CETRA2014 Road and Rail Infrastructure III Pilko Bari Hozjan

3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure
2830 April 2014, Split, Croatia
Road and Rail Infrastructure III

Stjepan Lakui editor
Organizer
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Transportation

Title
Road and Rail Infrastructure III, Proceedings of the Conference CETRA 2014
Edited by
Stjepan Lakui
ISSN
1848-9850
Published by
Kaieva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Design, layout & cover page
minimum d.o.o.
Marko Uremovi Matej Korlaet
Printed in Zagreb, Croatia by
Tiskara Zelina, April 2014
Copies
400
Zagreb, April 2014.
Although all care was taken to ensure the integrity and quality of the publication and the information herein,
no responsibility is assumed by the publisher, the editor and authors for any damages to property or persons
as a result of operation or use of this publication or use the informations, instructions or ideas contained in
the material herein.
The papers published in the Proceedings express the opinion of the authors, who also are responsible for their
content. Reproduction or transmission of full papers is allowed only with written permission of the Publisher.
Short parts may be reproduced only with proper quotation of the source.
Proceedings of the
3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructures CETRA 2014
Road and Rail Infrastructure III

Editor
Stjepan Lakui
Zagreb, Croatia

Organisation
Chairmen
Prof. Stjepan Lakui, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering
Prof. eljko Korlaet, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering
Organizing Committee
Prof. Stjepan Lakui
Prof. eljko Korlaet
Prof. Vesna Dragevi
Prof. Tatjana Rukavina
Assist. Prof. Ivica Staneri
dr. Maja Ahac
Ivo Haladin
dr. Saa Ahac
Josipa Domitrovi
Tamara Dambas
All members of CETRA 2014 Conference Organizing Committee are professors andassistants of the Department
of Transportation, Faculty of Civil Engineering atUniversity of Zagreb.
International Academic Scientific Committee

Prof. Vesna Dragevi, University of Zagreb
Prof. Isfendiyar Egeli, Izmir Institute of Technology
Prof. Rudolf Eger, RheinMain University
Prof. Eref Gaanin, Univeristy of Sarajevo
Prof. Nenad Gucunski, Rutgers University
Prof. Libor Izvolt, University of Zilina
Prof. Lajos Kisgyrgy, Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Prof. eljko Korlaet, University of Zagreb
Prof. Zoran Krakutovski, University of Skopje
Prof. Stjepan Lakui, University of Zagreb
Prof. Dirk Lauwers, Ghent University
Prof. Zili Li, Delft University of Technology
Prof. Janusz Madejski, Silesian University of Technology
Prof. Goran Mladenovi, University of Belgrade
Prof. Otto Plaek, Brno University of Technology
Prof. Vassilios A. Profillidis, Democritus University of Thrace
Prof. Carmen Racanel, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest
Prof. Tatjana Rukavina, University of Zagreb
Prof. Andreas Schoebel, Vienna University of Technology
Prof. Mirjana Tomii-Torlakovi, University of Belgrade
Prof. Audrius Vaitkus, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
Prof. Nencho Nenov, University of Transport in Sofia
Prof. Marijan ura, University of Ljubljana
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foreword
The 3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure CETRA 2014 was organized by the University of Zagreb - Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department for Transportation
Engineering. The Conference was held in Split, Croatia. Split is the largest city in Dalmatia
and the second largest city in Croatia, and it is also one of Croatian Champions of Tourism.
The 1st International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure (CETRA 2010) was held on
17-18 May 2010 in Opatija. The 2nd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure
(CETRA 2012) was held on 7-9 May 2012 in Dubrovnik. A great interest of participants in topics
and themes from the field of road and rail infrastructure, as shown during the CETRA 2010
conference (140 papers from 29 countries) and CETRA 2012 conference (142 papers from 39
countries), justified the Department of Transportation Engineering's decision to organise once
again an international event of such great significance. Positive comments received from
participants in past conferences motivated the Department for Transportation Engineering
of the Faculty of Civil Engineering - University of Zagreb to continue with the organization of
this international event.
The CETRA conference has established itself as a venue where scientific and professional
information from the field of road and rail infrastructure is exchanged. The idea on linking research organisations and economic operators has been the guiding concept for the realisation
of this conference. Conferences of this kind are undoubtedly a proper place for bringing closer
together the economy and university operators, and for facilitating communication and establishing greater confidence that might result in cooperation on new projects, especially those
that contribute to greater competition. Lectures organized in the scope of the conference are
based on interesting technical solutions and on new knowledge from the field of transport
infrastructure as gained on already realised projects, projects currently at the planning stage,
and those now under construction, in all parts of the world. In addition to authors from the
academic community, lectures were also presented by practical authors, the idea being to
ensure the best possible synergy between the theory and practice. Because of a great interest
for the themes from the field of road and rail infrastructure, as shown during the past two
conferences (CETRA 2010 and CETRA 2012), the Department for Transportation Engineering of
the Faculty of Civil Engineering Zagreb assumed the responsibility to organise the CETRA
conference in this year as well.
Our goal for the International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure CETRA is to have
all published papers indexed in scientific databases in order to achieve greater recognition
for the conference itself, for published papers, and for their authors. As the serial publication entitled Road and Rail Infrastructure has been achieved with this third conference, the
precondition has been fulfilled to obtain the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN),
which was the condition for starting procedure for registering this publication in scientific
databases. The procedure has already been initiated.
The third International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure CETRA 2014 - is organised in this year in order to bring together scientists and experts from the fields of road and
railway engineering, and to present them with yet another opportunity to share results of their
research, findings and innovations, analyze problems encountered in everyday engineering
practice, and offer possible solutions for a more efficient planning, design, construction, and
maintenance of various transport infrastructure facilities and projects.
CETRA 2014 covers many areas: traffic planning and modelling, infrastructure projects, infrastructure management, road pavements, rail track superstructure, construction and
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maintenance, transport geotechnics, tunnels and bridges, structural monitoring and maintenance, computer techniques and simulations, noise and vibration, innovation and new technology, urban transport, integrated timetables on railways, rail traffic management systems,
vehicle dynamics, traffic safety, and bicycle traffic.
CETRA 2014 attracted a large number of papers and presentations from 35 countries and
47 universities. More than 146 papers were presented at the conference and are grouped
together in these proceedings entitled Road and Rail Infrastructure III. The papers are conveniently divided into twelve chapters: Rail Infrastructure Projects Design, Construction,
Maintenance and Management, Road Infrastructure Projects Construction, Maintenance and
Management, Road Traffic Planning and Modelling, Road Pavements, Rail Vehicle-Track Interaction, Structural Monitoring and Maintenance, Transport Geotechnics, Integrated Timetables on Railways, Traffic Safety, Environmental Protection, Urban Transport and Passenger
services: baggage storage and boarding.
The organizers of the conference wish to express their thanks to all businesses and institutions that provided their valuable support to this Conference. Special thanks are extended
to the University of Zagreb, Croatian Railways H Infrastruktura, and Ministry of Maritime
Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure, for their assistance in organizing the workshop on Implementation of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) in South and East Europe.
The Editor commends all authors for excellent papers contributed to these proceedings, and
wishes to thank members of the International Academic Scientific Committee, and numerous
experts who participated in the review process. The gratitude is also extended to all participants for deciding to come to Split and take part in CETRA 2014. We believe that these CETRA
2014 proceedings entitled Road and Rail Infrastructure III will be, just like the preceding two
proceedings from the CETRA cycle, highly interesting and useful to all experts exhibiting a
scientific and professional interest in road and rail infrastructure.
the Editor
Prof.Stjepan Lakui
April, 2014.
Conference Support
Under the Auspices of
Trg marala Tita 14, 10000 ZAGREB, Croatia

www.grad.hr
Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure

Prisavlje 14, 10000 ZAGREB, Croatia
Minister of Science, Education and Sports

Donje Svetice 38, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
H INFRASTRUKTURA d.o.o.
Mihanovieva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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cetra 2014 3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure
Golden Sponsor
CEMEX
www.cemex.hr
Silver Sponsor
Department of Transportation Engineering
www.grad.hr
Bronze Sponsors
Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Lembckgasse 63/2, A-1230 Wien
www.hbm.at
Tensar International
www.tensar-international.com
Media Partners
Journal of Croatian Association of Civil Engineers
Berislavieva 6, 10000Zagreb, Croatia
www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr gradjevinar@hsgi.org
Journal for railway operators and suppliers

www.railwaygazette.com info@railwaygazette.com
9
10
contents
Keynote Lectures
Geotechnical Challenges for the European TEN-T Network SMARTRail and Beyond
Kenneth Gavin, Cormac Reale, Jianfeng Xue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1 Rail Infrastructure Projects Design, Construction, Maintenance and Management

Optimisation of Railway Operation by Application of Kronecker Algebra
Mark Volcic, Johann Blieberger, Andreas Schbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The study on ground behavior by steel pipe jacking based on a full-scale test
Eum Kiyoung, Choi Chanyong, Lee Seonghyeok, Lee Jeeha, Chung Heungchai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Development of a Heating System for Hollow Sleepers

Containing Points Positioning Systems
Benjamin Kaufmann, Franz Kurzweil, Julian Heger, Robert Adam, Steffen Grossmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
RAILWAY M201, section KRIEVCIKOPRIVNICASTATE BORDER:

UPGRADE AND CONSTRUCTION OF SECOND TRACK
Neboja Opai, Joanna Zboromirska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
TRAFFIC-CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS FOR BUILDING OF BYPASS AROUND NIS IN CORRIDOR X
Tatjana Simi, Tatjana Miki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Rehabilitation of Railway Lines amacSarajevo and Sarajevoapljina
Saa Dumhur, Amra Zvizdi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Rail traffic noise protection in Croatia challenges during the first application
Stjepan Lakui, Maja Ahac, Dalibor Barto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Maintenance in the life cycle of railway infrastructure
Waldemar Alduk, Saa Marenjak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Track Geometry Measurement as Preventive Maintenance Data Source
Janusz Madejski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Railway investment planning using dynamic priorities
Dragana Macura, Neboja Bojovi, Milica elmi, Milutin Miloevi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
European existing railway tracks: overview of typical problems and challenges
Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic, Xincai Tan, Kenneth Gavin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Financing of railway corridor infrastructure in transit countries
Ljubo erak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The strategy of introducing ECTS safety system

on Railway Corridor VC in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Igor Markovi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2 Road Infrastructure Projects Construction, Maintenance And Management

Towards maximization of the added value of strategic infrastructure projects
in South East Europe through improvements at Border Crossing Points
Marios Miltiadou, Efstathios Bouhouras, Christos Taxiltaris, George Mintsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Aneli interchange on Matulji Uka section of Adriatic Higway (B8)
Neboja Opai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
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Investment Plan for BarBoljare Motorway
Angelina ivkovi, Dragana Macura, Read Nuhodi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Problems tracing bypass corridor in small city in the example of Drni
Ana Rigo, eljko Stepan, Igor Majstorovi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Importance of temporary traffic regulation

during construction or reconstruction of roads
Sanja Dimter, Hrvoje Dragovan, Dalibor Opaak, Vladimir Moser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
New road maintenance model in Finland 2014 pilot project
Pekka Pakkala, Katja Levola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Experimental sections in the Hungarian road management
Lszl Gspr, Zsolt Bencze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Reducing cost of infrastructure works using new technologies
Adrian Burlacu, Carmen Racanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Road network management in Croatia in comparison with other European countries
Andrea Stani, Zlata Dolaek-Alduk, Sanja Dimter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Long term performance of road markings on rural roads:

guidelines for maintenance management
Marco Pasetto, Stefano Damiano Barbati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Application of an Artificial Neural Network in a Pavement Management System
Hrvoje Dragovan, Tatjana Rukavina, Josipa Domitrovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
3 Road Traffic Planning and Modelling

The use of different methodologies for saturation headways
and saturation flow rates at signalized intersections
S. Kosmopoulou, A. Efthimiou, G. Mintsis, C. Taxiltaris, S. Basbas, M. Miltiadou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Comparative studies regarding traffic flow improvement scenarios

using software modelling and real measured data
Nicolae Ciont, Mihai Iliescu, Rodica Dorina Cadar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Transport demand modeling for National park Mavrovo
Vaska Atanasova, Kristina Hadjipetkova, Dragan Ilievski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
IMPACTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PLANNED RESIDENTIAL

AND BUSINESS COMPLEX ON THE ROAD NETWORK OF THE CITY OF MOSTAR
Suada Debo, Mirza Pozder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Determination of the effect of intersection control mode on vehicle delay times
Jan Hradil, Michal Uhlik, Tomas Havlicek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Sustainable mobility of small tourist places
Mario Njegovec, Luka Kosmat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Offtracking control requirements for quality roundabout design

Ivica Staneri, Tomislav Dobrica, Saa Ahac, Vesna Dragevi, Danijel Tenera
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison between modelled and measured travelling time in urban roundabouts

Irena Itoka Otkovi, Martina Zagvozda, Matja raml
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269
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Identification of at-grade intersections characteristics

for defining basic inputs into MCA methodology
Jan Hradil, Michal Uhlik, Petr Slaby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
4 Road Pavements
Pavement maintenance programming considering three objectives:
maintenance and rehabilitation costs, user costs, and the residual value of pavements
Adelino Ferreira, Susana Meneses, Cassio Paiva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
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Influence of tire pressure on the vertical dynamic load

applied on the pavement by a trucks front suspension
Pablo Yugo Yoshiura Kubo, Cassio Eduardo Lima de Paiva, Adelino Ferreira. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Design model for static and impact load affected pavements
Audrius Vaitkus, Viktoras Vorobjovas, Judita Graulyt, Rita Kleizien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Alternative rehabilitation methods for low-volume roads
Audrius Vaitkus, Viktoras Vorobjovas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Consideration regarding asphalt mixtures in road pavement and airport pavement
Carmen Rcnel, Claudia Petcu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Impact of high process temperature on viscoelastic properties of

polymer modified bitumen in waterproofing and bridge pavements
Micha Sarnowski, Piotr Radziszewski, Karol J. Kowalski, Jan B. Krl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Effects of climatic factors on the shape of deflection bowl
Csaba Tth, Ibolya Szentpteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Subgrade bearing capacity influence on flexible pavement structures behaviour
tefan Marian Lazr, Elena Diaconu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Laboratory and field experience with PMMA/ATH composite dust in asphalt mixtures
Marjan Tuar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
New Solutions for Distressed Pavement Rehabilitation of Vilnius City Streets
Audrius Vaitkus, Donatas ygas, Rita Kleizien, Laura ilit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
The impact of compaction energy on the properties of asphalt layers
Ivica Androji, Gordana Kaluer, Mario Komljen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Indirect tensile test of asphalt mixture stiffness modulus
Miroslav imun, Maja Halle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Moisture damage and low temperature cracking

of modified bituminous mixtures for road pavements
Marco Pasetto, Nicola Baldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Comparison the characteristics of AC 8 surf and AC 11 surf

and results between tree laboratories at low temperatures
Dejan Hribar, Marjan Tuar, Tomislav afran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Examples of reuse of materials of deconstruction

for the constitution of a road structure RECYVIA process
Jean-Etienne Urbain, Eric Layerle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Environment protection by using new technologies for asphalt mixtures
Carmen Racanel, Adrian Burlacu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Effects of a chemical WMA additive on aging characteristics of bituminous mixtures
Peyman Aghazadeh Dokandari, Julide Oylumluoglu Oner, Ali Topal, Burak Sengoz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Impact of selected chemical additives

on performance behavior of warm asphalt concrete mix
Jan Valentin, Petr Mondschein, Jan Bene, Luk Kek, Lucie Soukupov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
VIASPHALT BT, the mastic asphalt low and very low temperature
Jean-Etienne Urbain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
The Effects of Ageing on Road Bitumen Modified with the Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Polymer
Vesna Oceli Bulatovi, Vesna Rek, Emi Govorin Bajsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Assessment of an appropriate modifier content

in modified bitumen based on the multiple stress creep recovery test
Jan B. Krl, Piotr Radziszewski, Karol J. Kowalski, Micha Sarnowski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Experimental study on the enhancement of mechanical

properties of bituminous mastics at high strains
Marco Pasetto, Stefano Damiano Barbati, Giovanni Giacomello. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
13
Effect of bitumen origin on behavior

of cold recycled mixes using foamed bitumen technique
Jan Valentin, Jan Suda, Zuzana Formanov, Tereza Valentov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Influence of chemical catalysts and selected additives

on behavior of crumb rubber modified bitumen
Kristna Milkov, Lucie Soukupov, Jan Valentin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
5 Rail Vehicle-Track Interaction

Track-structure interaction analysis using FE modelling techniques
Philip Icke, Geoffrey Paice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Vibration problems at switches
Manfred Bauer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Measurement and analysis of the dynamic effects on the crossings
Ivan Vukui, Daniela Sadlekov, Jaroslav Smutn, Lubo Pazdera, Vladimr Tomandl, Jan Hajni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Advantages of installation of rubber-metal elements in suspension of railway vehicles
Dragan Petrovi, Dobrinka Atmadzhova, Milan Bii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Plastic Sleeper anchors in Czech Republic
Otto Plek, Miroslava Hruzkov, Richard Svoboda, Lubomr Malovan, Milan Valenta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Rolling contact fatigue on tramways rail
Vinko Akos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
6 Structural Monitoring and Maintenance

Bridge evaluation method using metrological methods
in short and long-term measurements
Gert Gommola, Peter Krempels
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
519
Evaluation and management of seismic endangerment of Ring Road Thessaloniki
C. Antoniadis, . Triantafyllidis, . Anastasiadis, Pitsiava M. Latinopoulou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
MOVING LOAD EFFECT ON BRIDGES
ubo Daniel, Jn Korti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Rehabilitation of steel railway bridges by implementation of UHPFRC deck
Igor Daji, Aljoa Sajna, Irina Stipanovi Oslakovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Influence of tram induced vibration on underground garage structure
Stjepan Lakui, Ivo Haladin, Marijan Bogut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
7 Transport Geotechnics
Stabilisation of former trunk road embankment
using combined structural and eco-engineering strategies
Slobodan B. Mickovski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Possible impact of Eurocode 7 on slope design for roads and railways
Jovan. Br. Papi, R. Ristov, Slobodan Ognjenovi, Igor Peevski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
GEORISK A risk model and decision support tool for rail and road slope infrastructure
Paul Doherty, Kenneth Gavin, Karlo Martinovi, Cormac Reale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Slope remediation methodology on the Zagreb-Macelj highway
Goran Grget, Katarina Ravnjak, Mladen Krpan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Multiple load case on flexible shallow landslide barriers mudslide and rockfall
Corinna Wendeler, Vjekoslav Budimir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Design of Railway Trackbeds with Geocells
Moshe Livneh, Noam A. Livneh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
14
Subsoil stone forest discovered during the construction of the motorway (SE Slovenia)
Martin Knez, Tadej Slabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Application of industrial waste materials in sustainable ground improvement
Mario Bai, Danijela Mari, Tea Perun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Methods of surveying in rockfall protection
Lovorka Libri, Marijan Car, Meho Saa Kovaevi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Optimization of geotechnical investigation works

during the reconstruction of the transition zones on the old railway lines
Marko Bian, Marko Vajdi, Ivan Matkovi, Luka Bolfan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Influence of layered geosynthetics on CBR of clayey

subgrade with soil-geosynthetic interaction
M.V. Shah, A.J. Shah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
FEM Analysis with special focus on Soil-Structure Interaction

of Floating Slab-Track Infrastructure in High Speed Railway Embankments
Paulina Bakunowicz, Hasan Emre Demirci, Isfendiyar Egeli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Deformational properties of unbound granular pavement materials
Andrea Nainovi Margan, eljko Arbanas, Aleksandra Deluka-Tiblja, Marijana Cuculi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Application of neural networks in analyzing of rock mass parameters in tunnelling
Zlatko Zafirovski, Milorad Jovanovski, Darko Moslavac, Zoran Krakutovski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
DETERMINATION OF BLAST INDUCED DAMAGE ZONE

DURING TUNNEL EXCAVATIONS IN CARBONATE ROCKS
Hrvoje Antievi, Hrvoje Perkovi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Monitoring and Supervision of Tunnels in Croatia
Katarina Ravnjak, Goran Grget, Mladen Garai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Sv. Ilija Tunnels through Biokovo Mountain
Ibrahim Jaarevi, Hrvoje Krhen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
8 Integrated Timetables on Railways

Microscopic Simulation of Railway Operation for Developing Integrated Timetables
Andreas Schbel, Mark Volcic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
A Metaheuristic Approach for Integrated Timetable

Based Design of Railway Infrastructure
Igor Grujii, Gnther Raidl, Andreas Schbel, Gerhard Besau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Regional Railways: Timetable-Based Long-Term Infrastructure Development
Stefan Walter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Integrated periodic timetable based concepts in Hungarian National Transport Strategy
Viktor Borza, Jnos Fldik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
A new approach for defining the improvement plans of Rail Networks
Giovanni Longo, Giorgio Medeossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Microscopic Simulation of Railway Operation for Developing Integrated Timetables
Andreas Schbel, Mark Volcic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
9 Traffic safety
Relation between speed inconsistency and driving safety on Croatian state road D-1
Biljana Vukoje, Draen Cvitani, Ante Proso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
The need for safer and forgiving roads
Florentina Alina Burlacu, Otilia Tarita-Cimpeanu, Mihai Dicu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Recording and evaluation procedure of drivers distraction

in accordance with drivers characteristics in high speed arterials
Eleni Misokefalou, Nikolaos Eliou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
15
An approach to assessing drivers behaviour at roundabouts

Fatiha Moutchou, Abdelghani Cherkaoui, El Miloudi El Koursi
751
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Homogenization of speed on secondary and local roads in the Flanders Region:

an exploratory study making use of a Traffic Signs Database
Dirk Lauwers, Johan De Mol, Dominique Gillis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Safety measures in road tunnels
Ivana Komi, Ivica Staneri, eljko Stepan
........................................................................................................................................................................................
771
Approaches to solve the problem of passive safety of passenger wagons
Venelin Pavlov, Nencho Nenov, Veselin Stoyanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Factors influencing drivers behaviour at intersections crossed by the tram

Fatiha Moutchou, Abdelghani Cherkaoui, El Miloudi El Koursi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
785
Improving the resilience of the metro vehicle to blast and fire
El Miloudi El Koursi, Jean Luc Bruyelle, Amaury Flancquart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
The implementation of intelligent information systems

to increase safety in rail level crossings
Marko Hoi, Ivan Vlai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
10 Environmental protection
Well-to-wheel energy comparison of US and European rail freight
Romain Bosquet, Olivier Cazier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Comparative Wind Influence On Use Phase Energy Consumptions Of Roads And Railways
A. Coiret, P.-O. Vandanjon, R. Bosquet, A. Jullien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
IMPACT OF NEW BUILT ROUNDABOUTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IN CITY OF VINKOVCI
Nikola ubi, Marko Lui, Tomislav Zulumovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Issues related to the impact of noise at at-grade intersections
Jan Hradil, Jan Kovak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
The impact of intersection type on traffic noise levels in residential areas
Tamara Dambas, Saa Ahac, Vesna Dragevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Performance checks as prerequisites for environmental benefits of roundabouts
Saa Ahac, Tamara Dambas, Ivica Staneri, Vesna Dragevi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Urban pavement surfaces heating influencing parameters
Marijana Cuculi, Aleksandra Deluka-Tiblja, Sergije Babi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Buried Flexible Corrugated Steel Structures

modern technology in construction of wildlife crossings
Adam Czerepak, Mario Bogdan, Ivana Barii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
11 Urban Transport
Teaching ethics to transport engineers The rationale behind
and practice at Vienna UnivERSITY of Technology
Tadej Brezina, Harald Frey, Gnter Emberger, Ulrich Leth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Innovative approaches of promoting non-motorized transport in cities
Ulrich Leth, Harald Frey, Tadej Brezina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
Public participation for successful traffic and transport planning
Volker Blees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
The impact of public transport performance improvements on

sustainable urban mobility an example of the City of Zagreb
Davor Bri, Marko Slavulj, Dino ojat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Evaluation of the Variable Message Signs (VMS) system

in the central area of Thessaloniki from the user point of view
S. Basbas, G. Mintsis, C. Taxiltaris, A. Betos, D. Kyriazopoulos, M. Nikolaidis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
16
Testing a mixture model for the distribution of arrival time of urban railway travellers
Kazuyuki Takada, Yuzo Takanami, Makoto Fujiu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Analyse of the accessibility of people with disabilities

or reduced mobility using urban transport to health treatment
Maria Teresa Franoso, Carlos Alberto Bandeira Guimares, Gustavo Fabricio DEstefano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Problems in planning of the primary road corridors

in the cities on the example of the City of Zagreb
Igor Majstorovi, Mario Njegovec, eljko Stepan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Strategy of development trends in the modern city

a green transport plan in case of Zagreb
Branko Kincl, Stipan Mato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Genetic algorithms to optimal definition of pedestrian terminal layout
Cristian Giacomini, Giovanni Longo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Assessment of the demand for bicycle parking infrastructure in Vienna
Paul Pfaffenbichler, Tadej Brezina, Harald Frey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Ten years of bike-sharing in Vienna An exploration into subjective user choices
Helmut Lemmerer, Takeru Shibayama, Tadej Brezina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Bicycle traffic in the city of Osijek
Martina Zagvozda, Ivana Barii, Sanja Dimter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Student bicycle sharing system in Zagreb Studocikl
Ljupko imunovi, Mario osi, Marko Slavulj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Analysis of Pedestrian and Cyclist Behaviour at Level Crossings
Hrvoje Pilko, Danijela Bari, Dubravka Hozjan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
STUDY ON THE AVAILABILITY OF TWITTER DATA

FOR FORECASTING SUSPENSION TIME OF RAILWAY OPERATION
Makoto Fujiu, Kazuyuki Takada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
13 Passenger Services: Baggage Storage and Boarding

Store&Go+ New passenger services by new baggage storage robots
Hans-Christian Graf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Requirements on future railway interiors
Bernhard Rger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
PubTrans4All Accessible boarding into older coaches
Bernhard Rger, Goran Simic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
17
18

Analysis of Pedestrian and Cyclist

Behaviour at Level Crossings
Hrvoje Pilko, Danijela Bari, Dubravka Hozjan
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences,
Department of Road Transport, Croatia
Abstract
Level crossings (LCs) are points of conflict between rail and road traffic. Therefore, from the
aspect of safety they are potentially high-risk traffic points. Traffic participants at LCs are pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, car drivers and locomotive drivers. The behaviour of traffic
participants represents the main cause of traffic accidents at LCs. Most research examining
road users behaviour at LCs has focused on car drivers and there are few studies dedicated
to pedestrians and cyclists, especially in Croatia. Cyclists are often treated like pedestrians
but cyclists can travel much faster than pedestrians, which can cause unexpected behaviour.
The paper gives an overview of the existing cycling features in the City of Zagreb and the statistics of accidents on LCs in the Republic of Croatia. Also, through a review of the major recent
studies on the behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists at railroad crossings, the trends have
been presented as well as the results of research. The review paper will serve as the basis for
further research of design, traffic safety and the behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists, and
their correlation at the LCs in the Republic of Croatia.
Key words: level crossings, pedestrians, cyclists, traffic safety
1 Introduction
Level crossings (LCs) are places of direct conflict between rail and road traffic. Since these
are collision points of two traffic systems, they represent from the safety point of view traffic
points of high risk at which there often comes to emergency situations, sometimes with the
severest of consequences. Statistical data show that in more than 90% of emergency cases
the main cause lies in the road motor vehicle drivers and pedestrians. In the Republic of Croatia there is a total of 1,514 LCs out of which 60 are level pedestrian crossings. The safety level
depends on the category of the railway line and road, permitted speed, field conditions and
local circumstances at the crossing point. Consequently, LCs can be secured by road traffic
signs (minimally the sign STOP and St. Andrews cross) and the visibility triangle or security
device (automatic device light-audio signals with or without half-barriers and mechanical
device barriers). Automatic or mechanical devices are used at 531 LCs, whereas the remaining 923 are secured by road traffic signs and the visibility triangle [1]. The issue of LCs is
included in a large number of laws, regulations and other documents defining the security
method as well as under whose jurisdiction lies the solving of certain segments of LC [2, 3].
On the other hand, although cycling has significantly increased over the recent several years,
the cycling issues are included in the legal regulations at an extremely low extent [4]. Neither
are the investments into infrastructure improvement sufficient, which affects negatively the
safe flow of traffic and leads to emergency situations.
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969
2 Analysis of cycling traffic

2.1 Summarized overview of carried out research of cycling traffic
A significant increase in cycling in the countries worldwide, particularly in the cities, has been
evident and is the result of implementing long-year structural programs and measures as a
special segment of comprehensive traffic policies with the aim of increasing bicycle traffic.
The majority of these programs and measures are in correlation with the implementation of
measures for the improvement of other travelling modes.
Review of literature [5] suggests the need to facilitate cycling through appropriate bicycle
infrastructure, integration with public transport, traffic calming, training and education programs, bicycle access programs, and legal issues. Countries and cities with high levels of
cycling and good safety rates tend to have extensive infrastructure, as well as pro-bicycle
policies and programs, whereas those with low cycling rates and poor safety records generally have done much less. However, it is not clear which measures are the most effective
and should be given priority in designing and implementing a pro-bicycle policy package. A
significant increase in bicycle traffic is evident from the following. For example, Berlin almost
quadrupled the number of bicycle trips between 1970 and 2001 and doubled the bicycle share
of trips from 5% in 1990 to 10% in 2007. In spite of the sharp rise in cycling, serious injuries
in Berlin fell by 38% from 1992 to 2006. In only six years, the bicycle share of trips within the
City of Paris more than doubled from 1% in 2001 to 2.5% in 2007. The bicycle share of trips
in Bogota quadrupled from 0.8% in 1995 to 3.2% in 2006. The total number of bicycle trips
in London doubled between 2000 and 2008, while cyclist injuries fell by 12% over the same
period. Amsterdam raised the bicycle share of trips from 25% in 1970 to 37% in 2005 while
serious cyclist injuries fell by 40% between 1985 and 2005. From 1995 to 2003, the bicycle
share of trips in Copenhagen rose from 25% to 38% among those aged 40 years and older
[5]. Looking at these research results one cannot determine which measures/packages dealt
with the issue of cycling traffic at level crossings, both from the aspect of relevant bicycle
infrastructure, improvement of cyclists traffic safety, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to carry
out further systemic research of cycling traffic at LCs.
2.2 Features of bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb
In the City of Zagreb for the last 15 years there have been ongoing measures to improve and
encourage bicycle traffic in the overall travel. In the mid 1980s the bicycle traffic and bicycleoriented surfaces were intended exclusively for recreational and sporting purposes (the first
example was the bike path around the lake of Jarun) which is mostly the case today. In the
period since 2010 additional 21 km of cycling paths have been made in the wider urban area
and 138 km of sport-recreation cycling paths in the Nature Park Medvednica, which is a total
of approximately 370 km. Also, the City of Zagreb undertook a number of other traffic technical
and regulatory interventions with the aim of improving the conditions for bicycle traffic (e.g.
removal of urban and architectural barriers, marking of cycling areas with red filled (infill)
lanes in the full profile, construction of bicycle path or lane during reconstruction and major
road repairs). First official data regarding the volume of bicycle traffic were recorded in the
year 1999 for the purpose of a traffic study of the City of Zagreb [6]. The research covered
in this study shows that only 0.7% of the daily trips are realized by bicycle. However, it is
interesting to note that 51% of households said that they had at least one bicycle, which
represents a respectable potential for greater use of bicycles as means of travel. After the
above mentioned traffic study, several measurements and surveys were conducted which
provided an approximate image for certain characteristics of the intensity of bicycle traffic.
In the study performed by ISIP-MG [7], measurement of traffic at 16 locations was carried
out, mostly on the citys busiest traffic corridors. Based upon these limited measurements,
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Urban Transport
it can be assessed that there is a certain amount of increase in bicycle traffic. Furthermore,
by carrying out comprehensive research for the needs of the Project CiViTAS ELAN ZAGREB at
certain locations the measurement of cycling traffic was carried out [8]. Figure 1 shows the
results of measurements for 2008 and 2012. By comparing the measurement results one can
conclude that at the observed locations significant increase in bicycle traffic was recorded, in
the amount of 17.18% to even as much as 72.25%, although the cycling infrastructure is still
insufficiently developed and not at an acceptable level.
Figure 1 Average number of cyclists at four control locations [8]
Table 1. shows a significant reduction in the number of fatalities during 2012 in relation to the
previous year 2011 by as much as 71.43%. The statistical reports [9] state as the most frequent
causes of traffic accidents involving cyclists the following: riding across pedestrian crossing,
failure to use cycling paths/lanes, riding on sidewalks, and no lights at night. It should be
mentioned that during 2012 in traffic accidents involving cyclists, they were responsible for
about 2/3 of traffic accidents of this type, which can be attributed to the low level of traffic
culture, i.e. disregard of traffic rules. However, it is impossible to determine from the data
what is the number and what are the types/consequences of accidents that occurred at LCs
involving pedestrians, i.e. cyclists.
Table 1 Number and consequences of traffic accidents involving cyclists in the area of the City of Zagreb [9]
Number of traffic accidents
involving cyclists
Year
2012
2011
Difference
[%]
with fatalities
-71.43
with injured
309
297
4.04
with material damage
93
110
-15.45
Total
404
414
-2.42
Further development and improvement of bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb will be focused
upon interventions that can be defined through the following program components: improving conditions in the existing bicycle network, further development and expansion of bicycle
paths or lanes, implementation of public bicycle service (e.g. nextbike), amending legislation
regarding regulation of bicycle traffic, education and marketing activities to encourage people
to use bicycles as a means for the realization of commuting [10]. Consequently, it is necessary
to systematically monitor the movement of bicycle traffic and the safety level for the area of
the City of Zagreb. Among other things, this would create a certain base of traffic data with
the objective of more detailed analysis of non-motorized traffic in/at the area of LCs. Such
analysis should result in a proposal of measures and guidelines for proper management and
design of non-motorized traffic in/at the areas of LCs.
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971
3 Analysis of safety situations at level crossings

In railway traffic an safety situation represents an undesired, unintentional or unexpected
event or sequence of such events, which results in any kind of damage, regardless of the amount of damage. Emergency situations are divided into four basic categories: serious accidents,
accidents, disturbances and avoided accidents [11]. Serious accident is an emergency situation
in railway traffic in which at least one person has been killed, and/or five or more persons are
physically injured, and/or the material damage is greater than five million kuna. An accident
is an emergency situation in railway traffic with harmful consequences such as severe physical
injuries of up to four persons and material damage that can be estimated at a value of up to five
million kuna [1]. Traffic safety at LCs means safety of railway and road traffic. The safety condition at LCs in the Republic of Croatia is best shown by the statistical data about the number of
traffic accidents and consequences. An analysis of accidents at LCs and their consequences in
the period 2007-2008 still show a significant number of accidents, either fatal or greater number of injured persons, and with considerable material damage. Particularly worrisome trend
of steady growth in the number of injured people tend to LCs with the highest level of security.
Comparing the 2011 and 2012, it is evident that in the 2012 the number of serious accidents is
significantly reduced (25%) and the number of fatalities as well (34.6%). In the 2012 on the LCs
happened a total of 45 accidents, eight serious accidents and 37 accidents. It is disturbing the
fact that seven of these accidents occurred at LCs secured with automatic devices with lightacoustic signaling and semi-barriers in which two people died and one person was seriously
injured. On the LCs secured with light-acoustic signaling occurred 13 accidents in which one
person was killed and eight were seriously injured, while the 25 accidents that occurred at
crossings marked by road traffic signs Stop and Andrews Cross, five people were killed
and six were seriously injured (Figure 2., Table 2. and 3.).
According to statistics published by the European Railway Agency (ERA), there are at least
123,000 LCs in the European Union (EU). Most of them (71%) are passive LCs without any active warning or protection devices, such as lights, bells or gates. Roughly 45% of LC accidents
in the EU occur at passive LCs, and 65% of road users involved in accidents are drivers or
occupants of passenger cars or heavy vehicles. In 2010, there were 359 LC accident fatalities
in the EU. This represents 29% of fatalities in railway accidents but only about 1.2% of all road
accident fatalities. Most of the direct causes are related to the behaviour of road users (95%
[12]) such as distraction, while other causes of accidents were related to weather conditions
or the condition of the driver (e.g. alcohol/drugs) [13]. An evaluation of accident data on 256
LC accidents was carried out as part of the SELCAT (Safer European Level Crossing Appraisal
and Technology) project. About 91% of level crossing accidents in the EU were found to be
caused by human failure, and over 80% were found to have been caused by the driver of the
road vehicle not respecting the traffic rules [14].
Table 2 Overview of emergency situations at LCs [1]
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Table 3 Analysis of consequences of emergency situations at LCs [1]
Figure 2 Emergency situations at LCs in Croatia [1]
4 Overview of studying the behaviour of participants in road traffic at

level crossings
Most research examining road users behaviour at LCs has focused on car drivers, and there
are fewer studies dedicated to pedestrians and cyclists. One of the significant problems is
trespassing. A number of studies have suggested that the main reason for trespassing is taking
Urban Transport
973
a shortcut from point A to point B because the authorised route is assessed to be too far away.
According to a study in Finland, most people were trespassing while going shopping, jogging,
or on their way to school or work. Thirty-five percent of all respondents trespassed daily or
almost daily. It is significant that 67% of all respondents answered that they trespassed at
least once a week. Half of the respondents assessed that the trespassing is either completely
or fairly safe. Overall, 59% of the respondents considered trespassing illegal, 15% considered it
legal and 26% did not know. One of the measures to decrease trespassing is the installation of
countermeasures. The data show that there were 78 bicycle trespassings before installation of
countermeasures and zero trespassing after the installation of countermeasures [15]. Studies
indicate that different road users might interact differently with the LC system. In particular,
on-road studies indicate that the content of individuals situation awareness or their sense of
what is going on around them varies depending on their transportation mode, although some
authors suggest that these differences result in cognitive incompatibilities between different
road users [16]. Motorcyclists appear to be more focused on anticipating potential hazards
than car drivers, whereas cyclists in dense traffic may focus more on seeking safe alternative
travel routes such as bicycle lanes, service lanes and footpaths [17]. Beanland et al. designed
a longitudinal survey to record interactions at LCs over a two-week period. The survey focused
on understanding how individuals behaved in the presence of a train, which included examining the decision that they made (to stop or proceed before the train) and the specific factors
that assisted their decision-making in that situation. The sample included 166 adults residing
in metropolitan Melbourne (80%) and regional Victoria (20%), with a mix of car drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians. Visual information (e.g., flashing lights) emerged as one
of the most influential factors for car drivers and motorcyclists, whereas pedestrians and to a
lesser extent cyclists relied more on auditory information (e.g., bells) to alert them to the presence of a train. Pedestrians were also more likely than other road users to speed up and cross
the tracks ahead of an approaching train. Overall, these results emphasise the importance of
designing road systems to support cognition and behaviour across a range of road users, in
order to ensure a safe system for all [18]. In addition, a relatively large survey of 1,862 cyclists
in Queensland, Australia found that women are more likely to cycle off-road than men, and
are less likely to commute by bicycle than men, and that, although factors related to traffic
conditions, motorist aggression and safety are concerns for both women and men, women
report a far greater number of these constraints [19]. Pedestrian treatments on risky behaviour
at light rail transit LCs was researched by Siques. Five treatments were evaluated: pedestrian
automatic gates, a prototype active pedestrian warning device, a prototype active Look Both
Ways sign, barrier channelization at a skewed crossing, and a Stop Here pavement marking.
Statistically, to reduce risky pedestrian behaviours, pedestrian automatic gates were reported
as the most effective. However, pedestrians were found to be less likely to look both ways
or stop before entering a crossing when a pedestrian automatic gate or pedestrian flashing
light was installed. Interestingly, the Look Both Ways sign was found not to be effective in
reducing the number of pedestrians entering the crossing immediately after train departures.
Research on examples of innovative warning and control devices at LCs include four factors
that enabled pedestrians to walk safely through LCs: pedestrian awareness of the crossing,
existence of a pedestrian path across the trackway, pedestrian awareness of and ability to
see an approaching train, and pedestrian understanding of the potential hazards at LCs [20].
Khattak and Luo [21] investigated pedestrian and cyclist behaviour at a dual-quadrant gated
LC located in the residential area of the City of Fremont, Nebraska. The crossing has two sets of
railroad tracks, two paved highway lanes, and is equipped with dual-quadrant gates. The gates
have flashing lights, crossbuck sign and an audible bell. The crossing is equipped with a crosswalk on its west side for pedestrian use, which is sometimes used by cyclists as well. Most
pedestrians and bicyclist use the crosswalk, but a few occasionally use the street to negotiate
the crossing. Violations by pedestrians and cyclists were monitored using video surveillance
in three instalments during the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Violations were divided into four
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groups: 1) passing under descending gates, 2) passing around fully lowered gates, 3) passing
under ascending gates, and 4) passing around fully lowered gates between successive trains.
During data collection a total of 1,074 non-motorized individuals were observed indulging in
807 violations. On average, 1.70 individuals were observed per crossing event and 1.27 violations per crossing event were noted. Analysis showed that there were no differences in the
occurrence of gate-related violations by pedestrians and cyclists. Young children of around 8
years of age or younger were involved in 25% more gate-related violations than older crossing
users. Violations increased with the presence of more individuals at the crossing during train
crossing events, but the contribution from young children was greater than that from older
crossing users. In Holland there were 48 fatal incidents in 1985 and the government policy
was to decrease this amount of LC accidents by 50% by the year 2010. In 2006 on 2,724 public
LCs of all types there were 4 accidents that took 9 lives and left 11 people injured, while no
derailments due to LC accidents occurred. There were 93% of accidents caused by errors of
some description by road users. Of these, there were 39% conscious errors. In 53% of accidents the road user did not see the train approaching until impact. Males were substantially
more involved in incidents and accidents than females, while more than 30% of those involved
belonged to the age group 20-29. The total involvement of age groups peaks between 10 59,
school and working ages [22]. Reducing pedestrian and cyclist violations at LCs will improve
traffic safety, but most technology-based countermeasures (e.g., automatic pedestrian gates,
electronic signs) are expensive and difficult to maintain. Other options for that are enforcement
and public outreach and proper education.
5 Conclusion
The existing level of adjustment of the traffic infrastructure to current and future growth of
bicycle traffic is not sufficient, which can be seen from the presented characteristics of bicycle
traffic in the City of Zagreb. The safety at LCs is a complex problem. Apart from technical and
technological factors also human behaviour has to be taken into consideration and this is
very difficult to predict, monitor and track. Whether referring to accident which resulted from
the collision of a train and motor vehicle, cyclist or pedestrian, the consequences are larger
by injuries. Research showed that the main cause of collision at LCs is the behaviour of road
user participants. This can be largely assigned to risky behaviour of drivers i.e. their lack of
attention when driving a vehicle, disregard of traffic regulations and stress. Risky behaviour
of motorists, cyclists or pedestrians at LCs is extremely dangerous and mostly results in emergency situations. The road traffic participants are often not aware of potential danger at LCs,
and adaptation and response time are often related to implicit impacts on perception and capability of decision making, e.g. stress, fatigue, personal problems, and physical and mental
state. The review paper will serve as the basis for further research of design, traffic safety and
behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists, and their correlation at LCs in the Republic of Croatia.
Finally, apart from technical and technological design solving of the crossings, the systemic
activities in terms of education of road motor vehicle drivers, cyclists and pedestrians is of
extreme importance, with the aim of upgrading the level of their traffic discipline, culture and
awareness about the causes and consequences of risk behaviour at LCs.
Acknowledgements
The research described in this paper has been carried out as part of the scientific project Research of Measures to Improve the Safety at Level Crossings , No. 5414, funded by the University
of Zagreb. The collected data have been realized in cooperation with the H-Infrastructure,
Department for Development and Investment Planning, and the Department of Safety Management System. The authors would like to thank for the cooperation and provided support.
Urban Transport
975
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CETRA2014 Road and Rail Infrastructure III Pilko Bari Hozjan

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3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure

2830 April 2014, Split, Croatia

Road and Rail Infrastructure III

Road and Rail Infrastructure III

International Academic Scientific Committee

Under the Auspices of

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure

Minister of Science, Education and Sports

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Journal for railway operators and suppliers

Kenneth Gavin, Cormac Reale, Jianfeng Xue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1 Rail Infrastructure Projects Design, Construction, Maintenance and Management

Mark Volcic, Johann Blieberger, Andreas Schbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Development of a Heating System for Hollow Sleepers

RAILWAY M201, section KRIEVCIKOPRIVNICASTATE BORDER:

Neboja Opai, Joanna Zboromirska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

TRAFFIC-CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS FOR BUILDING OF BYPASS AROUND NIS IN CORRIDOR X

Tatjana Simi, Tatjana Miki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

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Saa Dumhur, Amra Zvizdi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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Maintenance in the life cycle of railway infrastructure

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Track Geometry Measurement as Preventive Maintenance Data Source

Railway investment planning using dynamic priorities

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European existing railway tracks: overview of typical problems and challenges

Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic, Xincai Tan, Kenneth Gavin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Financing of railway corridor infrastructure in transit countries

The strategy of introducing ECTS safety system

2 Road Infrastructure Projects Construction, Maintenance And Management

Marios Miltiadou, Efstathios Bouhouras, Christos Taxiltaris, George Mintsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

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Investment Plan for BarBoljare Motorway

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Ana Rigo, eljko Stepan, Igor Majstorovi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

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Andrea Stani, Zlata Dolaek-Alduk, Sanja Dimter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

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Comparative studies regarding traffic flow improvement scenarios

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Jan Hradil, Michal Uhlik, Tomas Havlicek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

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