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V
R
=
=
=
=
Mass of vehicle
Speed of vehicle
Radius of Road Curve
Coefficient of friction ( adhesion)
between wheels and road
(usually = 0.25)
See Fig. 14.1 for forces acting on a vehicle
moving at a speed of V on a circular curve
of radius R.
Sideslip will occur if
i.e. when
MV 2
Mg
R
V2
R
g
Minimum curvature
V2
g
tan =
0.4V 2
V2
gR
tan
gR
No Friction, [
Fig. 14.2 Forces acting on a vehicle at a curve on sloping ground
Fig. 14.3 Change of radial acceleration when entering a circular curve from a straight
section.
Circular curve
Tr
an
n
io
sit
n
a
Tr L
ec
ti
tia
ls
Fin
In
i
r=
on
sit
io
n
al
t
sec
ion
r=
Fig. 14.4 Formation of transition curves between straight and circular sections
The initial requirement in the design of a transition curve is to find length L of the transition curve. L
may be taken
a) As an arbitrary value(say 50 m)
b) Such that the cant is applied at a constant rate (say 0.1 m in 100m)
c) Such that the rate of change of radial acceleration equals a chosen value
(say 0.3 m/sec3)
When the rate of change of radial acceleration is the design criterion,
Given
L = Total length of transition curve
R = Radius of circular curve
V = Uniform velocity of vehicle
The radial acceleration before entering the transition curve is zero. The radial acceleration on the
circular curve
V2
.
R
L
V
V2
0)
V3
R
a
L
LR
V
(
LV
a R
= Deflection Angle
S = Shift =
S
Transition
B
T
T1
T2
R+
S
S
1
L2
24R
L2
24 R
L
BT
2
2
L
IT R S tan
2 2
IB R S tan
u
rc
Ci
lar
h
=S
ift
r
cula
Cir
T1
y
R1
1 O
P
Q1
TX = ,
TT1 = L.
and r = R
At T, = 0 and r =
At T1, = L
Note that the centrifugal force F at any point on the transition curve is proportional to the
distance of that point from the starting point of the curve.
F
MV 2
r
between T and T1
1
r
or r k a constant
r
RL
1
XY =
r = =
=
r
RL
2
By integration, =
+C
2RL
2
at = 0 , = 0. C = 0
hence
2RL
Cubic Spiral
If we assume to be small (Note: in ordinary transition is very small)
y y
2
x
2RL
2
y .
2RL
y
or
3
6RL
2
14
(1
)
It can be shown tan
2
x
3
35
6K(1 )
10
2 (1
For small ,
Since =
2
,
2RL
2
6RL
Now deflection of points at distances from the tangent point T can be calculated.
Cubic Parabola
If we assume is small and also x
5
Thus,
3
6RL
x3
6RL
x3
. This is an equation for a Cubic Parabola.
6RL
Now it is possible to compute offset distances(y) off the tangent for distances(x) along
the tangent.
Transition Curve Setting-out Data
2
2RL
Shift S
at T1:
=
=
=
BP
BM-PM
NT1-(PO-MO)
L3
-(R-Rcos1)
6RL
L2
L
2RL 2R
L3
=
{R R(1 1 1 ....)}
6RL
2!
4!
2
Ignoring higher powers than 1
2
R 1
L3
S =
6RL
2
=
L3
R L2 2
(
)
6RL 2 2RL
L2
L2
6R 8R
L2
S
24R
Now Q1T1
PT1
= R.1 = R.
L2
L
2RL 2
L
2
TI = IB + TB
TI = (R+S) tan
L
+
2
2
3
6RL
or
x3
6RL
or
2
6RL
Example 1: Calculate the setting out data for a 75.0 m transition curve to connect an 8
circular curve joining two straights with an angle of deflection 20 using 15 m chords.
a) To calculate R and S
100
100
= 716.20 m
8(
)
180
L2
75 2
S=
=
= 0.327 m
24R 24 716.2
R
20 L
+
2
2
= 163.843 m
c) To calculate and tabulate the deflection angles and deflection offsets
2
(
)
2
S =
2RL
(rad)
3
3
6RL
2 180
572.96 2
.
60min
min
6RL
RL
3
and y
6RL
R = 716.2 m,
L = 75 m,
/m
2 /m2
15
30
225
900
45
2025
60
3600
75
5625
572.962
RL
224
936
213
6
382
4
600
0
3
/m
6RL
0.010
0.084
0.283
0.670
1.309
O1
O2
P3
R2
R1
S3
R 1 > R2
P2
S2
(l = L2 - L1)
P1
S1
C1
C1
C2
Fig. 14.11
2
L
L
S1 1
, C1 1
2
24R 1
C2
S2
L2
24R 2
, C2
L2
2
x = C2 C1 and
y = R1 + S1- (R2 + S2)
O1Q = O1O2 + O2P + PQ
R1 = (x2 + y2)1/2 + R2 + S3
S3 = [(C2 C1)2 + {R1 + S1- (R2 + S2)}2]1/2 (R2 R1)
T2
O1
L2
1
O2
2
P4
R2
P3
P
R1
t 2 +L
/2
P2
P1
T1
L1
t1
t1+L1/2
Fig. 14.12
V3
aR
V3
a const along all parts of curve.
a
10
( -m)
P3
P
P2
m3
6RL
( - m) 3
6RL
Fig. 14.13
S3 a b S3
(3 32 m 3m 2 ) dS 3 (32 6m)
,
6RL
dm
6RL
m
at PQ when a + b = S3, (3 6m) 0
2
6RL
The transition is bisected by the clearance S3
2
a b
S3
3
2 48RL
S3
3
24RL
11
Tangent lengths
From compound curve equations,
t1Sin = (R2 R1)(1-Cos2) + R1(1-Cos),
t2Sin = (R1 R2)(1-Cos1) + R2(1-Cos)
Replace R1 with (R1 + S1) and R2 with (R2+S2) and
apply in transitions. We have,
t1Sin = (R2+S2) - (R1+S1) Cos + (R1R2S3) Cos2
t2Sin = (R1+S1) - (R2 + S2) Cos - (R1R2S3) Cos1
L
L
T1I = t1 + 2 , T2I = t2 + 2
1
Throughchainages
L
ArcP1P2=R1(1)rad- 2
2
L2
2 2
1
Arc
P3P4 = R2 (2)rad Total curve length = T1P1 + P1P2 + P2P3+ P3P4+ P4T2
L
= L1 + [R1 (1)rad - 2 2 ]+
1
+ [R2 (2)rad =
L2
2 2
L1 L 2
R1 1 rad R2 2 rad
2
2
12
]+ L2
80 103 3
)
V3
60
60
L2
146.319 m
aR
0.3 250
(
L
121.933
36579.79
L1
121.933 m S1 1
2.065 m
300
24R 1 24 300
S2
L2
146.319 2
3.568 m
24R 2 24 250
0.017 m
24RL
24 36579.79
(Shift)
Now calculate offsets to the curve from tangents
x
using y 6RL
for transition and from usual offsets or
deflection angles for circular sections.
S3
13
R1
1
P2
I1
1
P1
S1
S3 = (a+b)
b Q
S2
P3
I2
2
P4
R2
O2
T2
Fig. 13.14
P2Q = m ,
QP3 = -m,
m3
,
6RL
dS3
(3 32 m 3m 2 )
At Q,
32 6m 0
dm
6RL
3
S
3
S3
ab 3
24RL
2 48RL
S3 a b
14
( - m) 3
6RL
m
Through chainage
T1T2 = T1P1 + P1P2 + P2P3+ P3P4+ P4T2
= L1 + R11 + + R22 + L2
= L
1
L1
=2
R1 1
L1
L
R2 2 2
2 2
2 2
L2
R1 1 R2 2
2
Tangent length
1
L1
L2
S 3 C1 C 2 R1 S1 R2 S 2
2
R1 R2
15