u
=0
z

( 5 )

( 5)
( P i + Q j + Rk) u = 0

( 6 )

u u = C , ( 6 ) = P i + Q j + Rk
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

r , s ,

dr
ds

dx
dy
dz
i+
j+
k
ds
ds
ds

( 7 )

,
P =

dx
dy
dz
, Q= , R =
ds
ds
ds

( 8 )

x , y, z ,
dx dy dz
=
=
P
Q
R

( 9 )

( 9)
u1 ( x, y, z) = c1 , u2 ( x, y, z) = c2

( 10 )

, c1 , c2 ( 10) ( 5 )
,
P, Q, R, P, Q R , d x , d y d z

.2
:
P1
P2

u
x
u
x

+ Q1
+ Q2

u
y
u
y

+ R1
+ R2

v
x
v
x

+ S1
+ S2

v
y
v
y

= T1
( 11 )
= T2

 .2

263

P1 , Q1 , , P2 , , T2 x, y, u, v
x y x = x ( s) , y = y ( s) u, v
u = u( s) , v = v( s)
x, y, u, v , x = x ( s) , y = y ( s) , u = u( s) , v =
v( s) L u = u( s) , v = v( s)
L u , v ,
du
ds
dv
ds

ud x

x ds
vd x

x ds

ud y

y ds

( 12 )

vd y

y ds

, T1 = T2 = 0 , P1 , P2 , , S2
u, v ( 11 ) Q1 = P2 = T1 = T2 = 0 , R1 = - S2 = cos2 v, S1 =
R2 = sin2 v, P1 = Q2 = 1 ,
u
x
u
y

+
+

v
x
v
x

u
+
y

v
x

y
v

sin2 v +

, ( 12) ( 13)
u

cos2 v +

u
x

y
u

cos2 v +

v
sin2 v +
x

x
v
y

vd x

vd y

x ds

y ds

si n2 v = 0

dv
ds

u
x
v
x

=
=

,
,

v
cos2 v = 0
y

ud y d u
=
y ds ds
=

( 13 )

cos2 v = 0

ud x
+
x ds
+

si n2 v = 0

u
y
v
y

=
=

,
,

( 14 )

264

1 =

1
0
dx

0
1
dy

ds

ds

0
0
du
ds
dv

0
1
dy
ds

ds

cos 2 v
sin 2 v

sin 2 v
- cos 2 v

dx
ds
cos 2 v
sin 2 v

dy
ds
si n 2 v
- cos 2 v

dx

dy

ds

ds

=0
( 15 )

2 , 3 , 4
, = 0 , , 1 , 2 , ,4 ,

= 0

dy
ds

dx
sin2 v + 2
ds

dy
cos2 v ds

(16) ,,

u
x

u
y

dx
ds
,

v
x

sin2 v = 0
v
y

( 16 )

, , , ,
,= 0 ,(13)
( 16 ) ,

dy
ds

( 16 ) , x y ,
, ( 16) ,
, ( 16) ,
,
, ( 13) ( 16 )
dy
ds
dy
ds

dx
ds

= -

dy

ds

tan v

dx
ds

( 17 )
cot v

 .2

265

, x y
dy

= tan v,

dx

dy
dx

( 18 )

= - co t v

, ( 14 ) , ,

du
dx

, , :
0

cos2 v

sin2 v

sin2 v

- cos2 v

du

dy

ds

ds

dx

dy

ds

ds

dv

ds

=0

( 19 )

:
dv
ds

du
ds

cos2 v -

dx
ds
dy

sin2 v

ds
,
dy d x
=
tan v
ds ds

du
ds

= -

dv
ds

dy
dx
dy

dx

= tan v,

u + v = const

( 20a )

= - cot v, u - v = const

( 20 b)

( 20 ) ,

u
,
y

u
x

, ( 14 )

v
v
u d u dv

,
, , ,
x
y
x d s ds

L u v x y ( 20 )

( 13 ) , ,

266

= u + v, = u - v

( 21 )

u=

1
2

(+) , v =

1
2

(- )

( 22 )

( 13 )

+
+
x
x

cos 2 v +
x
x

sin 2 v = 0
y
y

sin 2 v -

( 23 )

cos 2 v = 0

2
co t v + co t v
x
y

co t v +
x
y

tan v = 0
y

+
tan v = 0
x
y

( 24 )

( 23 ) :

tan v = 0
y

cot v = 0
x
y

( 25 )

, 7 ,
( 13 )


[1 ] , : , 1990
[2 ] , ( ) : , 1979
[3 ] , : , 1956
[4 ] , , ( ) : , 1992
[5 ] , , : , 1998
[6 ] , , : , 1986
[7 ] . : , 1966
[8 ] , : , 1990
[9 ] , : , 1987
[10] : , 1979
[11] ( ) : , 1993
[12] , , : , 1984
[13] : , 1989
[14] , : , 1985
[15] . : , 1995
[16] ( ) : , 1991
[17] , : , 1995
[18] , ( ) . : , 2001
[19] : , 2000
[20] , : , 1993
[21] : , 1994
[22] : , 1980
[23] : , 1981
[24] : , 1989
[25] , : , 1992
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[29] Nikiforoff L V A course of t heory of elasticit y a nd plasticit y ( Russian edition) Moscow :
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[30] Love A E H A tr eatise on t he math ematical th eory of elasticity 4 t h ed New York : Dove r
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[31] Sokolinkoff I S Ma th ma tical t heory of elasticit y 2nd ed New York : McGr awHill Book
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[32] Ch akraba r ty J Th eory of plasticit y New York : McGr awHill , 1987
[33] Hill R Mat hematical th eory of p lasticit y .L ondon : Oxford Universit y P res s , 1950
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[35] Klyushnikov V D Mat hematical t heory of plasticity Moscow : Moscow U nive rsity Press ,
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[36] Kach anov L M Foundations of the t heory of p lasticit y Amsterdam , London : Nor t hHol
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[40] Ch en W F, H an D J Plasticit y for st ruct ural engineers New York : Springe rVer lag , 1988
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Airy , G B
Bauschinger J

Belt rami, E

Boussinesq , T V

Castigliano , A

Cauchy , A L

Drucker D C

d Alembert , J le R

Euler , L

Fourier , J B J

Galerkin , B G

Geiringer H

Hamilton , W R

Hencky H

Hertz, H R

Hill R

Hooke , R

Ilyushin A .A .

Kirchhoff , G R

Lagrange , J L

Lam,G

Laplace, P G

Love , A E H

Lvy , M

Michell, J H

Nadai A

Navier , C L M H

Piosson, S D

Prager W

Prandtl, L

Riemann , G F B

Ritz, W

270

Rukov A M

SaintVenant , A J C B de

Schmidt R

Timoshenko , S P

Trasca H

von Mises R

Young, T

G
104

200

211

30
162

B
37

153

23

44

55

86

143

87

83

119

67

146

30

148

176

150

178

73
17

C
129

146

124

147

52
61

D
74

219

203

57

( ) 126

56

184

211

126 159

84

90

57

192

65

197

56

174
223

F
33

146
63

272

162

L
45
85

89
T

72

93

147

231

44

197

51

() 68 249

51
145

M
62

145

60
7

49

87
231

W
17

168 171

84

56

47
166

166

210

156

156

69

32

251

186
194

Q
4

164

126

35

43

14

58

26

22

59

85

53 76

104

72

131
185

S
210

26

177

26

248

10

76

86

161

67

273

22

34

36

20

17

20

51

20

118

53

185

36

36

33

33

204

38

126

147

196

71

197

71

194

200

195
60

Z
67
9

208

,
,

( 16421727) 300 (1687) ,
, 100 , (17361813)
, , ,
,
, (18051865) ,
, 300
, ,
,
, ( A .E .H .Love, 1863 1940) , ( A Treatise on the
Mathematical Theory of Elasticity) 1892 , 1927 ,
, (Stephen P .Timoshenko, 1878
1972) ( Theory of Elasticity, , , 1914 , , 1916 )
( ) , (

) ,
, , ,
, ( 1948) , (1950) ( 1950)
( ) , ,
,

2003 4