2016

HigHer ScHool certificate

examination

REFERENCE SHEET

Mathematics

Mathematics Extension 1

Mathematics Extension 2

Mathematics

Factorisation

Distance between two points

a2 b2 = a + b a b

d=

a3 + b3
a3 b3

( )( )
= ( a + b ) ( a 2 ab + b 2 )
= ( a b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 )

( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2

Perpendicular distance of a point from a line

ax1 + by1 + c

d=

a2 + b2

Angle sum of a polygon

S = ( n 2 ) 180

Slope (gradient) of a line

y2 y1
x2 x1

m=
Equation of a circle

( x h )2 + ( y k )2 = r 2

Point-gradient form of the equation of a line

y y1 = m ( x x1 )

Trigonometric ratios and identities

sin =

opposite side
hypotenuse

cos =

adjacent side
hypotenuse

tan =

opposite side
adjacent side

1
sin
1
sec =
cos
sin
tan =
cos
cos
cot =
sin
cosec =

sin 2 + cos2 = 1
Exact ratios

45

45

Tn = a + ( n 1) d
Sum to n terms of an arithmetic series

Sn =

2
60

Sine rule

a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sinC
Cosine rule

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cosC

n
(a + l )
2

Tn = ar n1

Sn =

a rn 1
r 1

or

Sn =

a 1 rn
1 r

Limiting sum of a geometric series

S=

a
1 r

Compound interest

r n
An = P 1 +
100

Area of a triangle

Area =

Sn =

nth term of a geometric series

n
[ 2a + ( n 1) d ] or
2

Sum to n terms of a geometric series

30
2

nth term of an arithmetic series

1
absinC
2
2

Mathematics (continued)
Differentiation from first principles

( x + h) ( x )
h0
h

( ax + b )n+1
n
(
ax
+
b
)
dx
=
+C

a ( n + 1)

( x ) = lim

ax+b
1
dx = e ax+b + C
e
a

Derivatives

If y = x n , then

dy
= nx n1
dx

If y = uv , then

dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx

If y =

dy
u
=
, then
v
dx

( x )
( x ) dx = ln ( x ) + C

1
sin ( ax + b ) dx = a cos ( ax + b ) + C

du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v

1
cos ( ax + b ) dx = a sin ( ax + b ) + C

If y = F ( u ) , then

dy
du
= F ( u )
dx
dx

If y = e ( x ) , then

dy
= ( x ) e ( x )
dx

If y = loge ( x ) = ln ( x ) , then
If y = sin ( x ) , then

Integrals

dy ( x )
=
dx
(x)

dy
= ( x ) cos ( x )
dx

If y = cos ( x ) , then

dy
= ( x ) sin ( x )
dx

If y = tan ( x ) , then

dy
= ( x ) sec 2 ( x )
dx

1
2
sec ( ax + b ) dx = a tan ( ax + b ) + C

Trapezoidal rule (one application)

b

ba
( x ) dx 2 ( a ) + ( b )
a
Simpsons rule (one application)
b

ba
( x ) dx 6
a

a + b
( a ) + 4 2 + ( b )

Logarithms change of base

Solution of a quadratic equation

loga x =

logb x
logb a

b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
Angle measure
Sum and product of roots of a quadratic equation

180 = p radians

b
+ =
a

Length of an arc

c
=
a

Equation of a parabola

( x h )2 = 4a ( y k )

l = rq
Area of a sector

1
Area = r 2q
2
3

Mathematics Extension 1
Angle sum identities

Acceleration

sin ( + f ) = sin cos f + cos sin f

dv
dv
d 1 2
d 2x
= v
=
v
2 =
dt
dx
dx 2
dt

cos ( + f ) = cos cos f sin sin f

tan ( + f ) =

tan + tan f
1 tan tan f

Simple harmonic motion

t formulae

x!! = n 2 x b

If t = tan , then
2
sin =
cos =
tan =

x = b + a cos nt +

2t

1 + t2

Further integrals

1 t2

1
x
dx = sin 1 + C
2
a
a x2

1 + t2
2t

1
1
x
dx = tan 1 + C
2
2
a
a
a +x

1 t2

General solution of trigonometric equations

sin = a,

= n + ( 1)n sin 1 a

cos = a,

= 2n cos1 a

Sum and product of roots of a cubic equation

tan = a,

= n + tan 1 a

+ + =

b
a

+ + =
Division of an interval in a given ratio

mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1

m + n , m + n

c
a

d
a

Estimation of roots of a polynomial equation

Newtons method

Parametric representation of a parabola

For x 2 = 4ay,

x2 = x1

x = 2at, y = at 2

( x1 )

( x1 )

At 2at, at 2 ,
tangent: y = tx at 2

Binomial theorem

normal: x + ty = at + 2at

At ( x1 , y1 ) ,

tangent: xx1 = 2a ( y + y1 )
2a
normal: y y1 = ( x x1 )
x1

Chord of contact from x0 , y0 : xx0 = 2a y + y0

a+b

n
k a k bnk =
k =0

)
4

2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW

k ank b k

k =0