Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-11)

Overview of ACI 318M
Design of Prestressed Concrete
Evaluation of Existing Structures
David Darwin
Vietnam Institute for Building Science and
Technology (IBST)
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
December 12-16, 2011

This morning
Overview of ACI 318M-11
Design of Prestressed Concrete
(Chapter 18)
Strength Evaluation of Existing
Structures (Chapter 20)

This afternoon
Analysis and design of
Flexure
Shear
Torsion
Axial load

Tomorrow morning
Design of slender columns
Design of wall structures
High-strength concrete

Overview of ACI 318M-11

Legal standing
Scope
Approach to Design
Loads and Load Cases
Strength Reduction Factors

Legal standing
Serves as the legal structural concrete
building code in the U.S. because it is
adopted by the general building code (IBC).

Scope
ACI 318M consists of 22 chapters and 6
appendices that cover all aspects of building
design

Chapters
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Scope, Contract Documents, Inspection,
Approval of Special Systems

2. NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

Chapters
3. MATERIALS
Cementitious Materials, Water, Aggregates,
Admixtures, Reinforcing Materials

4. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Freezing and Thawing, Sulfates, Permeability,
Corrosion

5. CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING

6. FORMWORK, EMBEDMENTS,
AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

7. DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
Hooks and Bends, Surface Condition, Tolerances,
Spacing, Concrete Cover, Columns, Flexural Members,
Shrinkage and Temperature Steel, Structural Integrity

8. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN GENERAL

CONSIDERATIONS
Design Methods; Loading, including Arrangement of
Load; Methods of Analysis; Redistribution of Moments;
Selected Concrete Properties; Requirements for
Modeling Structures (Spans, T-beams, Joists...)

9. STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY

REQUIREMENTS
Load Combinations, Strength Reduction Factors,
Deflection Control

10. FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS

Beams and One-way Slabs, Columns, Deep Beams,
Bearing

11. SHEAR AND TORSION

12. DEVELOPMENT
AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT

13. TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS

14. WALLS

15. FOOTINGS

16. PRECAST
CONCRETE

17. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL

MEMBERS

18. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

19. SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS

20. STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING

STRUCTURES
21. EARTHQUAKERESISTANT
STRUCTURES

22. STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE

Appendices
A. STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS*

B. ALTERNATIVE
PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
C. ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH
REDUCTION FACTORS

D. ANCHORING TO CONCRETE*

E. STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION

F. EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKSMETRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF
NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE

Approach to design
Qd = design loads

Sn = nominal strength
Sd = design strength

M = safety margin

Design Strength Required Strength

Sd = Sn Qd
Sd

= design strength = Sn

= strength reduction factor

= load factors

Qd

= design loads

and in Chapter 9 of ACI 318M

Loads Qd
specified in ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Reston, Virginia, USA

Loads
Dead loads (D)*
Live loads (L)*
Roof live loads (Lr)*
Wind loads (W)
full load
Earthquake loads (E)
full load
Rain loads (R)*
Snow loads (S)*
* Service-level loads

Loads
Impact include in L
Self-straining effects (temperature, creep,
shrinkage, differential settlement, and
shrinkage compensating concrete) (T)
Fluid loads (F)
Lateral soil pressure (H)
Factored Load = U = Qd

Load cases and load factors

by ASCE 7 and ACI 318M
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S

Load cases and load factors

by ASCE 7 and ACI 318M
U = 0.9D + 1.0W
U = 0.9D + 1.0E

Load factors by ACI 318M

If W based on service-level forces, use 1.6W place of
1.0W
If E based on service-level forces, use 1.4E in place
of 1.0E

Details of other cases covered in the Code

Strength reduction () factors

Tension-controlled sections
0.90
Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other members
0.65
Shear and torsion
0.75
Bearing
0.65
Post-tensioning anchorages
0.85
Other cases
0.60 0.90

Tension-controlled and compressioncontrolled sections

T-beam

b
hf

dt

As

bw

Strain through depth of beam

Design Strength ( x nominal strength) must

exceed the Required Strength (factored load)
Bending

Mn Mu

Axial load

Pn Pu

Shear

Vn Vu

Torsion

Tn Tu

Load distributions and modeling

requirements

Structure may be analyzed as elastic

using properties of gross sections
Ig = moment of inertia of gross (uncracked)
cross section
3
Beams: Ib = Ig Iweb = bw h
12
3
Columns: Ic = Ig = bh
12

Analysis by subframes
1. The live load applied only to the floor or roof
under consideration, and the far ends of
columns built integrally with the structure
considered fixed

2. The arrangement of load may be limited to

combinations of
(a)factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans, and
(b)factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent spans

(a)

(b)

(c)

Moment and shear envelopes

Columns designed to resist

(a) axial forces from factored loads on all floors
or roof and maximum moment from factored
live loads on a single adjacent span of the
floor or roof under consideration
(b) loading condition giving maximum ratio of
moment to axial load

More on columns

For frames or continuous construction, consider

effect of unbalanced floor or roof loads on both
exterior and interior columns and of eccentric
loading due to other causes
For gravity load, far ends of columns built integrally
with the structure may be considered fixed
At any floor or roof level, distribute the moment
between columns immediately above and below
that floor in proportion to the relative column
stiffness

Simplified loading criteria

Beams, two
or more spans

M factor w u l n

Beams, two
spans only

Slabs,
spans 3 m
Beams, col stiffnesses
8 beam stiffnesses

ln

Max +ve

Max ve left

Composite
Max ve right

Allowable adjustment in maximum

moments for t 0.0075

Design of prestressed concrete

(Chapter 18)

Behavior of reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete under service loads

Theory of prestressed concrete

Stresses

Methods of prestressing concrete members

Pretensioning

Post-Tensioning

57

Prestressing steels

Strength of prestressing steels available in

U.S.
Seven-wire strand: fpu 1725, 1860 MPa
fpy (stress at 1% extension) 85% (for stressrelieved strand) or 90% (for low-relaxation
strand) of fpu
fpu = ultimate strength
fpy = yield strength

Strength of prestressing steels available in

U.S.
Prestressing wire: fpu 1620 to 1725 MPa
(function of size)
fpy (at 1% extension) 85% of fpu

Strength of prestressing steels available in

U.S.

High-strength steel bars: fpu 1035 MPa

fpy 85% (for plain bars) and 80% (for deformed
bars) of fpu
fpy based on either 0.2% offset or 0.7% strain

Maximum permissible stresses in

prestressing steel
Due to prestressing steel jacking force:
0.94fpy
0.80fpu
manufacturers recommendation
Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage devices
and couplers, immediately after force transfer:
0.70fpu

Prestressed concrete members are

designed based on both
Elastic flexural analysis
Strength

Elastic flexural analysis

Considers stresses under both the
Initial prestress force Pi and the
Effective prestress force Pe
Note:

fc = concrete compressive strength

fci = initial concrete compressive

strength (value at prestress transfer)

Classes of members
U uncracked calculated tensile stress in
precompressed tensile zone at service
loads = ft 0.62 fc
T transition between uncracked and
cracked 0.62 fc < ft 1.0 fc
C cracked ft > 1.0 fc

fc in MPa

Concrete section properties

e = tendon eccentricity
k1= upper kern point
k2= lower kern point
Ic = moment of inertia
Ac = area
radius of gyration:
r2 = Ic/Ac
section moduli:
S1 = Ic/c1
S2 = Ic/c2

Bending moments
Mo = self-weight moment
Md = superimposed dead load moment
Ml = live load moment

Concrete stresses under Pi

Concrete stresses under Pi + Mo

Concrete stresses under Pe + Mo + Md + Ml

Maximum permissible stresses in concrete at

transfer
(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression, except as in
(b), 0.60fci
(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression at ends of
simply supported members 0.70fci
(c) Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply
supported members 0.50 fci *
(d) Extreme fiber stress in tension at other locations
0.25 fci *
* Add tensile reinforcement if exceeded

Maximum permissible compressive

stresses in concrete at service loads
Class U and T members
(a) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to
prestress plus sustained load 0.45fc
(b) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to
prestress plus total load 0.60fc

Flexural strength

Aps

T = Apsfps

ps

Stress-block parameter 1
1 0.85 for 17 MPa fc 28 MPa
For fc between 28 and 56 MPa, 1
decreases by 0.05 for each 7 MPa
increase in fc

1 0.65 for fc 56 MPa

Stress in prestressing steel at ultimate

Members with bonded tendons:

p = Aps/bdp = reinforcement ratio

b = width of compression face
dp = d (effective depth) of prestressing steel

Members with bonded tendons and non-prestressed bars:

f

d
f ps f pu 1 p p pu
f c d p

1

f y / f c and f y / f c

and refer to compression reinforcement, As

f pu d

. , d 015
. dp

p
shall be taken 017
f c d p

Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth

ratios 35:

but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 420 MPa
fpe = stress in Aps at Pe =

Pe
Aps

Members with unbonded tendons with span/depth

ratios > 35:

but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 210 MPa

Loss of prestress
(a) Prestessing steel seating at transfer
(b) Elastic shortening of concrete
(c) Creep of concrete
(d) Shrinkage of concrete
(e) Relaxation of prestressing steel
(f) Friction loss due to intended or
unintended curvature of post-tensioning
tendons

Limits on reinforcement in flexural

members
Classify as tension-controlled, transition, or
compression-controlled to determine
Total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed
reinforcement in members with bonded
reinforcement must be able to carry 1.2
cracking load

Minimum bonded reinforcement As in

members with unbonded tendons
Except in two-way slabs, As = 0.004Act
Act = area of that part of cross section
between the flexural tension face and
center of gravity of gross section
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to
extreme tensile fiber

Two-way slabs:
Positive moment regions:
Bonded reinforcement not required where tensile
stress ft 0.17 fc

Nc
0.5fy
Nc = resultant tensile force acting on portion of
concrete cross section in tension under effective
prestress and service loads
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to extreme
tensile fiber
Otherwise, use As =

Two-way slabs:
Negative moment areas at column supports:
As = 0.00075Acf
Acf = larger gross cross-sectional area of slabbeam strips in two orthogonal equivalent
frames intersecting at the columns
Distribute As between lines 1.5h on outside
opposite edges of the column support
Code includes spacing and length requirements

Two-way slabs
Use Equivalent Frame Design Method
(Section 13.7)

Banded tendon distribution

Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association

Development of prestressing strand

development length

= transfer length

fse fpe

Pe
Aps

Shear for prestressed concrete members is

similar to that for reinforced concrete
members, but it takes advantage of
presence of prestressing force

Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zone

design
Load factor = 1.2 Ppu = 1.2Pj
Pj = maximum jacking force

= 0.85

Strength evaluation of existing structures

(Chapter 20)

Strength evaluation of existing structures

(Chapter 20)
When it is required
When we use analysis and when perform a load test
When core testing is sufficient
Load testing

A strength evaluation is required

when there is a doubt if a part or all of a structure
meets safety requirements of the Code
If the effect of the strength deficiency is well
understood and if it is feasible to measure the
dimensions and material properties required for
analysis, analytical evaluations of strength
based on those measurements can be used

If the effect of the strength deficiency is not well

understood or if it is not feasible to establish the
required dimensions and material properties by
measurement, a load test is required if the
structure is to remain in service

Establishing dimensions and material

properties
1. Dimensions established at critical sections
2. Reinforcement locations established by
measurement (can use drawings if spot
checks confirm information in drawings)
3. Use cylinder and core tests to estimate fc

Core testing

If the deficiency involves only the

compressive strength of the concrete
based on cylinder tests
Strength is considered satisfactory if:
1.Three cores are taken for each low-strength
test
2.The average of the three cores 0.85fc
3.No individual core has a strength <

0.75fc

Steel
Reinforcing and prestressing steel may be
evaluated based on representative material

If analysis is used, values of may be

increased
Tension-controlled 0.90 1.0
Compression controlled 0.75 and 0.65
0.90 and 0.80
Shear and torsion 0.75 0.80
Bearing 0.65 0.80

Load test procedure

Load arrangement:
Select number and arrangement of spans or
panels loaded to maximize the deflection and
stresses in the critical regions
Use more than one arrangement if needed
(deflection, rotation, stress)

Load intensity
Total test load = larger of
(a) 1.15D + 1.5L + 0.4(Lr or S or R)
(b) 1.15D + 0.9L + 1.5(Lr or S or R)
(c) 1.3D
In (b), load factor for L may be reduced to 0.45,
except for garages, places of assembly, and
where L > 4.8 kN/m2
L may be reduced as permitted by general
building code

Age at time of loading 56 days

Loading criteria
Obtain initial measurements (deflection,
rotation, strain, slip, crack widths) not more
than 1 hour before application of the first
load increment
Take readings where maximum response is
expected
Use at least four load increments
Ensure uniform load is uniform no arching

Take measurements after each load

increment and after the total load has been
applied for at least 24 hours
Remove total test load immediately after all
response measurements are made
Take a set of final measurements 24 hours
after the test load is removed

Acceptance criteria
No signs of failure no crushing or spalling
of concrete
No cracks indicating a shear failure is
imminent
In regions without transverse reinforcement,
evaluate any inclined cracks with horizontal
projection > depth of member
Evaluate cracks along the line of
reinforcement in regions of anchorage and
lap splices

Acceptance criteria
Measured deflections

2t
At maximum load: 1
20 ,000h
24 hours after load removed:

1
4

t MIN(distance between supports, clear span + h )

2 x span for cantilever

Acceptance criteria
If deflection criteria not met, may repeat the
test (at least 72 hours after first test)
Satisfactory if:

2
5

2 maximum deflection of second test relative to

postion of structure at beginning of second test

Provision for lower loading

If the structure does not satisfy conditions or
criteria based on analysis, deflection, or shear,
it may be permitted for use at a lower load
rating based on the results of the load test or
analysis, if approved by the building official

Case study
1905 building
Chicago, Illinois
USA
Cinder concrete
floors
Load capacity OK for use
as an office building?

Safety shoring

Deflection
measurement
devices

Load through
window

Moving lead ingots through the window

Load stage 14

Findings
Floor could carry uniform load of
2.4 kN/m2
Building satisfactory for both apartments (1.9
kN/m2) and offices (2.4 kN/m2)

Summary
Overview
Prestressed concrete
Strength evaluation of existing structures

118

Figures copyright 2010 by

McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1221 Avenue of the America
New York, NY 10020 USA
Figures copyright 2011 by
American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA
Duplication authorized or use with this presentation only.

The University of Kansas

David Darwin, Ph.D., P.E.
Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor
Director, Structural Engineering & Materials Laboratory
Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Architectural Engineering
2142 Learned Hall
Lawrence, Kansas, 66045-7609
(785) 864-3827 Fax: (785) 864-5631
daved@ku.edu