Cells dr.

vila
Cells- structural and functional unit of your living organism
Prokaryotes

cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
No definitive nucleus- chromosome that carries DNA will just be found anywhere in the
cytoplasm
Few organelles
Division, replication, repsroduction:simple: binary fission or splitting up

Eukaryotes

Cell membrane
Inclusion bodies
Cytoskeletal filaments
Definitive nucleus
Division, replication, reproduction: complex (meiosis and mitosis) (reorganize chromatin
material, make them active, making a euchromosome, less coiled, pair, crossing over)

**both have cell membrane modification

Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli- protrusions that help in the absorption

PARTS OF CELL:
In the past there are three: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
But today one part was removed because it is considered a complex structure that it will
be discussed separately in the sense that it only function is to separate one cell from another cell
or one cell with the environment. It would serve as a regulatory structure, regulation in the sense
that it will regulate the passage of different substances in and out of the cell, so the theory on
the cell membrane is that it is just a continuous division of every cell, separating one in the
other.
So now it is made up of two parts: nucleus and cytoplasm.

CELL MEMBRANE- semi permeable structure (it means it does not allow all substances it selects
substances that would pass through it whether in or our)
Components:

Proteins- 2types
- (1) integral proteins- insert between the bilipid layer
-may be protruding in the cytoplasmic portion or the
ectoplasmic portion
- Some however will be through and through (entire cell or
the entire layer) meaning from the ectoplasmic to the
cytoplasmic portion you call these proteins as TRANSMEMBRANE
PROTEINS
-Transmembrane protein will commonly acts as a
CHANNEL, water channels for water soluble substances to pass
the bilipid layer. It is specific, commonly it is gated or commonly
closed only open when there is mechanical or electrical or
chemical disturbance
- (2) Peripheral proteins- you see them in the periphery of the cell membrane
it doesnt insert in between the bilipid layer
-commonly in the cytoplasmic portion
Carbohydrates- mainly in the form of oligosaccharides found or attached on proteins
these will form glycoproteins. Some of these glycoproteins will form GLYCOCALYX,
which are sites for attachment of immunogen, antigen, and cell with the other cell.
If attached they are also recognized so they are also site for recognition.
- For the cell membrane to change it size or shape or
perhaps so that the electrical activity of the membrane will be
changed as well. Binding of any substance, or immunogen or
antigen into the receptor sites will cause a change in the
membrane structure as well as functioning. It is either
stimulatory or inhibitory.
Lipids- bilipid layer (ectoplasmic side-environmental side or outside the cell;
cytoplasmic portion-facing the cytoplasm inside)
- Inside portion is made up of hydrophobic portions made up of phosphate
tails but it is hydrophobic or otherwise known as NON POLAR. If non polar
it will not allow water soluble substance to enter or to pass through it
- Periphery is polar or hydrophilic it means it will allow water soluble
substances to stick to it but it will not pass through and through because
the only water soluble substances is only in the periphery even though if
you have gaps in the polar components, the water soluble substance will
just bounce back.
- Makes cell membrane semi permeable
- the water soluble substances or the hydrophilic portions (ectoplasmic and
cytoplasmic portion) and so it will appear that your cell membrane is
TRILAMINAR IN STRUCTURE (when stained with osmium)
- Cholesterol, sphingolipids, but mostly it PHOSPHOLIPIDS

FUNCTIONS:

Attachment
Recognition site
Channels
VESICULAR TRANSPORT-Exocytosis, Endocytosis
o Cell membrane is active in vesicular transport
o Endocytosis- eating or drinking of foreign substances or
food particles, bring substance inside the cell
3 types
1. Phagocytosis- cell eating
2. Pinocytosis- cell drinking
**both therefore have membrane
modification when cells engulf where will it get the membrane that the vesicle needs to harbor
the substance, it is from the cell membrane itself causing the surface area to become smaller
and the other way around is what is happening when cell do exocytosis after having thrown out
the degraded products the membrane of the vesicle will go back to the cell membrane itself
from where it came from so the cell membrane becomes bigger or it stretches. So in general we
call that CELL MEMBRANE REORGANIZATION (depends on the cellular activity because it is not
always that the oligosaccharide is in the same position, it is the principle of cell membrane
reorganization)
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis- you need a receptor thus
follows specificity. Needs priming or sensitization just like in
mumps or varicella virus or in first time exposure
o Exocytosis- bring substance outside the cell

CYTOPLASM
Semi solid or gel like matrix or medium where you have your 3 groups of structure
o

Inclusion bodies
-transient structures in the cytoplasm (goes in and out)
-they are vesicle, either secretory (endocrine cells that are packed and
secreted when needed) or excretory vesicle (vesicle with the degraded
substance or waste materials along with the lysosome and
peroxisomes) or perhaps a phagosome (a vesicle when it engulfs a
microorganism)
Cytoskeleton
-defect in these will bring about certain diseases (Epidermolysis
bulosa)
1. Microfilaments
-actin and myosin, are contractile proteins of muscle
2. Intermediate filaments
-intermediate filaments found in mesenchymal tissue or
fibroblast=VIMENTIN
- Intermediate filaments found in muscle= DESMIN
- Intermediate filaments found in skin= CYTOKERATIN
- Intermediate filaments found in nervous tissue=
NEUROFILAMENT
- Intermediate filaments found in neuroglial cells (astrocytes) =
GFAP or Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
3. Microtubules
-cilia (9 doublets) and flagella (9 doublets), basal bodies (9
doublets)
-centrioles (9 triplets), centromere, centrosome (mitosis)
- assembles chromosome during metaphase in equatorial plate,
MITOTIC SPINDLES
-responsible for transporting organelles or reorganization inside
the cell
Organelles
-permanent structure or residence inside the cell
1. MITOCHONDRIA
-largest organelle
-powerhouse of the cell because it synthesizes ATP through the
metabolic process called, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) or Oxidative
Phosphorylation
-responsible for determining maternity
- it has an outer smooth membrane, also an inner mitochondrial
membrane which are thrown into folds and in the folds you will see
your so called lollipops and these lollipops are actually F1 SUBUNIT, it
contains an enzyme known as SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE for krebs
cycle to happen inside the mitochondria
- Divides regardless of the cell cycle or capable of replication
independent of the cell cycle. If the cell needs more energy or ATP,
mitochondrion divides. It divides by its own because it contains its own
CHROMOSOME and chromosome also contains its own DNA only that
the chromosome is only one, and it is circular. (It contains a single
circular chromosome that contains DNA. It divides like a bacteria that is

the reason why they theorize before that it is a bacteria within the cell
living in symbiosis with the cell)
-mitochondrial DNA is passed from mother to offspring thus
determines maternity
2. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
-2 kinds (1) rough endoplasmic reticulum or granular and (2)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum or agranular
- RER or granular, with ribosomes, thus synthesize proteins
(enzymes, hormones) just like
- Free ribosomes (if in cluster they are called polyribosomes or
polysomes) that synthesize proteins inside the cell. Secretes
proteins for intracellular use
-RER synthesize protein for intracellular and mostly extracellular
use rather than intracellular use
-SER all other functions of synthesis (oxidize steroids or lipids)
one example is the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle (it will
sequester calcium and it will release calcium) aside from
synthesis of carbohydrates or glycogen or steroids or lipids. (Can
synthesize all but not proteins and also complex carbohydrates
like glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, sialic acid which are
synthesized by the golgi apparatus)
3. GOLGI APPARATUS
-packaging center
-synthesis of complex carbohydrates like glycosaminoglycans,
glycoproteins, sialic acid
-Smooth ER is continuous with the rough ER and rough ER is
continuous with the nuclear membrane (synthesized protein in the
Rough ER will be packed in the vesicles also the Synthesized
carbohydrates and steroids in the Smooth ER will be channeled and
transported to the golgi apparatus or complex)
-all those synthesized by the RER and SER will be transported to
the golgi apparatus first it will have to go to the Convex portion
or the cis- phase or the forming phase so all secretory materials
synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum whether rough or
smooth will have to be transported in the convex portion of the
golgi apparatus also known as the cis phase or forming phase
and then there will be series of reactions like glycosilation,
methylation, demethylation, decarboxylation happening as they
pass through each tubules until such time it is already ready for
package into vesicles. Concave portion or trans-phase or
maturing phase of the golgi apparatus.

4. lysosomes
- Digestive system of the cell
-came from the golgi apparatus (budding off)
-contain enzymes necessary for digestion of different foreign
substances
- 3KINDS (1) primary- contains INACTIVE enzymes (hasnt met
any immunogen or foreign body, no sensitization yet, enzymes are not yet activated)
(2) secondary- contains ACTIVE enzymes (have already
met a foreign body and enzymes are already activated for degradation)
(3) tertiary- DEACTIVATED enzymes (have already acted
upon the foreign body, already deactivated to become excretory vesicle now called as residual
body)

5. peroxisomes
- Not tagged as digestive system of the cell because already
given to lysosomes
-came from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- It contains CATALASES and OXIDASES for degrading free
radicals (product of anaerobic metabolism); this is what makes peroxisomes different from the
lysosome

NUCLEUS
3

parts: nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus

Nuclear membrane
- Not permeable to any substances. RNA is able to pass through nuclear
pores. But the nuclear membrane itself is not permeable
Nucleoplasm
-gel like matrix wherein you can see light staining structures and dark
staining structures
-light staining structures usually containing the euchromatin which are the
less coiled and more active chromatin
- Dark staining staining structures contain heterochromatin which is the
reverse of euchromatin. More coiled and less active
Nucleolus
-nucleus with in a nucleus
-you see RNA filaments, the pars fibrosa and you see the rRNA, the pars
granulosa
- it contains DNA since you have your chromatin material and when we talk
about DNA it contains the genes

CELL CYCLE
2 phases: interface and division phase
1.

2.

Interface has 3 phases

G1- first growth phase
S- synthesis of the DNA
G2- preparation for division
G0- or the dormant phase; in this phase wherein chemotherapy is not effective
Division
Mitosis- for somatic cell; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Meiosis- meiosis 1 (P1, M1, A1, T1) and meiosis 2 (P2,M2, A2, T2)
for germ cells or sex cells it is both- first mitosis then meiosis

4 JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES

zonula occludens/ occluding junctions/ tight junction

- found in the apex of the cell
- seals barrier (blood brain barrier)
zonula adherens/ intermediate junction/ belt desmosome/ fascia adherens/ adherens
junction
- immediately after the zonula occludens
- parang belt na paglalapitin ng malapit na malapit ang cell
- seal cells so that cells will be close to each other
macula adherens/ desmosome
-only make the cell side by side with each other, still have gap in
between
gap junction/ nexus (called this way because of the protein content called connexon joined
together with the other cell that forms a bridge which is called nexus or gap junction)
- Point of lowest electrical activity hence termed as or responsible for
cell to cell communication
hemidesmosome

-half desmosome because it adheres the cell with the basal lamina or a
reticular lamina hence the name hemidesmosome on half desmosome
-hold the cell in place the basal lamina but not considered a full
junctional complexes
DESCRIBE THE CELL BASED ON THE

ARRANGEMENT
-flat
-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
-concentric
-bundles
-fasicles
-layers/sheaths
NUMBER OF NUCLEUS
-mononucleated
-binucleated
-multinucleated
LOCATION OF NUCLEUS
-centrally located
-eccentrically located (periphery)
SHAPE
-polygonal
-stellate

-oval/ ovoid
-cylindrical tapering
-cylindrical branching
-tubular tapering
-tubular branching
PARENCHYMA
-characteristic cells
-cell that will make up a tissue
-liver= hepatocytes
-muscle= muscle cells or myoctes
STROMA
-supporting tissue
-stroma of individual hepatocytes=reticular fibers
-stoma of the lobules=interlobular connective tissue